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Shimozawa Y, Kurihara T, Kusagawa Y, Hori M, Numasawa S, Sugiyama T, Tanaka T, Suga T, Terada RS, Isaka T, Terada M. Point Prevalence of the Biomechanical Dimension of Dysfunctional Breathing Patterns Among Competitive Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:270-276. [PMID: 35612946 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Shimozawa, Y, Kurihara, T, Kusagawa, Y, Hori, M, Numasawa, S, Sugiyama, T, Tanaka, T, Suga, T, Terada, RS, Isaka, T, and Terada, M. Point prevalence of the biomechanical dimension of dysfunctional breathing patterns among competitive athletes. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 270-276, 2023-There is growing evidence of associations between altered biomechanical breathing patterns and numerous musculoskeletal and psychological conditions. The prevalence of dysfunctional and diaphragmatic breathing patterns is unknown among athletic populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of dysfunctional and diaphragmatic breathing patterns among athletic populations with a clinical measure to assess the biomechanical dimension of breathing patterns. Using a cross-sectional design, 1,933 athletes across multiple sports and ages were screened from 2017 to 2020. Breathing patterns were assessed using the Hi-Lo test in the standing position. Scores of the Hi-Lo test were determined based on the presence or absence of abdominal excursion, anterior-posterior chest expansion, superior rib cage migration, and shoulder elevation. The Hi-Lo test scores were used to categorize observational breathing mechanics as dysfunctional and diaphragmatic breathing patterns. The prevalence of athletes with dysfunctional breathing patterns was 90.6% (1,751 of 1,933). Athletes with diaphragmatic breathing patterns accounted for 9.4% of all athletes in our sample (182 of 1,933). There were no differences in the proportion of breathing patterns between male and female athletes ( p = 0.424). Breathing patterns observations were associated with sport-setting categories ( p = 0.002). The highest percentages of dysfunctional breathers were in middle school student athletes (93.7%), followed by elementary school student athletes (91.2%), high school student athletes (90.6%), professional/semiprofessional athletes (87.5%), and collegiate athletes (84.8%). The current study observed that dysfunctional breathing patterns (90.6%) in the biomechanical dimension were more prevalent than diaphragmatic breathing pattern (9.4%) among competitive athletes. These results suggest that clinicians may need to consider screening breathing patterns and implementing intervention programs aimed to improve the efficiency of biomechanical dimensions of breathing patterns in athletic populations. This study may help raise awareness of impacts of dysfunctional breathing patterns on athletes' health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shimozawa
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hori
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shun Numasawa
- Medical Science Committee of Osaka Basketball Association, Osaka, Japan ; and
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Tadao Isaka
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Holtzman B, Ackerman KE. Measurement, Determinants, and Implications of Energy Intake in Athletes. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030665. [PMID: 30893893 PMCID: PMC6472042 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate energy intake is important for the health and performance of athletes. When an athlete’s energy intake is not concordant with energy expenditure, short- and long-term performance can be compromised and negative health effects may arise. The energy intake patterns of athletes are subject to numerous effectors, including exercise response, time, and availability of food. To assess different determinants of energy intake in athletes, we reviewed recent literature regarding the response of appetite-regulating hormones to exercise, appetite perceptions following exercise, chronic exercise-induced adaptations regarding appetite, and social factors regarding energy intake. Additionally, we discussed consequences of aberrant energy intake. The purpose of this review is to clarify understanding about energy intake in athletes and provide insights into methods toward maintaining proper energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Holtzman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Ackerman
- Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sun X, Cao ZB, Tanisawa K, Oshima S, Higuchi M. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Inversely Correlated with Hepatic Lipid Content in Male Collegiate Football Athletes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070942. [PMID: 30037116 PMCID: PMC6073760 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are associated with more weight and fat mass gain in adults in the general population, but it is unknown whether this is the case in collegiate football athletes with greater body weight. This study aimed to investigate associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with body fat and ectopic fat accumulation, and to determine which fat indicators are closely related to serum 25(OH)D in male collegiate football athletes. Thirty-four collegiate athletes aged 21 years were recruited. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations and the levels of visceral fat area (VFA), vastus lateralis intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), extramyocellular lipid (EMCL), and intrahepatic lipid (IHCL) were measured. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively associated with the IHCL values (r = −0.372, p = 0.030), and the relationship remained after adjustment for several factors (r = −0.378, p = 0.047). Additionally, multiple stepwise regression analysis of IHCL content as the dependent variable indicated that 25(OH)D concentrations were a stronger predictor of IHCL content (β = −0.363, p = 0.030) than % body fat and VO2peakFFM. Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations are more closely related to lower IHCL content rather than any other fat indicators, suggesting that increasing serum 25(OH)D concentrations may have some effect that inhibits lipid accumulation in hepatic tissue, especially in heavy athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Sun
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Zhen-Bo Cao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Chang Hai Road, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Satomi Oshima
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
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Durmic T, Djelic M, Lovic D, Gavrilovic T, Cirkovic A, Zdravkovic M. Body composition, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory functional capacity in elite athletes. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lebrun F, Collins D. Is Elite Sport (Really) Bad for You? Can We Answer the Question? Front Psychol 2017; 8:324. [PMID: 28316585 PMCID: PMC5334321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes are not immune to mental health issues. Yet, quality research on mental health in elites has so far been limited. Thus, while research on mental health emphasises the prevalence and nature of disorders in the general population, its extent in elite performers remains unclear. Indeed, the prevalence of mental conditions cannot be accurately calculated in elite athletes due to a lack of diagnostic criteria and screening tools specifically adapted to this unique population. Researchers and practitioners are, therefore, confronted with biases reflecting the use of clinical norms and instruments initially developed for the general population. Furthermore, without considering the athlete persona as well as the sport culture in which elites play, there is a risk of under- or over-estimating the prevalence of mental health issues in high-performance environments. Due to the unique characteristics surrounding an elite athlete's life, we therefore suggest a change of perspective: moving from the usual normal-versus-pathological to a functional-versus-dysfunctional approach. Implications for future research and practice are discussed, most notably examining practitioners' expertise in diagnosing and treating elite performers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lebrun
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central LancashirePreston, UK
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Durmic T, Lazovic B, Djelic M, Lazic JS, Zikic D, Zugic V, Dekleva M, Mazic S. Sport-specific influences on respiratory patterns in elite athletes. J Bras Pneumol 2016; 41:516-22. [PMID: 26785960 PMCID: PMC4723003 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37562015000000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in lung function among sports that are of a similar nature and to determine which anthropometric/demographic characteristics correlate with lung volumes and flows. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving elite male athletes (N = 150; mean age, 21 ± 4 years) engaging in one of four different sports, classified according to the type and intensity of exercise involved. All athletes underwent full anthropometric assessment and pulmonary function testing (spirometry). RESULTS: Across all age groups and sport types, the elite athletes showed spirometric values that were significantly higher than the reference values. We found that the values for FVC, FEV1, vital capacity, and maximal voluntary ventilation were higher in water polo players than in players of the other sports evaluated (p < 0.001). In addition, PEF was significantly higher in basketball players than in handball players (p < 0.001). Most anthropometric/demographic parameters correlated significantly with the spirometric parameters evaluated. We found that BMI correlated positively with all of the spirometric parameters evaluated (p < 0.001), the strongest of those correlations being between BMI and maximal voluntary ventilation (r = 0.46; p < 0.001). Conversely, the percentage of body fat correlated negatively with all of the spirometric parameters evaluated, correlating most significantly with FEV1 (r = −0.386; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the type of sport played has a significant impact on the physiological adaptation of the respiratory system. That knowledge is particularly important when athletes present with respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Because sports medicine physicians use predicted (reference) values for spirometric parameters, the risk that the severity of restrictive disease or airway obstruction will be underestimated might be greater for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dejan Zikic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Sanja Mazic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Murata H, Oshima S, Torii S, Taguchi M, Higuchi M. Characteristics of body composition and cardiometabolic risk of Japanese male heavyweight Judo athletes. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:10. [PMID: 27048601 PMCID: PMC4822258 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of body composition and cardiometabolic risk of Japanese male heavyweight Judo athletes compared with heavyweight athletes of other sports. Methods Nineteen heavyweight Judo athletes (mean age, 20.4 ± 1.1 years), as well as 22 heavyweight (mean age, 21.5 ± 0.9 years) and 17 nonheavyweight (mean age, 21.1 ± 0.8 years) American football and Rugby football athletes in Japan participated in this study. Body composition was assessed by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiometabolic risk was evaluated by measuring blood biochemical variables. Results Heavyweight Judo athletes had significantly heavier body mass (122.7 ± 13.1 kg vs. 99.0 ± 8.1 kg), higher body fat percentage (27.5 % ± 5.2 % vs. 19.4 % ± 4.7 %), and larger visceral fat cross-sectional area (118 ± 35 cm2 vs. 67 ± 24 cm2) (P < 0.01) compared with heavyweight football players. Although the cardiometabolic risk was higher in heavyweight athletes compared to nonheavyweight athletes, there were no significant differences between heavyweight Judo and heavyweight Football athletes in the blood biochemical variables, except for high concentration of uric acid in heavyweight Judo athletes. Conclusions Even though heavyweight Judo athletes had more excess fat mass, especially VF mass, their cardiometabolic risk in terms of blood biochemical parameters was not significantly higher compared with heavyweight athletes of other sports. Therefore, excessive fat accumulation may not necessarily increase cardiometabolic risk for heavyweight Judo athletes. Trial registration This trial is registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registration (UMIN-CTR) UMIN000020564.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Murata
- Graduate school of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 112 Frontier Reseach Center 135-1 Horinouchi, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Satomi Oshima
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Motoko Taguchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa-shi, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
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Bär KJ, Markser VZ. Sport specificity of mental disorders: the issue of sport psychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013; 263 Suppl 2:S205-10. [PMID: 24091603 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-013-0458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of psychiatric conditions among elite athletes is still under debate. More and more evidence has accumulated that high-performance athletes are not protected from mental disorders as previously thought. The authors discuss the issue of the sport specificity of selected mental diseases in elite athletes. Specific aspects of eating disorders, exercise addiction, chronic traumatic encephalopathy and mood disorders in the context of overtraining syndrome are examined. In particular, the interrelationship between life and work characteristics unique to elite athletes and the development of mental disorders are reviewed. Differences of clinical presentation and some therapeutic consequences are discussed. The authors suggest that the physical and mental strains endured by elite athletes might influence the onset and severity of their psychiatric disorder. Beside the existing research strategies dealing with the amount of exercise, its intensity and lack of recreation experienced by athletes, further research on psycho-social factors is needed to better understand the sport-specific aetiology of mental disorders in high-performance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Pain & Autonomic Integrative Research (PAIR), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany,
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