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Fang S, Su J, Liang B, Li X, Li Y, Jiang J, Huang J, Zhou B, Ning C, Li J, Ho W, Li Y, Chen H, Liang H, Ye L. Suppression of autophagy by mycophenolic acid contributes to inhibition of HCV replication in human hepatoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44039. [PMID: 28276509 PMCID: PMC5343675 DOI: 10.1038/srep44039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mycophenolic acid (MPA) has an anti-HCV activity. However, the mechanism of MPA-mediated inhibition of HCV replication remains to be determined. This study investigated whether MPA has an effect on autophagy, a cellular machinery required for HCV replication, thereby, inhibits HCV replication in Huh7 cells. MPA treatment of Huh7 cells could suppress autophagy, evidenced by decreased LC3B-II level and conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II, decreased autophagosome formation, and increased p62 level compared to MPA-untreated cells. Tunicamycin treatment or HCV infection could induce cellular autophagy, however, MPA also exhibited its inhibitory effect on tunicamycin- or HCV infection-induced autophagy. The expression of three autophagy-related genes, Atg3, Atg5, and Atg7 were identified to be inhibited by MPA treatment. Over-expression of these genes could partly recover HCV replication inhibited by MPA; however, silencing their expression by siRNAs could enhance the inhibitory effect of MPA on HCV. Collectively, these results reveal that suppression of autophagy by MPA plays a role in its anti-HCV activity. Down-regulating the expression of three autophagy-related genes by MPA involves in its antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoucai Fang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Division of HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanyi Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jieliang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wenzhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute of Human Virology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Geriatrics Digestion Department of Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment &Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, China
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2
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The CD8 T-cell response during tolerance induction in liver transplantation. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e102. [PMID: 27867515 PMCID: PMC5099425 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both experimental and clinical studies have shown that the liver possesses unique tolerogenic properties. Liver allografts can be spontaneously accepted across complete major histocompatibility mismatch in some animal models. In addition, some liver transplant patients can be successfully withdrawn from immunosuppressive medications, developing ‘operational tolerance'. Multiple mechanisms have been shown to be involved in inducing and maintaining alloimmune tolerance associated with liver transplantation. Here, we focus on CD8 T-cell tolerance in this setting. We first discuss how alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell responses are generated against allografts, before reviewing how the liver parenchyma, donor passenger leucocytes and the host immune system function together to attenuate alloreactive CD8 T-cell responses to promote the long-term survival of liver transplants.
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3
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Goh CC, Roggerson KM, Lee HC, Golden-Mason L, Rosen HR, Hahn YS. Hepatitis C Virus-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Suppress NK Cell IFN-γ Production by Altering Cellular Metabolism via Arginase-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2283-92. [PMID: 26826241 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects ∼ 200 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals develop persistent infection, resulting in chronic inflammation and liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The ability of HCV to establish persistent infection is partly due to its ability to evade the immune response through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of NK cells. NK cells control HCV replication during the early phase of infection and regulate the progression to chronic disease. In particular, IFN-γ produced by NK cells limits viral replication in hepatocytes and is important for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. However, NK cell function is significantly impaired in chronic HCV patients. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired NK cell function in HCV infection are not well defined. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of human NK cells with CD33(+) PBMCs that were exposed to HCV. We found that NK cells cocultured with HCV-conditioned CD33(+) PBMCs produced lower amounts of IFN-γ, with no effect on granzyme B production or cell viability. Importantly, this suppression of NK cell-derived IFN-γ production was mediated by CD33(+)CD11b(lo)HLA-DR(lo) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) via an arginase-1-dependent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Suppression of IFN-γ production was reversed by l-arginine supplementation, consistent with increased MDSC arginase-1 activity. These novel results identify the induction of MDSCs in HCV infection as a potent immune evasion strategy that suppresses antiviral NK cell responses, further indicating that blockade of MDSCs may be a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate chronic viral infections in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste C Goh
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Krystal M Roggerson
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hai-Chon Lee
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Gangwon 25159, Korea; and
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Hugo R Rosen
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908;
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4
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Martin-Gandul C, Mueller NJ, Pascual M, Manuel O. The Impact of Infection on Chronic Allograft Dysfunction and Allograft Survival After Solid Organ Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:3024-40. [PMID: 26474168 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases after solid organ transplantation (SOT) are a significant cause of morbidity and reduced allograft and patient survival; however, the influence of infection on the development of chronic allograft dysfunction has not been completely delineated. Some viral infections appear to affect allograft function by both inducing direct tissue damage and immunologically related injury, including acute rejection. In particular, this has been observed for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in all SOT recipients and for BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients, for community-acquired respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients, and for hepatitis C virus in liver transplant recipients. The impact of bacterial and fungal infections is less clear, but bacterial urinary tract infections and respiratory tract colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus spp appear to be correlated with higher rates of chronic allograft dysfunction in kidney and lung transplant recipients, respectively. Evidence supports the beneficial effects of the use of antiviral prophylaxis for CMV in improving allograft function and survival in SOT recipients. Nevertheless, there is still a need for prospective interventional trials assessing the potential effects of preventive and therapeutic strategies against bacterial and fungal infection for reducing or delaying the development of chronic allograft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martin-Gandul
- Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Pascual
- Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Manuel
- Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Ho CM, Hu RH, Lee PH. Perspective of antiviral therapeutics for hepatitis C after liver transplantation. World J Pharmacol 2014; 3:193-198. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v3.i4.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) almost recurs after liver transplantation for HCV-related liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Management of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation is challenging because the traditional interferon-based therapy is often patient-intolerable and inducing cytopenia, and dose reduction is needed. The response rate in liver recipients is inferior to those of chronic HCV infection. About 5 percent of liver recipients receiving interferon-based therapy would develop immune-mediated graft injury and may need retransplantation. Recent advances of anti-HCV therapy for chronic HCV infection has evolutionary changing the schema from interferon-based, to interferon-free, and even to ribavirin -free, all oral combinations for pan-genotypes. Management of HCV recurrence after liver transplantation is currently evolving too and promising results will soon come to the stage. This “fast-track” concise review focuses on the issues relevant to HCV recurrence after liver transplantation and provides up-to-date information of the trend of the management. A real-world case demonstration of management was presented here to illustrate the potential complications of anti-HCV therapy after liver transplantation.
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6
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7
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Subramanian V, Bharat A, Vachharajani N, Crippin J, Shenoy S, Mohanakumar T, Chapman WC. Perioperative blood transfusion affects hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific immune responses and outcome following liver transplantation in HCV-infected patients. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16:282-94. [PMID: 23869514 PMCID: PMC3945855 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perioperative factors can affect outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) in recipients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study was conducted to investigate whether the immunomodulatory effects of packed red blood cells (PRBC) and platelets administered in the perioperative period might affect immune responses to HCV and thus outcomes in LT recipients. METHODS Data for a total of 257 HCV LT recipients were analysed. Data on clinical demographics including perioperative transfusion (during and within the first 24 h), serum cytokine concentration, HCV-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing cells, and outcomes including graft and patient survival were analysed. RESULTS Patient survival was higher in HCV LT recipients who did not receive transfusions (Group 1, n = 65) than in those who did (Group 2, n = 192). One-year patient survival was 95% in Group 1 and 88% in Group 2 (P = 0.02); 5-year survival was 77% in Group 1 and 66% in Group 2 (P = 0.05). Group 2 had an increased post-transplant viral load (P = 0.032) and increased incidence of advanced fibrosis at 1 year (P = 0.04). After LT, Group 2 showed increased IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β and IL-6, and decreased IFN-γ, and a significantly increased rate of IL-17 production against HCV antigen. Increasing donor age (P = 0.02), PRBC transfusion (P < 0.01) and platelets administration were associated with worse survival. CONCLUSIONS Transfusion had a negative impact on LT recipients with HCV. The associated early increase in pro-HCV IL-17 and IL-6, with decreased IFN-γ, suggests that transfusion may be associated with the modulation of HCV-specific responses, increased fibrosis and poor transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ankit Bharat
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA
| | - Neeta Vachharajani
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Crippin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA
| | - Surendra Shenoy
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thalachallour Mohanakumar
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA,Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of MedicineSt Louis, MO, USA,Correspondence William C. Chapman, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8109, 6107 Queeny Tower, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: + 1 314 362 7792. Fax: + 1 314 361 4197. E-mail:
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8
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Li G, Cai G, Li D, Yin W. MicroRNAs and liver disease: viral hepatitis, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Postgrad Med J 2013; 90:106-12. [PMID: 24243965 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-131883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of highly conserved small non-coding RNAs with an average length of 22 nucleotides, may serve as major regulators of gene expression and indispensable components of cellular gene expression networks. They have critical roles in normal biological processes and have been linked to many tumours, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Viral hepatitis, caused by infection with hepatitis B or C viruses (HBV or HCV), can increase the risk of HCC and contributes to a significant disease burden around the world. Because of the variety of molecular alterations that may arise during the development and progression of HCC, standard of care and treatment for patients with HCC remains unsatisfactory. MiRNAs have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of both HBV and HCV. In addition to a role in pathogenesis, miRNAs have significant clinical value in the early diagnosis of HCC since they are present in the blood and can be used as diagnostic markers and potential targets for specific systemic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Ramachandran S, Ilias Basha H, Sarma NJ, Lin Y, Crippin JS, Chapman WC, Mohanakumar T. Hepatitis C virus induced miR200c down modulates FAP-1, a negative regulator of Src signaling and promotes hepatic fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70744. [PMID: 23950995 PMCID: PMC3741284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) induced liver disease is the leading indication for liver transplantation (LTx). Reinfection and accelerated development of fibrosis is a universal phenomenon following LTx. The molecular events that lead to fibrosis following HCV infection still remains poorly defined. In this study, we determined microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles in livers from chronic HCV patients and normals using microarrays. Using Genego software and pathway finder we performed an interactive analysis to identify target genes that are modulated by miRNAs. 22 miRNAs were up regulated (>2 fold) and 35 miRNAs were down regulated (>2fold) compared to controls. Liver from HCV patients demonstrated increased expression of 306 genes (>3 fold) and reduced expression of 133 genes (>3 fold). Combinatorial analysis of the networks modulated by the miRNAs identified regulation of the phospholipase C pathway (miR200c, miR20b, and miR31through cellular proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (cSrc)), response to growth factors and hormones (miR141, miR107 and miR200c through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases, and regulation of cellular proliferation (miR20b, miR10b, and miR141 through cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1 p21). Real time PCR (RT-PCR) validation of the miRNA in HCV infected livers demonstrated a 3.3 ±0.9 fold increase in miR200c. In vitro transfection of fibroblasts with miR200c resulted in a 2.2 fold reduction in expression of tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 13 or FAS associated phosphatase 1 (FAP-1) and 2.3 fold increase in expression of cSrc. miR200c transfection resulted in significant increases in expression of collagen and fibroblast growth factor (2.8 and 3.4 fold, p<0.05). Therefore, we propose that HCV induced increased expression of miR200c can down modulate the expression of FAP1, a critical regulator of Src and MAP kinase pathway that play an important role in the production of fibrogenic growth factors and development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinathan Ramachandran
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Haseeb Ilias Basha
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nayan J. Sarma
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Crippin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William C. Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thalachallour Mohanakumar
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Ohira M, Nishida S, Matsuura T, Muraoka I, Tryphonopoulos P, Fan J, Tekin A, Selvaggi G, Levi D, Ruiz P, Ricordi C, Ohdan H, Tzakis A. Comparative Analysis of T-Cell Depletion Method for Clinical Immunotherapy—Anti–Hepatitis C Effects of Natural Killer Cells Via Interferon-γ Production. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:2045-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Gehrau RC, Mas VR, Villamil FG, Dumur CI, Mehta NK, Suh JL, Maluf DG. MicroRNA signature at the time of clinical HCV recurrence associates with aggressive fibrosis progression post-liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:729-37. [PMID: 23312020 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis and prediction of the severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence (HCVrec) after liver transplantation (LT) remain a challenge. MicroRNAs have been recently recognized as potential disease biomarkers. Archival liver biopsy samples from 43 HCV+ LT recipients were collected at clinical HCVrec time and at 3 years post-LT. Patients were classified as progressors (P = F0/F1) or nonprogressors (NP = F3/F4) according to the severity of fibrosis on the 3-year biopsy. Training (n = 27) and validation (n = 16) sets were defined. RNA was isolated from all biopsies at clinical HCVrec time, labeled and hybridized to miRNA-arrays. Progressors versus nonprogressors were compared using the two-sample t-test. A p-value ≤0.01 was considered significant. The ingenuity pathway analysis tool was used for microRNA and miRNA:mRNA ontology data integration. Nine microRNAs were differentially expressed between groups. A supervised cluster analysis separated samples in two well-defined groups (progressors vs. nonprogressors). Pathway analysis associated those microRNAs with hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and T cell-related immune response. Data integration identified 17 genes from a previous genomic study as 9-microRNAs signature targets. Seven microRNAs were successfully validated in the validation set using QPCR. We have identified a 9-microRNA signature able to identify early post-LT patients at high risk of severe HCVrec during long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Gehrau
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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12
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Velazquez VM, Hon H, Ibegbu C, Knechtle SJ, Kirk AD, Grakoui A. Hepatic enrichment and activation of myeloid dendritic cells during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2012; 56:2071-81. [PMID: 22711645 PMCID: PMC3747821 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious disease that can result in numerous long-term complications leading to liver failure or death. Approximately 80% of people fail to clear their infection, largely as the result of weak, narrowly targeting or waning antiviral T-cell responses. Although professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) like dendritic cells (DCs) might serve as targets for modulation of T-cell immunity, the particular role of DCs in immunity to HCV is not known. Moreover the identity, phenotype, and functional characteristics of such populations in the liver, the site of HCV replication, have proven difficult to elucidate. Using a multicolor flow-based approach, we identified six distinct populations of professional APCs among liver interstitial leukocytes isolated from uninfected and HCV-infected patients. Although a generalized enrichment of DCs in the liver compared to blood was observed for all patients, HCV infection was characterized by a significant increase in the frequency of intrahepatic myeloid DCs (both CD1c+ and CD141+). Phenotypic analyses of liver plasmacytoid (pDC) and myeloid DCs (mDC) further revealed the HCV-induced expression of maturation molecules CD80, CD83, CD40, and programmed death ligand-1. Importantly, pDC and mDCs from HCV-infected liver were capable of secreting effector cytokines, interferon-alpha and interleukin-12, respectively, in response to Toll-like receptor stimulation in vitro. CONCLUSION Chronic HCV infection facilitates the "customized" recruitment of liver DC subsets with established functional roles in antigen presentation. These DCs are characterized by a mature, activated phenotype and are functionally responsive to antigenic stimulation in vitro. Such findings highlight an important paradox surrounding liver DC recruitment during HCV infection, where despite their activation these cells do not provide adequate protection from the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huiming Hon
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Stuart J. Knechtle
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Allan D. Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322
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13
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Abstract
Two selective inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease nearly double the cure rates for this infection when combined with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. These drugs, boceprevir and telaprevir, received regulatory approval in 2011 and are the first direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that selectively target HCV. During 2012, at least 30 additional DAAs were in various stages of clinical development. HCV protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, and NS5A inhibitors (among others) can achieve high cure rates when combined with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin and demonstrate promise when used in combination with one another. Current research is attempting to improve the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of these agents, define the best regimens, and determine treatment strategies that produce the best outcomes. Several DAAs will reach the market simultaneously, and resources will be needed to guide the use of these drugs. We review the clinical pharmacology, trial results, and remaining challenges of DAAs for the treatment of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Kiser
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
| | - Charles Flexner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287;
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14
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Manzia TM, Angelico R, Toti L, Lai Q, Ciano P, Angelico M, Tisone G. Hepatitis C virus recurrence and immunosuppression-free state after liver transplantation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:635-44. [PMID: 23078061 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
HCV-related disease is the most common indication for liver transplantation (LT). HCV recurrence, which is almost universal, has a significant impact on patient and graft survival after LT and still represents a great unsolved issue for the liver transplant community. Several treatment strategies have been proposed. Since antiviral therapy has limited efficacy and can be administrated only in selected transplant recipients and additionally that immunosuppressive drugs have a negative impact on HCV re-infection, the achievement of an immunosuppression-free state after LT could play a central role in the avoidance of rapid HCV recurrence.
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Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits hepatitis C virus replication in human hepatic cells. Virus Res 2012; 168:33-40. [PMID: 22728816 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common indication for liver transplantation and the major cause of graft failure. A widely used immunosuppressant, cyclosporine A (CsA), for people who receive organ transplantation, has been recognized to have the ability to inhibit HCV replication both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of several other immunosuppressants, including mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), rapamycin and FK506, on HCV replication in human hepatic cells. MMF treatment of hepatic cells before or during HCV infection significantly suppressed full cycle viral replication, as evidenced by decreased expression of HCV RNA, protein and production of infectious virus. In contrast, rapamycin and FK506 had little effect on HCV replication. Investigation of the mechanism(s) disclosed that the inhibition of HCV replication by MMF was mainly due to its depletion of guanosine, a purine nucleoside crucial for synthesis of guanosine triphosphate, which is required for HCV RNA replication. The supplement of exogenous guanosine could reverse most of anti-HCV effect of mycophenolate mofetil. These data indicate that MMF, through the depletion of guanosine, inhibits full cycle HCV JFH-1 replication in human hepatic cells. It is of interest to further determine whether MMF is indeed beneficial for HCV-infected transplant recipients in future clinical studies.
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