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Galli F, Mouly V, Butler-Browne G, Cossu G. Challenges in cell transplantation for muscular dystrophy. Exp Cell Res 2021; 409:112908. [PMID: 34736920 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For decades now, cell transplantation has been considered a possible therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophy, but failures have largely outnumbered success or at least encouraging outcomes. In this review we will briefly recall the history of cell transplantation, discuss the peculiar features of skeletal muscle, and dystrophic skeletal muscle in particular, that make the procedure complicated and inefficient. As there are many recent and exhaustive reviews on the various myogenic cell types that have been or will be transplanted, we will only briefly describe them and refer the reader to these reviews. Finally, we will discuss possible strategies to overcome the hurdles that prevent biological efficacy and hence clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Galli
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Gillian Butler-Browne
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, UK; Muscle Research Unit, Charité Medical Faculty and Max Delbrück Center, Berlin, Germany; Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Biressi S, Filareto A, Rando TA. Stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5652-5664. [PMID: 32946430 DOI: 10.1172/jci142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases, characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Despite the intense investigation of different therapeutic options, a definitive treatment has not been developed for this debilitating class of pathologies. Cell-based therapies in muscular dystrophies have been pursued experimentally for the last three decades. Several cell types with different characteristics and tissues of origin, including myogenic stem and progenitor cells, stromal cells, and pluripotent stem cells, have been investigated over the years and have recently entered in the clinical arena with mixed results. In this Review, we do a roundup of the past attempts and describe the updated status of cell-based therapies aimed at counteracting the skeletal and cardiac myopathy present in dystrophic patients. We present current challenges, summarize recent progress, and make recommendations for future research and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Antonio Filareto
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Conneticut, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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3
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Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells in Matrigel Impacts the Regeneration of Severely Damaged Skeletal Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133313. [PMID: 31284492 PMCID: PMC6651806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In case of large injuries of skeletal muscles the pool of endogenous stem cells, i.e., satellite cells, might be not sufficient to secure proper regeneration. Such failure in reconstruction is often associated with loss of muscle mass and excessive formation of connective tissue. Therapies aiming to improve skeletal muscle regeneration and prevent fibrosis may rely on the transplantation of different types of stem cell. Among such cells are adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) which are relatively easy to isolate, culture, and manipulate. Our study aimed to verify applicability of ADSCs in the therapies of severely injured skeletal muscles. We tested whether 3D structures obtained from Matrigel populated with ADSCs and transplanted to regenerating mouse gastrocnemius muscles could improve the regeneration. In addition, ADSCs used in this study were pretreated with myoblasts-conditioned medium or anti-TGFβ antibody, i.e., the factors modifying their ability to proliferate, migrate, or differentiate. Analyses performed one week after injury allowed us to show the impact of 3D cultured control and pretreated ADSCs at muscle mass and structure, as well as fibrosis development immune response of the injured muscle.
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4
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Qazi TH, Duda GN, Ort MJ, Perka C, Geissler S, Winkler T. Cell therapy to improve regeneration of skeletal muscle injuries. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:501-516. [PMID: 30843380 PMCID: PMC6596399 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases that jeopardize the musculoskeletal system and cause chronic impairment are prevalent throughout the Western world. In Germany alone, ~1.8 million patients suffer from these diseases annually, and medical expenses have been reported to reach 34.2bn Euros. Although musculoskeletal disorders are seldom fatal, they compromise quality of life and diminish functional capacity. For example, musculoskeletal disorders incur an annual loss of over 0.8 million workforce years to the German economy. Among these diseases, traumatic skeletal muscle injuries are especially problematic because they can occur owing to a variety of causes and are very challenging to treat. In contrast to chronic muscle diseases such as dystrophy, sarcopenia, or cachexia, traumatic muscle injuries inflict damage to localized muscle groups. Although minor muscle trauma heals without severe consequences, no reliable clinical strategy exists to prevent excessive fibrosis or fatty degeneration, both of which occur after severe traumatic injury and contribute to muscle degeneration and dysfunction. Of the many proposed strategies, cell-based approaches have shown the most promising results in numerous pre-clinical studies and have demonstrated success in the handful of clinical trials performed so far. A number of myogenic and non-myogenic cell types benefit muscle healing, either by directly participating in new tissue formation or by stimulating the endogenous processes of muscle repair. These cell types operate via distinct modes of action, and they demonstrate varying levels of feasibility for muscle regeneration depending, to an extent, on the muscle injury model used. While in some models the injury naturally resolves over time, other models have been developed to recapitulate the peculiarities of real-life injuries and therefore mimic the structural and functional impairment observed in humans. Existing limitations of cell therapy approaches include issues related to autologous harvesting, expansion and sorting protocols, optimal dosage, and viability after transplantation. Several clinical trials have been performed to treat skeletal muscle injuries using myogenic progenitor cells or multipotent stromal cells, with promising outcomes. Recent improvements in our understanding of cell behaviour and the mechanistic basis for their modes of action have led to a new paradigm in cell therapies where physical, chemical, and signalling cues presented through biomaterials can instruct cells and enhance their regenerative capacity. Altogether, these studies and experiences provide a positive outlook on future opportunities towards innovative cell-based solutions for treating traumatic muscle injuries-a so far unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie J Ort
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Perka
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geissler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Winkler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Davoudi S, Chin CY, Cooke MJ, Tam RY, Shoichet MS, Gilbert PM. Muscle stem cell intramuscular delivery within hyaluronan methylcellulose improves engraftment efficiency and dispersion. Biomaterials 2018; 173:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cezar CA, Arany P, Vermillion SA, Seo BR, Vandenburgh HH, Mooney DJ. Timed Delivery of Therapy Enhances Functional Muscle Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:10.1002/adhm.201700202. [PMID: 28703489 PMCID: PMC5641972 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of traumatic muscle injury in humans. Previous investigations have typically focused on the identification of potent cell and growth factor treatments and optimization of spatial control over delivery. However, the optimal time point for cell transplantation remains unclear. Here, this study reports how myoblast and morphogen delivery timed to coincide with specific phases of the inflammatory response affects donor cell engraftment and the functional repair of severely injured muscle. Delivery of a biomaterial-based therapy timed with the peak of injury-induced inflammation leads to potent early and long-term regenerative benefits. Diminished inflammation and fibrosis, enhanced angiogenesis, and increased cell engraftment are seen during the acute stage following optimally timed treatment. Over the long term, treatment during peak inflammation leads to enhanced functional regeneration, as indicated by reduced chronic inflammation and fibrosis along with increased tissue perfusion and muscle contractile force. Treatments initiated immediately after injury or after inflammation had largely resolved provided more limited benefits. These results demonstrate the importance of appropriately timing the delivery of biologic therapy in the context of muscle regeneration. Biomaterial-based timed delivery can likely be applied to other tissues and is of potential wide utility in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Cezar
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 60 Oxford Street, Suite 403, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Praveen Arany
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Sarah A Vermillion
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 60 Oxford Street, Suite 403, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Bo Ri Seo
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 60 Oxford Street, Suite 403, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Herman H Vandenburgh
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 60 Oxford Street, Suite 403, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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7
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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Cell Therapy in Myology: Dynamics of Muscle Precursor Cell Death after Intramuscular Administration in Non-human Primates. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:232-240. [PMID: 28573152 PMCID: PMC5447384 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy could be useful for the treatment of myopathies. A problem observed in mice, with different results and interpretations, is a significant death among the transplanted cells. We analyzed this problem in non-human primates, the animal model more similar to humans. Autologous or allogeneic myoblasts (with or without a reporter gene) were proliferated in vitro, labeled with [14C]thymidine, and intramuscularly injected in macaques. Some monkeys were immunosuppressed for long-term follow-up. Cell-grafted regions were biopsied at different intervals and analyzed by radiolabel quantification and histology. Most radiolabel was lost during the first week after injection, regardless of whether the cells were allogeneic or autologous, the culture conditions, and the use or not of immunosuppression. There was no significant difference between 1 hr and 1 day post-transplantation, a significant decrease between days 1 and 3 (45% to 83%), a significant decrease between days 3 and 7 (80% to 92%), and no significant differences between 7 days and 3 weeks. Our results confirmed in non-human primates a progressive and significant death of the grafted myoblasts during the first week after administration, relatively similar to some observations in mice but with different kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- Axe Neurosciences, Research Center of the CHU de Quebec - CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jacques P Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Research Center of the CHU de Quebec - CHUL, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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8
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Xiao Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Li W. Bit1 Regulates Cell Migration and Survival in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017:S0278-2391(17)30345-2. [PMID: 28419846 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidence has shown that Bcl-2 inhibitor of transcription 1 (Bit1) involves a variety of biological processes in the process of tumor development and progression. We hypothesized that Bit1 would be overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); therefore, we examined Bit1 gene expression and protein production, as well as explored the effect of elevated Bit1 levels on OSCC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the use of quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis for Bit1 messenger RNA and protein levels. We used 75 OSCC specimens, 25 tumor-adjacent dysplasia specimens, and 25 normal oral tissue samples that matched OSCC specimens in this study. We also transfected Bit1 complementary DNA into human oral cancer cells (Tca8113) to further investigate the potential role of Bit1 in OSCC. RESULTS We found that Bit1 levels in OSCC tissues were significantly higher than those in tumor-adjacent dysplasia specimens and normal oral tissue (P < .05). We also confirmed that Bit1 overexpression in the cytosol of Tca8113 cells induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest Bit1 overexpression may contribute to oral cancer cell survival and dissemination. In the future, Bit1 may be an important diagnostic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Professor, Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Professor, Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Professor, Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Li
- Department Head, Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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9
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Arecco N, Clarke CJ, Jones FK, Simpson DM, Mason D, Beynon RJ, Pisconti A. Elastase levels and activity are increased in dystrophic muscle and impair myoblast cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24708. [PMID: 27241590 PMCID: PMC4886533 DOI: 10.1038/srep24708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, progressive loss of muscle tissue is accompanied by fibrosis, chronic inflammation and reduced muscle regenerative capacity. Although much is known about the development of fibrosis and chronic inflammation in muscular dystrophy, less is known about how they are mechanistically linked to loss of muscle regenerative capacity. We have developed a proteomics method to discover dystrophy-associated changes in the muscle progenitor cell niche, which identified serine proteases, and especially neutrophil elastase, as candidates. We show that elastase activity is increased in dystrophic (mdx4cv) muscle and impairs myoblast survival in culture. While the effect of elastase on C2C12 cell survival correlates with the kinetics of elastase-mediated degradation of the substrate to which the cells adhere, the effect of elastase on satellite cell-derived primary myoblast growth and differentiation is substrate-independent and even more dramatic than the effect on C2C12 cells, suggesting a detrimental role for elastase on myogenesis in vivo. Additionally, elastase impairs differentiation of both primary and C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes. Our findings evidence the importance of neutrophil-mediated inflammation in muscular dystrophy and indicate elastase-mediated regulation of myoblast behaviour as a potential mechanism underlying loss of regenerative capacity in dystrophic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arecco
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - C J Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - F K Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - D M Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.,Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - D Mason
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.,Centre for Cell Imaging, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - R J Beynon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.,Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - A Pisconti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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10
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Neuromuscular electrical stimulation promotes development in mice of mature human muscle from immortalized human myoblasts. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:4. [PMID: 26925213 PMCID: PMC4769538 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying human myopathies and muscular dystrophies often require animal models, but models of some human diseases are not yet available. Methods to promote the engraftment and development of myogenic cells from individuals with such diseases in mice would accelerate such studies and also provide a useful tool for testing therapeutics. Here, we investigate the ability of immortalized human myogenic precursor cells (hMPCs) to form mature human myofibers following implantation into the hindlimbs of non-obese diabetic-Rag1nullIL2rγnull (NOD-Rag)-immunodeficient mice. Results We report that hindlimbs of NOD-Rag mice that are X-irradiated, treated with cardiotoxin, and then injected with immortalized control hMPCs or hMPCs from an individual with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) develop mature human myofibers. Furthermore, intermittent neuromuscular electrical stimulation (iNMES) of the peroneal nerve of the engrafted limb enhances the development of mature fibers in the grafts formed by both immortal cell lines. With control cells, iNMES increases the number and size of the human myofibers that form and promotes closer fiber-to-fiber packing. The human myofibers in the graft are innervated, fully differentiated, and minimally contaminated with murine myonuclei. Conclusions Our results indicate that control and FSHD human myofibers can form in mice engrafted with hMPCs and that iNMES enhances engraftment and subsequent development of mature human muscle.
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11
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Riederer I, Bonomo AC, Mouly V, Savino W. Laminin therapy for the promotion of muscle regeneration. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3449-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Cezar CA, Mooney DJ. Biomaterial-based delivery for skeletal muscle repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:188-97. [PMID: 25271446 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable capacity for regeneration in response to minor damage, but severe injury resulting in a volumetric muscle loss can lead to extensive and irreversible fibrosis, scarring, and loss of muscle function. In early clinical trials, the intramuscular injection of cultured myoblasts was proven to be a safe but ineffective cell therapy, likely due to rapid death, poor migration, and immune rejection of the injected cells. In recent years, appropriate therapeutic cell types and culturing techniques have improved progenitor cell engraftment upon transplantation. Importantly, the identification of several key biophysical and biochemical cues that synergistically regulate satellite cell fate has paved the way for the development of cell-instructive biomaterials that serve as delivery vehicles for cells to promote in vivo regeneration. Material carriers designed to spatially and temporally mimic the satellite cell niche may be of particular importance for the complete regeneration of severely damaged skeletal muscle.
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13
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Griffiths GS, Doe J, Jijiwa M, Van Ry P, Cruz V, de la Vega M, Ramos JW, Burkin DJ, Matter ML. Bit-1 is an essential regulator of myogenic differentiation. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1707-17. [PMID: 25770104 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.158964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle differentiation requires a complex signaling cascade that leads to the production of multinucleated myofibers. Genes regulating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway also function in controlling cell differentiation. How such signaling pathways are regulated during differentiation is not fully understood. Bit-1 (also known as PTRH2) mutations in humans cause infantile-onset multisystem disease with muscle weakness. We demonstrate here that Bit-1 controls skeletal myogenesis through a caspase-mediated signaling pathway. Bit-1-null mice exhibit a myopathy with hypotrophic myofibers. Bit-1-null myoblasts prematurely express muscle-specific proteins. Similarly, knockdown of Bit-1 expression in C2C12 myoblasts promotes early differentiation, whereas overexpression delays differentiation. In wild-type mice, Bit-1 levels increase during differentiation. Bit-1-null myoblasts exhibited increased levels of caspase 9 and caspase 3 without increased apoptosis. Bit-1 re-expression partially rescued differentiation. In Bit-1-null muscle, Bcl-2 levels are reduced, suggesting that Bcl-2-mediated inhibition of caspase 9 and caspase 3 is decreased. Bcl-2 re-expression rescued Bit-1-mediated early differentiation in Bit-1-null myoblasts and C2C12 cells with knockdown of Bit-1 expression. These results support an unanticipated yet essential role for Bit-1 in controlling myogenesis through regulation of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinger Doe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Mayumi Jijiwa
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Pam Van Ry
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Vivian Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Michelle de la Vega
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Joe W Ramos
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Dean J Burkin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada Medical School, Reno, NV 89557 USA
| | - Michelle L Matter
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
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14
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Dynamics of acute local inflammatory response after autologous transplantation of muscle-derived cells into the skeletal muscle. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:482352. [PMID: 25242868 PMCID: PMC4163307 DOI: 10.1155/2014/482352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of myoblasts transplanted into the skeletal muscle die within the first week after injection. Inflammatory response to the intramuscular cell transfer was studied in allogeneic but not in autologous model. The aim of this study was to evaluate immune reaction to autotransplantation of myogenic cells and to assess its dynamics within the first week after injection. Muscle-derived cells or medium alone was injected into the intact skeletal muscles in autologous model. Tissue samples were collected 1, 3, and 7 days after the procedure. Our analysis revealed the peak increase of the gene expression of all evaluated cytokines (Il-1α, Il-1β, Il-6, Tgf-β, and Tnf-α) at day 1. The mRNA level of analyzed cytokines normalized in subsequent time points. The increase of Il-β
gene expression was further confirmed at the protein level. Analysis of the tissue sections revealed rapid infiltration of injected cell clusters with neutrophils and macrophages. The inflammatory infiltration was almost completely resolved at day 7. The survived cells were able to participate in the muscle regeneration process. Presented results demonstrate that autotransplanted muscle-derived cells induce classical early immune reaction in the site of injection which may contribute to cellular graft elimination.
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15
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Textor JA, Murphy KC, Leach JK, Tablin F. Ultrastructure and growth factor content of equine platelet-rich fibrin gels. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:392-401. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.4.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Implications of Bit1 and AIF overexpressions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:519-27. [PMID: 23955799 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence has demonstrated that Bit1 and AIF as mitochondrial proteins are implicated in the development and progression of a variety of tumors. However, their expressions and biological functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain to be delineated. In the present study, we found that Bit1, AIF, and Bcl-2 levels in ESCC tissues were significantly higher than those in normal esophageal epithelial tissues and dysplasia tissues (P < 0.05). Stepwise investigation demonstrated that Bit1 and Bcl-2 levels were both tightly associated with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging (P < 0.05), and the levels of Bit1 mRNA as well as AIF and Bcl-2 proteins were both closely related to tumor differentiation (P < 0.05), but not related to the patients' age and gender (P > 0.05). Importantly, Bit1 mRNA and protein levels in ESCC with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging in III and IV were markedly higher than that without lymphatic metastasis and TMN staging in I and II. Further analysis showed that expression of Bit1 protein was both positively correlated with expressions of AIF and Bcl-2 proteins (r = 0.408 and 0.405, respectively; P < 0.05). Correctively, our data cited earlier suggest that Bit1 plays pivotal roles in the development and progression of ESCC, and its biological functions in ESCC may be closely associated with AIF and Bcl-2 levels.
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Laumonier T, Pradier A, Hoffmeyer P, Kindler V, Menetrey J. Low Molecular Weight Dextran Sulfate Binds to Human Myoblasts and Improves their Survival after Transplantation in Mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1213-26. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast transplantation represents a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of several genetic muscular disorders including Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nevertheless, such an approach is impaired by the rapid death, limited migration, and rejection of transplanted myoblasts by the host. Low molecular weight dextran sulfate (DXS), a sulfated polysaccharide, has been reported to act as a cytoprotectant for various cell types. Therefore, we investigated whether DXS could act as a “myoblast protectant” either in vitro or in vivo after transplantation in immunodeficient mice. In vitro, DXS bound human myoblasts in a dose dependent manner and significantly inhibited staurosporine-mediated apoptosis and necrosis. DXS pretreatment also protected human myoblasts from natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. When human myoblasts engineered to express the renilla luciferase transgene were transplanted in immunodeficient mice, bioluminescence imaging analysis revealed that the proportion of surviving myoblasts 1 and 3 days after transplantation was two times higher when cells were preincubated with DXS compared to control (77.9 ± 10.1% vs. 39.4 ± 4.9%, p = 0.0009 and 38.1 ± 8.5% vs. 15.1 ± 3.4%, p = 0.01, respectively). Taken together, we provide evidence that DXS acts as a myoblast protectant in vitro and is able in vivo to prevent the early death of transplanted myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Laumonier
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Pradier
- Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Hoffmeyer
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Kindler
- Hematology Service, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Menetrey
- Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Macrophages improve survival, proliferation and migration of engrafted myogenic precursor cells into MDX skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46698. [PMID: 23056408 PMCID: PMC3462747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of muscle precursor cells is of therapeutic interest for focal skeletal muscular diseases. However, major limitations of cell transplantation are the poor survival, expansion and migration of the injected cells. The massive and early death of transplanted myoblasts is not fully understood although several mechanisms have been suggested. Various attempts have been made to improve their survival or migration. Taking into account that muscle regeneration is associated with the presence of macrophages, which are helpful in repairing the muscle by both cleansing the debris and deliver trophic cues to myoblasts in a sequential way, we attempted in the present work to improve myoblast transplantation by coinjecting macrophages. The present data showed that in the 5 days following the transplantation, macrophages efficiently improved: i) myoblast survival by limiting their massive death, ii) myoblast expansion within the tissue and iii) myoblast migration in the dystrophic muscle. This was confirmed by in vitro analyses showing that macrophages stimulated myoblast adhesion and migration. As a result, myoblast contribution to regenerating host myofibres was increased by macrophages one month after transplantation. Altogether, these data demonstrate that macrophages are beneficial during the early steps of myoblast transplantation into skeletal muscle, showing that coinjecting these stromal cells may be used as a helper to improve the efficiency of parenchymal cell engraftment.
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Gérard C, Dufour C, Goudenege S, Skuk D, Tremblay JP. AG490 improves the survival of human myoblasts in vitro and in vivo. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2665-76. [PMID: 22963730 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies consist in transplanting healthy cells into a disabled tissue with the goal to repopulate it and restore its function at least partially. In muscular diseases, most of the time, myoblasts are chosen for their expansion capacity in culture. Nevertheless, cell transplantation has limitations, among them, death of the transplanted cells, during the days following the graft. One possibility to counteract this problem is to enhance the proliferation of the transplanted myoblasts before their fusion with the existing muscle fibers. AG490 is a specific inhibitor of janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2). The hypothesis is to block myoblast differentiation with AG490, thus permitting their proliferation. The inhibition of myoblast fusion by AG490 was confirmed in this study by gene expression and with a myosin heavy chain staining (MyHC). Moreover, cell survival was estimated by flow cytometry. AG490 was found to protect myoblasts in vitro from apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2) or by preventing attachment of cells to their substrate. Finally, in an in vivo model of muscle regeneration, when AG490 was coinjected with the myoblasts their survival was increased by 45% at 5 days after their transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gérard
- Neurosciences Division-Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Centre-CHUL, Quebec, Canada
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Grabowska I, Brzoska E, Gawrysiak A, Streminska W, Moraczewski J, Polanski Z, Hoser G, Kawiak J, Machaj EK, Pojda Z, Ciemerych MA. Restricted Myogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Umbilical Cord. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1711-26. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhematopoietic cord blood cells and mesenchymal cells of umbilical cord Wharton's jelly have been shown to be able to differentiate into various cell types. Thus, as they are readily available and do not raise any ethical issues, these cells are considered to be a potential source of material that can be used in regenerative medicine. In our previous study, we tested the potential of whole mononucleated fraction of human umbilical cord blood cells and showed that they are able to participate in the regeneration of injured mouse skeletal muscle. In the current study, we focused at the umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from Wharton's jelly. We documented that limited fraction of these cells express markers of pluripotent and myogenic cells. Moreover, they are able to undergo myogenic differentiation in vitro, as proved by coculture with C2C12 myoblasts. They also colonize injured skeletal muscle and, with low frequency, participate in the formation of new muscle fibers. Pretreatment of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells with SDF-1 has no impact on their incorporation into regenerating muscle fibers but significantly increased muscle mass. As a result, transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances the skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Brzoska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gawrysiak
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wladyslawa Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Moraczewski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Polanski
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Hoser
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kawiak
- Department of Clinical Cytology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz K. Machaj
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Pojda
- Department of Cellular Engineering, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A. Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Bartoszuk-Bruzzone U, Burdzińska A, Orzechowski A, Kłos Z. Protective effect of sodium ascorbate on efficacy of intramuscular transplantation of autologous muscle-derived cells. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:32-8. [PMID: 22190303 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The possible reason for elimination of myogenic cells after transplantation is inflammation at the injection site associated with oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine whether preconditioning of muscle-derived cells with an antioxidant, sodium ascorbate, can influence the fate of transplanted cells. METHODS Autologous transplantation of muscle-derived cells was performed in rabbits. Isolated cells were identified, lipofected with β-galactosidase, preincubated or not with sodium ascorbate, and injected intramuscularly. RESULTS Two weeks after autologous transplantation in the edge of a previous muscle defect, donor cells formed multinucleated young myotubes. Pretreatment of cells with sodium ascorbate before injection resulted in a significant increase of donor cells at the injection site 2 weeks after transfer. CONCLUSIONS These results show that: (1) preincubation with antioxidant can increase the efficacy of myogenic cell transplantation; and (2) oxidative stress may play a role in elimination of cells after autologous transplantation.
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Gerard C, Forest MA, Beauregard G, Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Fibrin Gel Improves the Survival of Transplanted Myoblasts. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:127-37. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x576018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent muscular dystrophy in children and young adults. Currently, there is no cure for the disease. The transplantation of healthy myoblasts is an experimental therapeutic strategy, since it could restore the expression of dystrophin in DMD muscles. Nevertheless, this cellular therapy is limited by immune reaction, low migration of the implanted cells, and high early cell death that could be at least partially due to anoikis. To avoid the lack of attachment of the cells to an extracellular matrix after the transplantation, which is the cause of anoikis, we tested the use of a fibrin gel for myoblast transplantation. In vitro, three concentrations of fibrinogen were compared (3, 20, and 50 mg/ml) to form a fibrin gel. A stiffer fibrin gel leads to less degradability and less proliferation of the cells. A concentration of 3 mg/ml fibrin gel enhanced the differentiation of the myoblasts earlier as a culture in monolayer. Human myoblasts were also transplanted in muscles of Rag/mdx mice in a fibrin gel or in a saline solution (control). The use of 3 mg/ml fibrin gel for cell transplantation increased not only the survival of the cells as measured after 5 days but also the number of fibers expressing dystrophin after 21 days, compared to the control. Moreover, the fibrin gel was also compared to a prosurvival cocktail. The survival of the myoblasts at 5 days was increased in both conditions compared to the control but the efficacy of the prosurvival cocktail was not significantly higher than the fibrin gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gerard
- Neurosciences Division-Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Centre-CHUL, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie Anne Forest
- Neurosciences Division-Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Centre-CHUL, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Beauregard
- Neurosciences Division-Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Centre-CHUL, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Skuk
- Neurosciences Division-Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Centre-CHUL, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Neurosciences Division-Human Genetics, CHUQ Research Centre-CHUL, Quebec, Canada
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Bhang SH, Lee S, Lee TJ, La WG, Yang HS, Cho SW, Kim BS. Three-dimensional cell grafting enhances the angiogenic efficacy of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:310-9. [PMID: 21902465 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great potential of cell therapy for ischemic disease, poor cell survival after engraftment in ischemic tissue limits its efficacy. Here we tested a hypothesis that three-dimensionally grafted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) spheroids would exhibit improved angiogenic efficacy following transplantation into mouse ischemic limbs compared with HUVECs prepared by conventional two-dimensional monolayer culture. One day after surgical induction of hindlimb ischemia in athymic mice, HUVECs cultured in monolayer or HUVEC spheroids were transplanted intramuscularly into ischemic limbs. Four weeks after the treatment, in the spheroid HUVEC transplantation group, we observed increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression, decreased apoptosis, and increased HUVEC survival in the ischemic tissue compared with the monolayer HUVEC transplantation group. Transplantation of HUVEC spheroids also resulted in enhanced and prolonged secretion of paracrine factors as well as enhanced expression of factors involved in the recruitment of circulating angiogenic progenitor cells. In summary, transplantation of HUVECs as spheroids enhanced cell survival, increased paracrine factor secretion, and showed a potential as a therapeutic method to treat ischemic tissue damages by promoting angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Integrin signaling, cell survival, and anoikis: distinctions, differences, and differentiation. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:738137. [PMID: 21785723 PMCID: PMC3139189 DOI: 10.1155/2011/738137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell survival and apoptosis implicate an increasing complexity of players and signaling pathways which regulate not only the decision-making process of surviving (or dying), but as well the execution of cell death proper. The same complex nature applies to anoikis, a form of caspase-dependent apoptosis that is largely regulated by integrin-mediated, cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Not surprisingly, the regulation of cell survival, apoptosis, and anoikis furthermore implicates additional mechanistic distinctions according to the specific tissue, cell type, and species. Incidentally, studies in recent years have unearthed yet another layer of complexity in the regulation of these cell processes, namely, the implication of cell differentiation state-specific mechanisms. Further analyses of such differentiation state-distinct mechanisms, either under normal or physiopathological contexts, should increase our understanding of diseases which implicate a deregulation of integrin function, cell survival, and anoikis.
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25
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Copland IB, Galipeau J. Death and inflammation following somatic cell transplantation. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 33:535-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The survival of myoblasts after intramuscular transplantation is improved when fewer cells are injected. Transplantation 2011; 91:522-6. [PMID: 21192317 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318208a8c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myoblast transplantation has long been studied as a potential therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy as the incorporation of donor myoblasts into host muscle allows the production of functional dystrophin protein. However, the clinical feasibility of this approach is limited by the poor survival of the donor cells in the weeks after transplantation. It has recently been determined that the intramuscular transplantation of large numbers of cells can lead to the formation of ischemic necrosis in the center of these cell masses. For this reason, the relationship between donor cell survival and the number of cells transplanted was investigated. METHODS Myoblasts were prepared from the hind limb muscles of male C57BL/10Sn mice and transplanted into the tibialis anterior muscles of female mdx mice at one of the following amounts: 10, 10, 10, or 10 cells. The survival of the transplanted cells was analyzed using a Y chromosome-specific qPCR. RESULTS It was found that donor cell survival was improved 1 week after transplantation when fewer myoblasts were transplanted, including the observation of donor cell proliferation after the transplantation of 10 myoblasts. However, concentration effects and long-term survival complicate the interpretation of these results. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that early donor myoblast survival was dependent on the number of cells transplanted and the volume of liquid used to deliver them into the muscle. We believe that this finding has implications for the design and interpretation of future experimentation relating to intramuscular cell therapies.
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Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Intramuscular cell transplantation as a potential treatment of myopathies: clinical and preclinical relevant data. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:359-74. [PMID: 21204740 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.548800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myopathies produce deficits in skeletal muscle function and, in some cases, literally progressive loss of skeletal muscles. The transplantation of cells able to differentiate into myofibers is an experimental strategy for the potential treatment of some of these diseases. AREAS COVERED Among the two routes used to deliver cells to skeletal muscles, that is intramuscular and intravascular, this paper focuses on the intramuscular route due to our expertise and because it is the most used in animal experiments and the only tested so far in humans. Given the absence of recent reviews about clinical observations and the profusion based on mouse results, this review prioritizes observations made in humans and non-human primates. The review provides a vision of cell transplantation in myology centered on what can be learned from clinical trials and from preclinical studies in non-human primates and leading mouse studies. EXPERT OPINION Experiments on myogenic cell transplantation in mice are essential to quickly identify potential treatments, but studies showing the possibility to scale up the methods in large mammals are indispensable to determine their applicability in humans and to design clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Skuk
- CHUQ Research Center - CHUL, Neurosciences Division - Human Genetics, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) still needs effective treatments, and myoblast transplantation (MT) is considered as an approach to repair damaged skeletal muscles. DMD is due to the complete loss of dystrophin from muscles. The lack of link between the contracting apparatus and the extracellular matrix leads to frequent damage to the sarcolemma triggering muscle fiber necrosis. Laminins are major proteins in the extracellular matrix. Laminin-111 is normally present in skeletal and cardiac muscles in mice and humans but only during embryonic development. In this study, we showed that intramuscular injection of laminin-111 increased muscle strength and resistance in mdx mice. We also used laminin-111 as a coadjuvant in MT, and we showed this protein decreased considerably the repetitive cycles of degeneration, inflammatory reaction, and regeneration. Moreover, MT is significantly improved. To explain the improvement, we confirmed with the same myoblast cell batch that laminin-111 improves proliferation and drastically increases migration in vitro. These results are extremely important because DMD could be treated only by the injection of a recombinant protein, a simple and safe therapy to prevent loss of muscle function. Moreover, the improvement in MT would be significant to treat the muscles of DMD patients who are already weak.
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In vivo fluorescence imaging of muscle cell regeneration by transplanted EGFP-labeled myoblasts. Mol Ther 2010; 18:835-42. [PMID: 20125125 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence imaging (FLI) enables monitoring fluorescent protein (FP)-labeled cells and proteins in living organisms noninvasively. Here, we examined whether this modality could reach a sufficient sensitivity to allow evaluation of the regeneration process of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP)-labeled muscle precursors (myoblasts). Using a basic FLI station, we were able to detect clear fluorescence signals generated by 40,000 labeled cells injected into a tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mouse. We observed that the signal declined to approximately 25% on the 48 hours of cell injection followed by a recovery starting at the second day and reached a peak of approximately 45% of the original signal by the 7th day, suggesting that the survived population underwent a limited run of proliferation before differentiation. To assess whether transplanted myoblasts could form satellite cells, we injured the transplanted muscles repeatedly with cardiotoxin. We observed a recovery of fluorescence signal following a disappearance of the signal after each cardiotoxin injection. Histology results showed donor-derived cells located underneath basal membrane and expressing Pax7, confirming that the regeneration observed by imaging was indeed mediated by donor-derived satellite cells. Our results show that FLI is a powerful tool that can extend our ability to unveil complicated biological processes such as stem cell-mediated regeneration.
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Tilkorn DJ, Bedogni A, Keramidaris E, Han X, Palmer JA, Dingle AM, Cowling BS, Williams MD, McKay SM, Pepe L, Deftereos A, Morrison WA, Penington AJ, Mitchell GM. Implanted Myoblast Survival Is Dependent on the Degree of Vascularization in a Novel Delayed Implantation/Prevascularization Tissue Engineering Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:165-78. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Tilkorn
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, BG-University-Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alberto Bedogni
- Unit of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Effie Keramidaris
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - XiaoLian Han
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason A. Palmer
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aaron M. Dingle
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Michael D. Williams
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sue M. McKay
- Experimental, Medical, and Surgical Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Liliana Pepe
- Experimental, Medical, and Surgical Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Deftereos
- Experimental, Medical, and Surgical Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wayne A. Morrison
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Penington
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geraldine M. Mitchell
- Bernard O'Brien Institute of Microsurgery and University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Hua W, Chen B, Zhang W, Miao S, Zhang H, Xin X. Monoclonal antibodies against human bit1, an apoptosis-associated mitochondrial protein. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009; 28:167-71. [PMID: 19519243 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2008.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bit1 (Bcl2-inhibitor of transcription 1) is a mitochondrial protein that was found eliciting caspase-independent apoptosis when released into the cytoplasm, where it forms a complex with AES (amino-terminal enhancer of split). In our research, cytosolic fraction of suspended cultured human ovarian cancer cells was taken as immunogen, and recombined protein Bit1-His was used to select hybridomas. Two hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Bit1 were obtained by routine murine hybridoma technique. The MAbs were characterized by indirect ELISA, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and it was found that they recognized distinct epitopes. The sandwich method to detect sera Bit1 was established, and a distinct difference of sera Bit1 between the ovarian carcinoma patients and normal controls was found. To conclude, these MAbs against human Bit1 may be useful for exploring the tumor apoptosis mechanism and monitoring patients' clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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32
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Biliran H, Jan Y, Chen R, Pasquale EB, Ruoslahti E. Protein kinase D is a positive regulator of Bit1 apoptotic function. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:28029-37. [PMID: 18703509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803139200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bit1 (Bcl-2 inhibitor of transcription) is a mitochondrial protein that induces caspase-independent apoptosis upon its release into the cytoplasm. Bit1 is primarily associated with anoikis (cell death induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix), because the apoptotic function of Bit1 is inhibited by integrin-mediated cell attachment but not by many other antiapoptotic treatments. Here, we show that protein kinase D (PKD) regulates Bit1 apoptotic function. Overexpression of constitutively active PKD or PKD activation by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate results in phosphorylation of two serine residues (Ser5 and Ser87) in a form of Bit1 that is confined to the cytoplasm and concomitantly increases the apoptotic activity of cytoplasmic Bit1. Conversely, suppressing PKD activity with pharmacological inhibitors or small interfering RNA approaches attenuates apoptosis induced by cytoplasmic Bit1. Furthermore, PKD regulates induction of cell death by wild-type Bit1 following loss of cell attachment to the extracellular matrix. Activation of PKD enhances Bit1 function in anoikis, whereas inhibiting PKD function with pharmacological inhibitors or small interfering RNA compromises the ability of Bit1 to induce anoikis. The induction of Bit1-mediated apoptosis by PKD is in part attributable to the release of Bit1 from mitochondria to the cytoplasm as a consequence of phosphorylation of Ser5 in the mitochondrial localization sequence of Bit1. Consistent with the regulatory role of PKD in the anoikis function of Bit1, we found that cell attachment to fibronectin inhibits PKD activity. These studies identify the PKD serine/threonine kinase as one of the signaling molecules through which integrin-mediated cell attachment controls Bit1 activity and anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Biliran
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research at the University of California Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9610, USA
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Ischemic central necrosis in pockets of transplanted myoblasts in nonhuman primates: implications for cell-transplantation strategies. Transplantation 2007; 84:1307-15. [PMID: 18049116 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000288322.94252.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cell-transplantation strategies implicate the injection of cells into tissues. Avascular accumulations of implanted cells are then formed. Because the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the surrounding tissue throughout the implanted cell accumulations may be limited, central ischemic necrosis could develop. We analyzed this possibility after myoblast transplantation in nonhuman primates. METHODS Macaca monkeys were injected intramuscularly with different amounts of myoblasts per single site. These sites were sampled 1 hr later and at posttransplantation days 1, 3, 5, and 7 and analyzed by histological techniques. RESULTS One day posttransplantation, the largest pockets of implanted cells showed cores of massive necrosis. The width of the peripheral layer of living cells was approximately 100-200 microm. We thus analyzed the relationship between the amount of myoblasts injected per site and the volume of ischemic necrosis. Delivering 0.1 x 10(6) and 0.3 x 10(6) myoblasts did not produce ischemic necrosis; pockets of 1 x 10(6), 3 x 10(6), 10 x 10(6), and 20 x 10(6) myoblasts exhibited, respectively, a mean of 2%, 9%, 41%, and 59% of central necrosis. Intense macrophage infiltration took place in the muscle, invading the accumulations of necrotic cells and eliminating them by posttransplantation days 5 to 7. CONCLUSIONS The desire to create more neoformed tissue by delivering more cells per injection site is confronted with the fact that the acute survival of the implanted cells is restricted to the peripheral layer that can profit of the diffusion of oxygen and nutriments from the surrounding recipient's tissue.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor reduced hypoxia-induced death of human myoblasts and improved their engraftment in mouse muscles. Gene Ther 2007; 15:404-14. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bouchentouf M, Skuk D, Tremblay JP. Early and massive death of myoblasts transplanted into skeletal muscle: responsible factors and potential solutions. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3282f19f20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mills P, Dominique JC, Lafrenière JF, Bouchentouf M, Tremblay JP. A synthetic mechano growth factor E Peptide enhances myogenic precursor cell transplantation success. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:2247-59. [PMID: 17845560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myogenic precursor cell (MPC) transplantation is a good strategy to introduce dystrophin expression in muscles of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) promotes MPC activities, such as survival, proliferation, migration and differentiation, which could enhance the success of their transplantation. Alternative splicing of the IGF-1 mRNA produces different muscle isoforms. The mechano growth factor (MGF) is an isoform, especially expressed after a mechanical stress. A 24 amino acids peptide corresponding to the C-terminal part of the MGF E domain (MGF-Ct24E peptide) was synthesized. This peptide had been shown to enhance the proliferation and delay the terminal differentiation of C(2)C(12) myoblasts. The present study showed that the MGF-Ct24E peptide improved human MPC transplantation by modulating their proliferation and differentiation. Indeed, intramuscular or systemic delivery of this synthetic peptide significantly promoted engraftment of human MPCs in mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the MGF-Ct24E peptide enhanced MPC proliferation by a different mechanism than the binding to the IGF-1 receptor. Moreover, MGF-Ct24E peptide delayed human MPC differentiation while having no outcome on survival. Those combined effects are probably responsible for the enhanced transplantation success. Thus, the MGF-Ct24E peptide is an interesting agent to increase MPC transplantation success in DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mills
- Unité de recherche en Génétique humaine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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