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Kaur M, Kaur R, Chhabra K, Khetarpal P. Maternal candidate gene variants, epigenetic factors, and susceptibility to idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 162:829-841. [PMID: 36710639 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as the loss of two or more pregnancies and is a distressing condition for couples. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between variants in the candidate susceptibility genes and epigenetic factors to identify risk factors for idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (iRPL). SEARCH STRATEGY A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases. Insilico analysis was carried out using ShinyGO and STRING software. SELECTION CRITERIA Research papers examining the association between variations in genetic and epigenetic factors and iRPL. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were independently extracted by two authors. MAIN RESULTS In total, 83 research papers were finally selected for the present study. Among all the genes involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss, polymorphisms in IL superfamily genes, VEGF, ESR, and MTHFR were the most investigated. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in angiogenesis, immune tolerance, and thrombophilia pathway genes, which occur independently or synergistically, may lead to various complications during fetal development. Identification of multi-allele risk variants and epigenetic factors in women will be helpful in the identification of high-risk pregnancies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER Prospero CRD42021287315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Human Genetics Department, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Human Genetics Department, Punjabi University Patiala, Patiala, India
| | - Kiran Chhabra
- Chhabra Hospital & Test Tube Baby Centre, Bathinda, India
| | - Preeti Khetarpal
- Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Department, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Sudhir N, Kaur M, Singh S, Beri A, Kaur T, Kaur A. Impact of Interleukin-10 Promoter Region Polymorphisms on Recurrent Miscarriage: A Case-Control Approach. J Hum Reprod Sci 2023; 16:156-165. [PMID: 37547086 PMCID: PMC10404016 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_43_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent miscarriage (RM), defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages prior to the 20th week of gestation is characterised by multifactorial aetiology. The prevalence of RM varies from 0.8% to 13.5% amongst women of reproductive age. The aetiological basis of RM has been traced to chromosomal, anatomic, hormonal and immunologic factors while half of the cases remain idiopathic. Aims This study aimed to investigate the association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms with RM amongst the Indian population. Settings and Design The present study included a total of 414 individuals including RM women (n = 199) with two or more pregnancy losses and healthy women (n = 215) without any previous history of pregnancy loss were taken as the control group. Materials and Methods Demographic features and reproductive history of women with RM and healthy women were taken. Genotype analysis of IL-10 polymorphisms rs1800872 and rs1800896 was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism and amplification mutation refractory system PCR, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used Student's t-test was used to compare the demographic features and reproductive history amongst both groups. Pearson's Chi-square was used to calculate the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allelic and genotypic frequencies. All the statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS (version 21, IBM SPSS, NY, USA). Results Our results suggested that the genotypic and allelic frequency of rs1800872 polymorphism did not differ significantly between RM cases and control women (P = 0.07 and P = 0.23, respectively). The GG genotype (P = 0.007) and G allele (P = 0.003) of rs1800896 were significantly associated with an increased risk of RM. A statistically significant difference was also found for the distribution of genetic models (dominant and co-dominant model) between both groups for rs1800896. However, haplotype analysis revealed that none of the haplotypes provides a risk for the progression of RM. Conclusion The study is the first of its kind from our region and provides baseline data on the genetics of RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sudhir
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Archana Beri
- Beri Maternity Hospital, Southend Beri Fertility and IVF, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | | - Anupam Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Golestanpour H, Bahrami R, Dastgheib SA, Tabatabaei RS, Javaheri A, Karimi-Zarchi M, Mirjalili SR, Neamatzadeh H. A meta-analysis for association of eNOS VNTR 4b/a, - 786 T > C and + 894G > T polymorphisms with risk of recurrent pregnancy loss. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:1135-1151. [PMID: 34387724 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of polymorphisms at nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) gene with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) susceptibility has been the focus of attention in several studies. However, the conclusions have been divergent and controversial. Therefore, we performed this study to precisely evaluate the association of eNOS polymorphisms with the risk of RPL. METHODS A universal search in PubMed, Web of Knowledge, SciELO, MedRxiv, Scopus and web of Science was performed to identify relevant studies up to January 25, 2020. RESULTS A total of 39 eligible studies including 15 studies with 2274 cases and 1933 controls on VNTR 4b/a, nine studies with 1640 cases and 1268 controls on -786C > T, and 15 studies with 2660 cases and 2557 controls on + 894G > T polymorphism were selected. Pooled data revealed that eNOS VNTR 4b/a (dominant model: OR = 1.174, 95% CI 1.021-1.350, p = 0.025) and + 894G > T (allele model: OR = 1.278, 95% CI 1.024-1.595, p = 0.030; homozygote model: OR = 1.442, 95% CI 1.084-1.917, p = 0.012; dominant model: OR = 1.305, 95% CI 1.006-1.693, p = 0.045; and recessive model: OR = 1.378, 95% CI 1.045-1.817, p = 0.023) polymorphisms were significantly associated with an increased risk of RPL, but not - 786 T > C. Stratified analysis by ethnicity revealed that the eNOS + 894G > T was associated with RPL risk in Asians. CONCLUSIONS To sum up, our results indicated that the eNOS VNTR 4b/a and + 894G > T polymorphisms might be contributing to RPL development, but not the - 786C > T polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Golestanpour
- Department of Genetics, Marvdasht Branch, Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, International Campus, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Bahrami
- Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Dastgheib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Razieh Sadat Tabatabaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Javaheri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mojgan Karimi-Zarchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mirjalili
- Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Li J, Feng D, He S, Wu Q, Su Z, Ye H. Meta-analysis: association of homocysteine with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Women Health 2021; 61:713-720. [PMID: 34334120 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2021.1957747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the differences in serum homocysteine levels between patients with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and those who had not experienced pregnancy-related complications. To this end, we retrieved literature and data on the association of RSA and serum homocysteine levels published before September 1st 2019 from the PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases. We further narrowed our literature review by focusing on peer-reviewed and full-text literature reporting on studies that used similar research methods and provided raw data or means and standard deviations while reporting results. Utilizing Stata 12.0 for a combined statistical analysis of the data, we assessed the quality of the included literature using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Patients who experienced RSA had higher serum homocysteine levels than the controls, with the difference being statistically significant (p < .05). High serum homocysteine levels may be an important risk factor for RSA, indicating that homocysteine may be useful as a noninvasive marker for the diagnosis of recurrent abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Danqin Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Shiwei He
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
| | - Qichang Wu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Zhiying Su
- Chief Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China
| | - Huiming Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
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A Novel Review of Homocysteine and Pregnancy Complications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6652231. [PMID: 34036101 PMCID: PMC8121575 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hct) is a substance produced in the metabolism of methionine. It is an essential type of amino acid gained from the daily diet. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutation is related to elevated total homocysteine (tHct) expressions, in particular, among women with low folate intake. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHct) is caused by numerous factors, such as genetic defects, lack of folic acid, vitamin B6 and B12 deficiency, hypothyroidism, drugs, aging, and renal dysfunction. Increased Hct in peripheral blood may lead to vascular illnesses, coronary artery dysfunction, atherosclerotic changes, and embolic diseases. Compared to nonpregnant women, the Hct level is lower in normal pregnancies. Recent studies have reported that HHct was associated with numerous pregnancy complications, including recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), preeclampsia (PE), preterm delivery, placental abruption, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Besides, it was discovered that neonatal birth weight and maternal Hct levels were negatively correlated. However, a number of these findings lack consistency. In this review, we summarized the metabolic process of Hct in the human body, the levels of Hct in different stages of normal pregnancy reported in previous studies, and the relationship between Hct and pregnancy complications. The work done is helpful for obstetricians to improve the likelihood of a positive outcome during pregnancy complications. Reducing the Hct level with a high dosage of folic acid supplements during the next pregnancy could be helpful for females who have suffered pregnancy complications due to HHct.
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Ghasemi N, Jalili M, Asadollahi S, Seifati S, Ashrafzadeh H. Association between eNOS gene promoter polymorphism (-786T>C) and idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian women. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/2305-0500.331264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Diao J, Luo L, Li J, Zhang S, Li Y, Qin J. Maternal homocysteine and folate levels and risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion: A meta-analysis of observational studies. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:2461-2473. [PMID: 32945087 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to review and summarize the epidemiologic evidence on the associations of homocysteine (HCY) and folate with the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). METHODS This review was performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Libraries and Chinese databases were searched through May 2019 to identify studies that met prestated inclusion criteria. Either a fixed- or a random-effects model was used to calculate the combined standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Twenty-three studies involving 2052 RSA cases and 1476 healthy controls were included. Overall, women with RSA compared with those without RSA were at a significantly higher level of HCY both in plasma (SMD = 1.34; 95% CI: 0.76-1.93) and in serum (SMD = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.02-1.91), but lower level of folate both in serum (SMD = -1.63; 95% CI: -2.51 to -0.75) and in red blood cells (SMD = -1.30; 95% CI: -1.76 to -0.85). However, a statistically significant association between plasma folate and risk of RSA was not been observed (SMD = -0.82; 95% CI: -1.73 to 0.09). These findings have to be viewed with caution for the significant heterogeneity (I2: from 88 to 98%). CONCLUSION High HCY levels in both plasma and serum as well as low folate levels in serum and red blood cells are significantly associated with risk of RSA, which indicates that measures to reduce HCY levels or folate supplementation may help to reduce the risk of RSA. However, prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Diao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Liu Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jinqi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Senmao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Trifonova EA, Swarovskaya MG, Ganzha OA, Voronkova OV, Gabidulina TV, Stepanov VA. The interaction effect of angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction-related gene variants increases the susceptibility of recurrent pregnancy loss. J Assist Reprod Genet 2019; 36:717-726. [PMID: 30680517 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of genetic polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has been studied intensively. Complex diseases, including miscarriage, are believed to have a polygenic basis, and gene-gene interactions can play a significant role in the etiology of the disease. This study was conducted to investigate the association of gene-gene interactions with angiogenesis, endothelial dysfunction-related gene polymorphisms, and RPL. METHODS A case-control study was conducted with 253 unrelated RPL patients with 2 or more spontaneous pregnancy losses and 339 healthy women with no history of pregnancy complications. Genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), or allele-specific polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS The genotypes 677TT of the MTHFR gene, 936TT, 936CT, and 634CC, 634GC of the VEGF gene, and allele 894T of the NOS3 gene were associated with a predisposition to RPL in the Russian population. A significant role of additive and epistatic effects in the gene-gene interactions of the SNPs of SERPINE-1, ACE, NOS3, MTHFR, and VEGF genes in RPL was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that gene-gene interactions are important for RPL susceptibility. Additionally, analysis of the genotype combinations of several allelic variants provides more information on RPL risk than analysis of independent polymorphic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Trifonova
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M G Swarovskaya
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia. .,Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - O A Ganzha
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - V A Stepanov
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Zhao X, Li Q, Yu F, Lin L, Yin W, Li J, Feng X. Gene polymorphism associated with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (4VNTR, G894T, C786T) and unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion risk: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14175. [PMID: 30681586 PMCID: PMC6358376 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms (4VNTR A/B, G894T, C786T) and risk of URSA.Related case-control studies were collected by computers. A meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 12.0 software to assess the strength of association.Altogether 37 articles were examining the relationship between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and URSA, among which sixteen (16) studies were related to 4VNTR, twelve (12) to G894T, and nine (9) to C786T, the study suggested that 4VNTR A/B polymorphism was closely connected with URSA risk under all gene models except for recessive model (AA vs. BB + AB). The integrated result which indicated the association between G894T gene mutation and URSA risk had been shown under homozygote (TT vs. GG; OR 1.585, 95%CI 1.175-2.138) and recessive models (TT vs. TG + GG; OR 1.530, 95%CI 1.142-2.052). Considering heterogeneity in the remaining gene models, subgroup analysis was performed on ethnicity, and the results showed that it was the dominant (TT + TG vs. GG; OR 1.585, 95%CI 1.175-2.138) and additive models (T vs. G; OR 1.727, 95%CI 1.372-2.175) of G894T in Asians and the heterozygote model (TG vs. GG; OR 1.015, 95%CI 0.846-1.217) in Caucasians that were associated with URSA (P < .05). Besides C786T gene was significantly connected with URSA under all models except for additive model (T vs. C).It is of great guiding significance for screening out and preventing URSA among high-risk women via testing on 4VNTR A/B, G894T, C786T eNOS under gene models mentioned above which are closely associated with URSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhao
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Lin
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wenqing Yin
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Bender Atik R, Christiansen OB, Elson J, Kolte AM, Lewis S, Middeldorp S, Nelen W, Peramo B, Quenby S, Vermeulen N, Goddijn M. ESHRE guideline: recurrent pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Open 2018; 2018:hoy004. [PMID: 31486805 PMCID: PMC6276652 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the recommended management of women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) based on the best available evidence in the literature? SUMMARY ANSWER The guideline development group formulated 77 recommendations answering 18 key questions on investigations and treatments for RPL, and on how care should be organized. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A previous guideline for the investigation and medical treatment of recurrent miscarriage was published in 2006 and is in need of an update. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION The guideline was developed according to the structured methodology for development of ESHRE guidelines. After formulation of key questions by a group of experts, literature searches and assessments were performed. Papers published up to 31 March 2017 and written in English were included. Cumulative live birth rate, live birth rate and pregnancy loss rate (or miscarriage rate) were considered the critical outcomes. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Based on the collected evidence, recommendations were formulated and discussed until consensus was reached within the guideline group. A stakeholder review was organized after finalization of the draft. The final version was approved by the guideline group and the ESHRE Executive Committee. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The guideline provides 38 recommendations on risk factors, prevention and investigations in couples with RPL, and 39 recommendations on treatments. These include 60 evidence-based recommendations – of which 31 were formulated as strong recommendations and 29 as conditional – and 17 good practice points. The evidence supporting investigations and treatment of couples with RPL is limited and of moderate quality. Of the evidence-based recommendations, only 10 (16.3%) were supported by moderate quality evidence. The remaining recommendations were supported by low (35 recommendations: 57.4%), or very low quality evidence (16 recommendations: 26.2%). There were no recommendations based on high quality evidence. Owing to the lack of evidence-based investigations and treatments in RPL care, the guideline also clearly mentions investigations and treatments that should not be used for couples with RPL. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Several investigations and treatments are offered to couples with RPL, but most of them are not well studied. For most of these investigations and treatments, a recommendation against the intervention or treatment was formulated based on insufficient evidence. Future studies may require these recommendations to be revised. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The guideline provides clinicians with clear advice on best practice in RPL, based on the best evidence available. In addition, a list of research recommendations is provided to stimulate further studies in RPL. One of the most important consequences of the limited evidence is the absence of evidence for a definition of RPL. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The guideline was developed and funded by ESHRE, covering expenses associated with the guideline meetings, with the literature searches and with the dissemination of the guideline. The guideline group members did not receive payment. J.E. reports position funding from CARE Fertility. S.L. reports position funding from SpermComet Ltd. S.M. reports research grants, consulting and speaker’s fees from GSK, BMS/Pfizer, Sanquin, Aspen, Bayer and Daiichi Sankyo. S.Q. reports speaker’s fees from Ferring. The other authors report no conflicts of interest. ESHRE Pages are not externally peer reviewed. This article has been approved by the Executive Committee of ESHRE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Bender Atik
- Miscarriage Association, 17 Wentworth Terrace, Wakefield WF1 3QW, UK
| | - Ole Bjarne Christiansen
- Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Aalborg, Reberbansgade 15, Aalborg 9000, Denmark.,University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit Kobenhavn, Fertility Clinic 4071Blegdamsvej 9, DK 2100 Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Janine Elson
- CARE Fertility Group, John Webster House, 6 Lawrence Drive, Nottingham NG8 6PZ, UK
| | - Astrid Marie Kolte
- University Hospital Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Unit Kobenhavn, Fertility Clinic 4071Blegdamsvej 9, DK 2100 Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Sheena Lewis
- School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Queens University of Belfast, Weavers Court Business Park, Linfield Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT12 5GH, UK
| | - Saskia Middeldorp
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Vascular Medicine Amsterdam, Meilbergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Willianne Nelen
- Radboudumc, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Braulio Peramo
- Al Ain Fertility Clinic, Al Ain, 29 Street, Al Jimi PO Box 13844, Al Ain 13844, United Arab Emirates
| | - Siobhan Quenby
- University of Warwick, Division of Reproductive Health Clinical Science Laboratories, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | | | - Mariëtte Goddijn
- Academic Medical Center, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam, Meilbergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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MTRR rs326119 polymorphism is associated with plasma concentrations of homocysteine and cobalamin, but not with congenital heart disease or coronary atherosclerosis in Brazilian patients. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2017; 14:1-5. [PMID: 28616555 PMCID: PMC5454152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Differences in the distribution of the MTRR rs326119 polymorphism (c.56 + 781 A > C) between patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and controls have been described in Chinese individuals. The association is thought to be due to deregulation of homocysteine-cobalamin pathways. This has not been replicated in other populations. The primary objective of this study was to assess the influence of the MTRR rs326119 polymorphism on biochemical parameters of vitamin B12 metabolism, coronary lesions, and congenital heart disease in Brazilian subjects. Methods We selected 722 patients with CHD, 1432 patients who underwent coronary angiography, and 156 blood donors. Genotyping for the MTRR polymorphism was evaluated by high-resolution melting analysis, and biochemical tests of vitamin B12 metabolism were measured. Results Subjects carrying the AC or CC genotypes had higher homocysteine concentrations (9.7 ± 0.4 μmol/L and 10.1 ± 0.6 μmol/L) and lower cobalamin concentrations (260.5 ± 13.3 pmol/L and 275.6 ± 19.9 pmol/L) compared with the subjects carrying the AA genotype (8.7 ± 0.5 μmol/L and 304.8 ± 14.7 pmol/L), respectively. A multiple linear regression model also identified a significant association between the number of C variant alleles with the concentrations of homocysteine and cobalamin. Nonetheless, the allelic and genotypic distributions for MTRR rs326119 were not associated with CHD or coronary atherosclerosis in the studied samples. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the MTRR rs326119 variant might be a genetic marker associated with homocysteine and cobalamin concentrations, but not a strong risk factor for CHD or coronary atherosclerosis in the Brazilian population.
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Azani A, Hosseinzadeh A, Azadkhah R, Zonouzi AAP, Zonouzi AP, Aftabi Y, Khani H, Heidary L, Danaii S, Bargahi N, Pouladi N, Hosseini SM. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene variants (-786 T>C, intron 4 b/a VNTR and 894 G>T) with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss: A case-control study with haplotype and in silico analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2017; 215:93-100. [PMID: 28605668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Many lines of evidence suggest that reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) due to single nucleotide polymorphisms in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene may affect the implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Accordingly, our objective was to investigate whether the eNOS polymorphisms (-786 T>C, intron 4 b/a VNTR and 894 G>T) and haplotypes may be associated with increased susceptibility to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). STUDY DESIGN A total of 130 women with a history of two or more unexplained consecutive first trimester miscarriages and 110 ethnically matched women with at least two normal pregnancies and no history of pregnancy loss were included in the study as cases and controls, respectively. To identify the genotypes, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods In addition, an in silico analysis was conducted to predict the possible effects of the eNOS 894 G>T polymorphism on the structure and function of eNOS mRNA and protein using prediction servers. RESULTS Our findings revealed that the prevalence of eNOS -786 T>C polymorphism, eNOS -786C allele and TC+CC genotype in cases were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (p<0.05). Also, the combination genotypes -786TT/4b4a and -786TT/894GG were significantly associated with reduced risk of RPL. We also found that the C-4a-G haplotype of the eNOS gene studied polymorphisms was significantly associated with a predisposition to RPL (odds ratio, 3.219; 95% confidence interval, 1.649-6.282; p=0.0003). The in silico analysis showed that the eNOS 894 G>T polymorphism couldn't affects eNOS mRNA and protein significantly. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence to support the hypothesis that eNOS -786 T>C polymorphism and the -786C-4a-894G haplotype are associated with the high risk of RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Roya Azadkhah
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Poursadegh Zonouzi
- Department of Genetics and Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | | | - Younes Aftabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hourieh Khani
- Laboratory of Medical Genetic, ART and Stem Cell Research Center (ACECR), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leida Heidary
- Laboratory of Medical Genetic, ART and Stem Cell Research Center (ACECR), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahla Danaii
- Laboratory of Medical Genetic, ART and Stem Cell Research Center (ACECR), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Bargahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Pouladi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sayed Mostafa Hosseini
- Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah university of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Pereza N, Peterlin B, Volk M, Kapović M, Ostojić S. A critical update on endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene variations in women with idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion: genetic association study, systematic review and meta-analyses. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:466-78. [PMID: 25713339 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of case-control studies investigated the association between idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (IRSA) and variations in the gene encoding endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3), but yielded contradictory results. Our aim was to test the association of the NOS3 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in intron 4 and +894 G/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with IRSA in Slovenian women (148 IRSA and 149 control women), conduct a systematic review of literature on the association between NOS3 gene variations and IRSA, and perform meta-analyses of studies that met the inclusion criteria, defined by virtue of the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology evidence-based guidelines for recurrent spontaneous abortion. Genotyping was performed using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The systematic review of literature (English language) was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases, to 1 November 2014. We determined no association of IRSA with the VNTR in intron 4 and +894 G/T SNP in Slovenian women. Furthermore, 16 case-control studies were identified on the association between 15 NOS3 gene variations and IRSA. However, significant inconsistencies exist in the selection criteria of patients and controls between studies. The meta-analysis of VNTR in intron 4 was performed on five studies (894 patients, 944 controls), whereas the meta-analysis of +894 G/T SNP included six studies (1111 patients, 1121 controls). The association with IRSA was significant for the +894 G/T SNP under the dominant genetic model (GT+TT versus GG) based on fixed (odds ratio (OR) = 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28-1.86, P = <0.01) and random effects models (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.03-2.31, P = 0.03). In conclusion, the GT and TT genotypes of the +894 G/T SNP in women might contribute to a predisposition to IRSA. Additional genetic association and functional studies in different populations with larger numbers of participants and a uniformly defined IRSA are needed to clarify the contribution of NOS3 +894 G/T gene variation to IRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pereza
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - B Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UMC Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Volk
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UMC Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Kapović
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Ostojić
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism in a cohort of Egyptian women with recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1957-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dutra CG, Fraga LR, Nácul AP, Passos EP, Gonçalves RO, Nunes OL, Godoy BAD, Leistner-Segal S, Vianna FSL, Schüler-Faccini L, Sanseverino MTV. Lack of association between thrombophilic gene variants and recurrent pregnancy loss. HUM FERTIL 2014; 17:99-105. [DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2014.882022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cao Y, Zhang Z, Xu J, Wang J, Yuan W, Shen Y, Du J. Genetic association studies of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic and meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:3981-9. [PMID: 24562681 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a multifactorial disorder, both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of RPL. Recently, the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms and unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) has been reported, and the results were inconsistent. Hence, we performed the meta-analysis to drive a more precise estimation of association between eNOS polymorphisms and URPL. Odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval were calculated under co-dominant (AA vs. BB, TT vs. GG) and additive (A vs. B, T vs. G) genetic models. Studies of eNOS intron 4 VNTR and Glu298Asp were separated by ethnicities. 13 studies included 1,769 URPL cases and 1,376 healthy controls on eNOS intron 4 VNTR polymorphism, and 11 studies were involved in Glu298Asp polymorphism with 1,498 URPL cases and 1,123 healthy controls. The integrated results showed that eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism was associated with URPL [ORs were 1.91 (1.42-2.56), P < 0.001; 1.67 (1.36-2.04), P < 0.001, respectively]. When analyses were separated by ethnic subgroups, the association between eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and URPL was only observed in East Asians [OR = 1.88 (1.52-2.33), P < 0.001 under additive model], and there was no association between eNOS intron 4 VNTR polymorphism and URPL in Caucasians and East Asians. The results indicated a significant association between eNOS Glu298Asp polymorphism and URPL in East Asians. No association was observed between eNOS intron 4 VNTR polymorphism and URPL in Caucasians and East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Cao
- Fudan University, 130 Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Almawi WY, Guarino BD, Al-Sulaiti MA, Al-Busaidi AS, Racoubian E, Finan RR. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene variants and haplotypes associated with an increased risk of idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. HUM FERTIL 2013; 16:200-6. [DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2013.806824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Su MT, Lin SH, Chen YC. Genetic association studies of angiogenesis- and vasoconstriction-related genes in women with recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2011; 17:803-12. [PMID: 21642294 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmr027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis and an adequate blood supply are critical for several steps in human early pregnancy. Some studies have reported angiogenesis- and vasoconstriction-related genes are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), but their sample size was limited. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic association between these angiogenesis- and vasoconstriction-related genes and idiopathic RPL, using meta-analyses. METHODS A systematic review of the published literature from MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was conducted and investigations of an angiogenesis- and vasoconstriction-related gene polymorphism in RPL reported more than three times were selected. Aggregating data from eligible studies were integrated into meta-analyses by means of random effects models. RESULTS Of 185 potentially relevant studies, 18 case-control studies comprising a total of 2397 RPL patients and 1760 controls were included into the meta-analyses. Among these genetic association studies were 4 reports of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (-1154G>A) polymorphisms, 4 reports of p53 (codon72) and 10 reports of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (B/A, Glu298Asp) with RPL. The integrated results showed that VEGF (-1154G>A), p53 (codon 72) and eNOS (Glu298Asp) polymorphisms were significantly associated with RPL, and their summary odd ratios [95% confidence interval (CI)] were 1.51 (1.13-2.03), 1.84(1.07-3.16) and 1.37 (1.11-1.69), respectively. The summary odd ratio of the eNOS (B/A) polymorphism in RPL was 1.15 (0.94-1.41), and failed to show significance at meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Meta-analyses of available data showed significant associations between the VEGF (-1154G>A), p53 (codon72) and eNOS (Glu298Asp) polymorphisms and idiopathic RPL. These angiogenesis- and vasoconstriction-related genes jointly confer higher susceptibility to idiopathic RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Tsz Su
- Division of Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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Genetic analysis of eNOS gene polymorphisms in association with recurrent miscarriage among North Indian women. Reprod Biomed Online 2011; 23:124-31. [PMID: 21565555 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the association of common polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene with recurrent miscarriage (RM) among North Indian women. A total of 200 patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriages and 300 controls were genotyped for six polymorphic regions of eNOS by PCR, re-sequencing and RFLP. The GG genotype of 12862A>G, the G allele of Glu298Asp and the aa genotype of intron 4VNTR increased the risk of RM by ∼1.8-fold, ∼3.5-fold and ∼2-fold, respectively (odds ratio (OR) 1.84, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.19-2.86, P=0.0066; OR 3.58, 95% CI 2.12-6.03, P<0.0001; and OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.04-4.77, P=0.0493). Two haplotypes were found to have a significant protective effect against RM (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.48-0.82, P=0.0009; and OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.19-0.81, P=0.0149) and another was found to increase the risk of RM by ∼2-fold (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.16-3.89 P=0.0195). In conclusion three common polymorphisms of eNOS gene, 12862A>G, Glu298Asp and intron 4VNTR increase the risk of RM in North Indian women. Risk of RM may also be modified by the presence of particular haplotypes.
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El-mashad AI, Mohamed MA, Farag MAE, Ahmad MK, Ismail Y. Role of uterine artery Doppler velocimetry indices and plasma adrenomedullin level in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2010; 37:51-7. [PMID: 21083839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate uterine artery Doppler flow resistance and plasma adrenomedullin levels in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) compared to controls. MATERIAL & METHODS Eighty-three women, who attend the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Benha University, Egypt, participated in this study (RPL group: n=40, and control group: n=43). Uterine artery Doppler and plasma adrenomedullin (AM) (pg/mL) levels were measured for all women in the mid-luteal phase of a non-pregnant cycle. RESULTS Both uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) and AM levels were significantly higher in RPL group compared to controls (2.71 ± 0.259 vs 2.06 ± 0.194 for PI and 287.5 ± 80.4 pg/mL vs 156.1 ± 39.8 pg/mL for AM, P<0.01). Uterine artery PI had a significant positive correlation with plasma AM levels both in the RPL group (r=0.645, P<0.001) and in the control group (r=0.384, P=0.011). Number of previous miscarriages in RPL group was significantly correlated with both uterine artery PI (r=0.838, P=0.015) and plasma AM levels (r=0.509, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Uterine artery PI may be useful in identifying women with unexplained RPL who have impaired uterine circulation. Plasma AM may serve as a biochemical marker for RPL caused by impaired uterine perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf I El-mashad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
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Shin SJ, Lee HH, Cha SH, Kim JH, Shim SH, Choi DH, Kim NK. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms (−786T>C, 4a4b, 894G>T) and haplotypes in Korean patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 152:64-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Association between NOS3 gene G894T polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer disease in a sample from Iran. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2010; 24:204-8. [PMID: 20505439 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e3181a7c8fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common age-associated neurodegenerative disease caused by complicated interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The presence of the apolipoprotein epsilon4 allele, the only confirmed genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), is neither sufficient nor necessary to explain all occurrences of the disease. Aberrant expression of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene has been demonstrated in degenerating neurons and glial cells in brains with AD. Molecular epidemiologic studies have presented contradictory results concerning a potential role of NOS3 gene G894T polymorphism in AD. To define a possible association of this polymorphism with LOAD in an Iranian population, we conducted a case-control study including a clinically well-defined group of 100 LOAD patients and 100 age-matched controls. G894T polymorphism in NOS3 gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms assay. Chi-square analysis showed a significantly increased number of individuals with the G/G genotype in AD patients compared with controls (P<0.05). These results demonstrate an association between G894T polymorphism and LOAD in an Iranian sample and the G/G genotype seems to have some effects in the development of AD either alone or through interaction with other risk factors.
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Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms in spontaneously aborted embryos. Genes Genomics 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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