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Hart DA, Martin CR, Scott M, Shrive NG. The instrumented sheep knee to elucidate insights into osteoarthritis development and progression: A sensitive and reproducible platform for integrated research efforts. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 87:105404. [PMID: 34171651 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis of the knee is a very common condition that has been difficult to treat. The majority of cases are considered idiopathic. Much research effort remains focused on biology rather than the biomechanics of such joints. Some new methods were developed and validated to better appreciate the subtleties of the biomechanical integrity of joints, and how changes in biomechanics can contribute to osteoarthritis. METHODS Over the past 15 years our lab has enhanced the sensitivity of the assessment of knee biomechanics of an instrumented, trained large animal model (sheep) of osteoarthritis and integrated the findings with biological and histological assessments. These new methods include gait analysis before and after injury followed by robotic validation post-sacrifice, and more recently using Fibre Bragg Grating sensors to detect alterations in cartilage stresses. RESULTS A review of the findings obtained with this model are presented. The findings indicate that sheep, like humans, exhibit individual characteristics. They also indicate that joint kinetics, rather than kinematics may better define the alterations induced by injury. With the addition of Fibre Bragg Grating sensors, it has been possible to measure with good accuracy, alterations to cartilage stresses following a controlled knee injury. INTERPRETATION Using this model as Proof of Concept, this sheep system can now be viewed as a sensitive platform to address many questions related to risk for development of idiopathic osteoarthritis of the human knee, the efficacy of potential interventions to correct biomechanical disruptions, and how joint biomechanics and biology are integrated during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Bone & Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - C Ryan Martin
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Section of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael Scott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical & Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nigel G Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Morita W, Dakin SG, Snelling SJB, Carr AJ. Cytokines in tendon disease: A Systematic Review. Bone Joint Res 2017; 6:656-664. [PMID: 29203638 PMCID: PMC5935810 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.612.bjr-2017-0112.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging evidence indicates that tendon disease is an active process with inflammation that is critical to disease onset and progression. However, the key cytokines responsible for driving and sustaining inflammation have not been identified. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature using MEDLINE (U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) in March 2017. Studies reporting the expression of interleukins (ILs), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma in diseased human tendon tissues, and animal models of tendon injury or exercise in comparison with healthy control tissues were included. RESULTS IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α are the cytokines that have been most frequently investigated. In clinical samples of tendinopathy and tendon tears, the expression of TNF-α tended not to change but IL-6 increased in tears. Healthy human tendons showed increased IL-6 expression after exercise; however, IL-10 remained unchanged. Animal tendon injury models showed that IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α tend to increase from the early phase of tendon healing. In animal exercise studies, IL-1β expression showed a tendency to increase at the early stage after exercise, but IL-10 expression remained unchanged with exercise. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the roles of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α in the development of tendon disease, during tendon healing, and in response to exercise. However, there is evidence accumulating that suggests that other cytokines are also contributing to tendon inflammatory processes. Further work with hypothesis-free methods is warranted in order to identify the key cytokines, with subsequent mechanistic and interaction studies to elucidate their roles in tendon disease development.Cite this article: W. Morita, S. G. Dakin, S. J. B. Snelling, A. J. Carr. Cytokines in tendon disease: A Systematic Review. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:656-664. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.612.BJR-2017-0112.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Morita
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK
| | - S G Dakin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK
| | - S J B Snelling
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK
| | - A J Carr
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Headington OX3 7LD, UK
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Hart DA, Fortuna R, Herzog W. Messenger RNA profiling of rabbit quadriceps femoris after repeat injections of botulinum toxin: Evidence for a dynamic pattern without further structural alterations. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:487-493. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Rafael Fortuna
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
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Pizzolato C, Reggiani M, Saxby DJ, Ceseracciu E, Modenese L, Lloyd DG. Biofeedback for Gait Retraining Based on Real-Time Estimation of Tibiofemoral Joint Contact Forces. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 25:1612-1621. [PMID: 28436878 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2017.2683488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofeedback assisted rehabilitation and intervention technologies have the potential to modify clinically relevant biomechanics. Gait retraining has been used to reduce the knee adduction moment, a surrogate of medial tibiofemoral joint loading often used in knee osteoarthritis research. In this paper, we present an electromyogram-driven neuromusculoskeletal model of the lower-limb to estimate, in real-time, the tibiofemoral joint loads. The model included 34 musculotendon units spanning the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Full-body inverse kinematics, inverse dynamics, and musculotendon kinematics were solved in real-time from motion capture and force plate data to estimate the knee medial tibiofemoral contact force (MTFF). We analyzed five healthy subjects while they were walking on an instrumented treadmill with visual biofeedback of their MTFF. Each subject was asked to modify their gait in order to vary the magnitude of their MTFF. All subjects were able to increase their MTFF, whereas only three subjects could decrease it, and only after receiving verbal suggestions about possible gait modification strategies. Results indicate the important role of knee muscle activation patterns in modulating the MTFF. While this paper focused on the knee, the technology can be extended to examine the musculoskeletal tissue loads at different sites of the human body.
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Egloff C, Hart DA, Hewitt C, Vavken P, Valderrabano V, Herzog W. Joint instability leads to long-term alterations to knee synovium and osteoarthritis in a rabbit model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1054-60. [PMID: 26850822 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Joint instability is believed to promote early osteoarthritic changes in the knee. Inflammatory reactions are associated with cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA) but their possible synergistic or additive effects remain largely unexplored. The goal of the present study was to investigate the in vivo effects of Botulinum Toxin A (BTX-A) induced joint instability on intraarticular alterations in an otherwise intact rabbit knee joint model. METHODS Ten 1-year-old female New Zealand White rabbits (average 5.7 kg, range 4.8-6.6 kg) were randomly assigned to receive three monthly unilateral intramuscular injections of BTX-A (experimental group), or no treatment (control group). After 90 days, all knees were analyzed for specific mRNA levels using RT-qPCR. The synovium and cartilage tissue was assessed for histological alterations using the OARSI scoring system. RESULTS Cartilage and synovial histology showed significant higher OARSI scores in the BTX-A group animals compared to the untreated controls and contralateral limbs. There were no differences between the untreated control and the contralateral experimental limbs. Gene expression showed significant elevations for collagen I, collagen III, nitric oxide, TGF-β, IL-1 and IL-6 compared to the healthy controls. CONCLUSION BTX-A induced joint instability in a muscle weakness model uniquely leads to alterations in gene expression and histological changes in the synovial membranes and cartilage in otherwise intact knee joints. These results lead to the conclusion that joint instability may promote an inflammatory intraarticular milieu, thereby contributing to the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Egloff
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - D A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - C Hewitt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - P Vavken
- Division of Sports Medicine & Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - V Valderrabano
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Schmerzklinik Basel, Genolier Swiss Private Clinic Group GSMN, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - W Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Mechanobiology and Mechanotherapy of Adipose Tissue-Effect of Mechanical Force on Fat Tissue Engineering. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2016; 3:e578. [PMID: 26894003 PMCID: PMC4727687 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our bodies are subjected to various mechanical forces, which in turn affect both the structure and function of our bodies. In particular, these mechanical forces play an important role in tissue growth and regeneration. Adipocytes and adipose-derived stem cells are both mechanosensitive and mechanoresponsive. The aim of this review is to summarize the relationship between mechanobiology and adipogenesis. PubMed was used to search for articles using the following keywords: mechanobiology, adipogenesis, adipose-derived stem cells, and cytoskeleton. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that adipogenesis is strongly promoted/inhibited by various internal and external mechanical forces, and that these effects are mediated by changes in the cytoskeleton of adipose-derived stem cells and/or various signaling pathways. Thus, adipose tissue engineering could be enhanced by the careful application of mechanical forces. It was shown recently that mature adipose tissue regenerates in an adipose tissue-engineering chamber. This observation has great potential for the reconstruction of soft tissue deficiencies, but the mechanisms behind it remain to be elucidated. On the basis of our understanding of mechanobiology, we hypothesize that the chamber removes mechanical force on the fat that normally impose high cytoskeletal tension. The reduction in tension in adipose stem cells triggers their differentiation into adipocytes. The improvement in our understanding of the relationship between mechanobiology and adipogenesis means that in the near future, we may be able to increase or decrease body fat, as needed in the clinic, by controlling the tension that is loaded onto fat.
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Fortuna R, Vaz MA, Sawatsky A, Hart DA, Herzog W. A clinically relevant BTX-A injection protocol leads to persistent weakness, contractile material loss, and an altered mRNA expression phenotype in rabbit quadriceps muscles. J Biomech 2015; 48:1700-6. [PMID: 26087882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) injections have become a common treatment modality for patients suffering from muscle spasticity. Despite its benefits, BTX-A treatments have been associated with adverse effects on target muscles. Currently, application of BTX-A is largely based on clinical experience, and research quantifying muscle structure following BTX-A treatment has not been performed systematically. The purpose of this study was to evaluate strength, muscle mass, and contractile material six months following a single or repeated (2 and 3) BTX-A injections into the quadriceps femoris of New Zealand white rabbits. Twenty three skeletally mature rabbits were divided into four groups: experimental group rabbits received 1, 2, or 3 injections at intervals of 3 months (1-BTX-A, 2-BTX-A, 3-BTX-A, respectively) while control group rabbits received volume-matched saline injections. Knee extensor strength, quadriceps muscle mass, and quadriceps contractile material of the experimental group rabbits were expressed as a percentage change relative to the control group rabbits. One-way ANOVA was used to determine group differences in outcome measures (α=0.05). Muscle strength and contractile material were significantly reduced in experimental compared to control group rabbits but did not differ between experimental groups. Muscle mass was the same in experimental BTX-A and control group rabbits. We concluded from these results that muscle strength and contractile material do not fully recover within six months of BTX-A treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fortuna
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco A Vaz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andrew Sawatsky
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Egloff C, Sawatsky A, Leonard T, Hart DA, Valderrabano V, Herzog W. Effect of muscle weakness and joint inflammation on the onset and progression of osteoarthritis in the rabbit knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1886-93. [PMID: 25106675 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Interactions between mechanical and non-mechanical independent risk factors for the onset and progression of Osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly understood. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to investigate the in vivo effects of muscle weakness, joint inflammation and the combination on the onset and progression of OA in a rabbit knee joint model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty 1-year-old female New Zealand White rabbits (average 5.7 kg, range 4.8-6.6 kg) were divided into four groups with one limb randomly assigned to be the experimental side: (1) surgical denervation of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle; (2) muscle weakness induced by intramuscular injection of Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A); (3) intraarticular injection with Carrageenan to induce a transient inflammatory reaction; (4) combination of Carrageenan and BTX-A injection. After 90 days, cartilage histology of the articular surfaces were microscopically analyzed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) histology scoring system. RESULTS VL denervation resulted in significantly higher OARSI scores in the patellofemoral joint (group 1). BTX-A administration resulted in significant cartilage damage in all four compartments of the knee (group 2). Carrageenan did not cause significant cartilage damage. BTX-A combined with Carrageenan lead to severe cartilage damage in all four compartments. CONCLUSION Muscle weakness lead to significant OA in the rabbit knee. A transient local inflammatory stimulus did not promote cartilage degradation nor did it enhance OA progression when combined with muscle weakness. These results are surprising and add to the literature the conclusion that acute inflammation is probably not an independent risk factor for OA in this rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Egloff
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - A Sawatsky
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - T Leonard
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - D A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - V Valderrabano
- Orthopaedic Department, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - W Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Hart DA. Is Adipocyte Differentiation the Default Lineage for Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells after Loss of Mechanical Loading? A Perspective from Space Flight and Model Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/jbise.2014.710079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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