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Ashraf H, Najafi F, Heidari S, Yadegary Z, Zadsirjan S. Cytotoxicity of Two Experimental Epoxy Resin-Based Sealers. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:257-262. [PMID: 29707025 PMCID: PMC5911304 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i2.19530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many endodontic sealers are available, but search for the ideal sealer continues. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of two experimental endodontic sealers in comparison with AH-26 resin sealer. METHODS AND MATERIALS This in vitro study was conducted on conventional and experimental root canal sealers: AH-26, an epoxy resin experimental sealer A (ES-A) composed of calcium tungstate, zirconium oxide, aerosil, bismuth oxide, titanium oxide, hexamine and an epoxy resin and experimental sealer B (ES-B) with compositions similar to ES-A except for the presence of imidazoline as a catalyst. The experimental sealers containing nano-particles were mixed with 37.5% of an epoxy resin. The extraction of five samples of each experimental sealer (A, B) and AH-26 sealer were subjected to MTT assay in the form of set and fresh at 1, 24 and 72 h with 1, 10, 100% dilution according to the International Standard ISO:10993-2012. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA. RESULTS The set ES-A had the least cytotoxicity from the first hour but the cytotoxicity of ES-B and AH-26 extraction decreased over time. In fresh form, except for 100% concentration, ES-A showed the least cytotoxicity compared to the other two sealers. CONCLUSION All three sealers had high cytotoxicity in 100% concentration but had low cytotoxicity in 10% and 1% concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Ashraf
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Farhood Najafi
- Department of Resin and Adhesives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Soolmaz Heidari
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Dental School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yadegary
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Dental School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeede Zadsirjan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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Brzovic V, Miletic I, Zeljezic D, Mladinic M, Kasuba V, Ramic S, Anic I. In vitro genotoxicity of root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2009; 42:253-63. [PMID: 19228216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of leakage on differences in genotoxicity of root canal sealers ex vivo according to their main components using two different cytogenetic assays. METHODOLOGY Six materials of different composition (GuttaFlow, Epiphany, Diaket, IRM, SuperEBA and Hermetic) were tested on human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay and chromosomal aberration analysis. Prepared materials were eluted in physiological solution for 1 h, 1 day, 5 and 30 days. Thereafter cultures were treated with 8 microg, 4 microg and 2 microg of each sealer. Frequencies of chromatide and chromosome breaks and accentric fragments were determined. Comet assay was used to evaluate primary DNA damage by measuring tail length and tail intensity. Chi-square, Fisher's PLSD (Protected Least Significant Difference) and Kruskall-Wallis non parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS After 1-h elution only the highest dose of Diaket, Hermetic and SuperEBA significantly (P = 0.035, P = 0.048, P = 0.037 respectively) affected the measured cytogenetic parameters. The migration ability of DNA was more strongly affected than induction of chromosomal aberrations. After elutions longer than 24 h none of the tested sealers exhibited a genotoxic effect. CONCLUSION Under the conditions used in the study all sealers had acceptable biocompatibility in terms of genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brzovic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Biocompatibility of root canal obturation materials implanted in rats muscular tissue. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/avb0903267k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Al-Awadhi S, Spears R, Gutmann JL, Opperman LA. Cultured Primary Osteoblast Viability and Apoptosis in the Presence of Root Canal Sealers. J Endod 2004; 30:527-33. [PMID: 15220652 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200407000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Roekoseal is less cytotoxic than eugenol-based Sealapex or calcium hydroxide-based Kerr's Pulp Canal Sealer. Embryonic, day-19, rat calvarial osteoblasts were cultured at 4 x 10(5) cells/well. The concentration of conditioned medium from each sealer producing 50% surviving cells (ED50) was determined and long-term viability and apoptosis of cells assessed after exposure to the ED50 of each sealer. Low concentrations of Kerr's Pulp Canal Sealer (190 mm(2)/1 ml) and high concentrations of Sealapex and Roekoseal (190 mm(2)/300 microl) produced the ED50. ED50 challenged osteoblasts had fewer viable cells at 72 h than at 24 h, with significantly more viable cells in the Roekoseal group. There was significantly less apoptotic activity in cells exposed to Roekoseal ED50 than in cells exposed to Kerr's Pulp Canal Sealer (p < 0.05) ED50. Roekoseal may be less cytotoxic than Kerr's Pulp Canal Sealer, but further studies of this new sealer are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saud Al-Awadhi
- Department of Endodontics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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Miletić I, Ribarić SP, Karlović Z, Jukić S, Bosnjak A, Anić I. Apical leakage of five root canal sealers after one year of storage. J Endod 2002; 28:431-2. [PMID: 12067122 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200206000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A fluid transport model study was used to compare the sealing ability of five root canal sealers (AH26, AH Plus, Apexit, Diaket, and Ketac-Endo) on 60 single-rooted teeth after 1 yr of storage. The root canals were prepared with Gates Glidden drills by using a step-back technique before lateral condensation of gutta-percha with the tested sealers. The specimens were stored in saline solution for 1 yr at 37 degrees C. The leakage was measured by the movement of an air bubble in a capillary glass tube connected to the experimental root section. Apexit (0.490 microl) leaked significantly more than AH Plus (0.378 microl) and Ketac-Endo (0.357 microl), whereas AH26 (0.390 microl) and Diaket (0.429 microl) showed no significant difference from either Apexit or from AH Plus and Keto-Endo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Miletić
- Department of Dental Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Cohen BI, Pagnillo MK, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. An in vitro study of the cytotoxicity of two root canal sealers. J Endod 2000; 26:228-9. [PMID: 11199724 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200004000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the cytotoxicity of two root canal sealing materials (AH26 and AH-Plus). This cytotoxicity test (agar diffusion test) was conducted based on the procedures described in the International Organization for Standardization. The biological reactivity of a mammalian monolayer, L929 mouse fibroblast cells, in response to the tested agents was determined. After the 48-h observation period, the cell cultures exposed to the test articles discs for AH26 and AH-Plus exhibited severe reactivity (grade 4). The positive control article exhibited moderate reactivity (grade 3). No signs of reactivity (grade 0) were noted for the negative control article or the negative control discs. The tested samples of AH26 and AH-Plus are considered cytotoxic and do not meet the requirement of the agar diffusion test. Similar cytotoxicity results have been found in the literature for AH26 and other root canal sealing cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cohen
- Dental Research, Essential Dental Laboratories, South Hackensacky, NJ, USA
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Guigand M, Pellen-Mussi P, Le Goff A, Vulcain JM, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Evaluation of the cytocompatibility of three endodontic materials. J Endod 1999; 25:419-23. [PMID: 10530242 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(99)80270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this in vitro study was to evaluate the relative cytocompatibility of three endodontic materials: calcium hydroxide, a calcium oxide-based compound, and a zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer. The evaluation was conducted 24, 72, and 168 h after contact with the compounds and involved three complementary techniques: a colorimetric cytotoxicity test, scanning electron microscopy, and flow cytometry. The results we obtained confirmed the initial cytotoxicity of the zinc oxide-eugenol-based sealer and showed that the calcium oxide-based compound had the same relative cytocompatibility as calcium hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guigand
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Rennes, France
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Ersev H, Schmalz G, Bayirli G, Schweikl H. Cytotoxic and mutagenic potencies of various root canal filling materials in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in vitro. J Endod 1999; 25:359-63. [PMID: 10530262 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-2399(06)81172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of root canal filling cements of various chemical composition were determined in vitro. Materials set for 24 h and 1 wk were eluted for 24 h in cell culture medium (cytotoxicity testing) and dimethyl sulfoxide or physiological saline (mutagenicity testing). The differences between cytotoxic potencies of eluates of the endodontic materials on L-929 cells were quantified colorimetrically (MTT test). Eluates of Traitement SPAD were about 5- to 30-fold more toxic than silver-free AH26, Tubli-Seal, CRCS, and Endomethsone N. The rank order of the toxic effects depended on the setting time of mixed materials. Dimethyl sulfoxide and saline eluates of Traitement SPAD, Tubli-Seal, Endomethasone N, CRCS, and Ketac-Endo were not mutagenic in the Ames test. Both eluates of silver-free AH26 set for 24 h were weakly mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA100. Weak mutagenicity of saline eluates of the material was also observed in TA97a and TA102. These results point to the possibility that mixed silver-free AH26 might contain small amounts of two mutagenic substances: bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ersev
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey
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Leonardo MR, da Silva LA, Almeida WA, Utrilla LS. Tissue response to an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer. ENDODONTICS & DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY 1999; 15:28-32. [PMID: 10219151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1999.tb00745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate two different types of root canal sealers: AH Plus (an epoxy resin-based sealer) and Fill Canal (a zinc oxide-eugenol based sealer). A total of 34 root canals with vital pulp from dogs' premolars were used. After instrumentation, the root canals were filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus or gutta-percha and Fill Canal sealers using a classical technique of lateral condensation. After histological processing, the sections were stained with hematoxylineosin or Mallory's trichrome stain. Inflammatory cells or areas of necrosis were not associated with AH Plus. Hard tissue formation apically to the material was observed in 14 specimens. The Fill Canal sealer presented an inflammatory response of moderate intensity in the periapical region, mainly adjacent to the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Leonardo
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Paulista State University, Brazil
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10
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Koulaouzidou EA, Papazisis KT, Beltes P, Geromichalos GD, Kortsaris AH. Cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canal sealers: an in vitro evaluation. ENDODONTICS & DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY 1998; 14:182-5. [PMID: 9796482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1998.tb00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of three resin-based root canal sealers (AH26, AH-Plus, Topseal) was evaluated in vitro. The experiments included two cell lines, L929 mouse skin fibroblasts and RPC-C2A rat pulp cells. The cytotoxicity was assessed by sulforodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay and hemocytometer viable cell counting after 24- and 48-h exposure. AH26 had a severe cytotoxic effect whilst Topseal and AH-Plus showed a markedly lower toxic influence on the cells during the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Koulaouzidou
- Department of Endodontology, Dental School, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the physical properties (sealing, flow, radio-opacity, working time, and solubility) of a newly developed root canal sealer, CH61. It was compared with Canals, Sealapex, and AH26, which are typical commercially available root canal sealers. The sealing ability was evaluated by dye penetration. The flow was evaluated by two methods. One was flow in the vertical dimension, and the other was disk diameter. Radio-opacity, working time, and solubility were performed in accordance with the standards of the International Organization for Standardization. No dye penetration after immersion for 24 h was noted. In CH61, and there were significant differences between the values for CH61 and Canals, Sealapex, or AH26 (p < 0.001). For flow, the results differed from method to method. The radio-opacity decreased in the following order: AH26, Canals, CH61, and Sealapex. The solubility was the lowest for CH61. This study showed that CH61 had excellent sealing properties and low solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ono
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Beltes P, Koulaouzidou E, Kotoula V, Kortsaris AH. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxicity of calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers. ENDODONTICS & DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY 1995; 11:245-9. [PMID: 8625940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of three calcium hydroxide-containing root canal sealers (Sealapex, CRCS and Apexit) was tested by using L929 and BHK 21/C13 cells. After setting for 24 h, the sealers were covered with cell suspension. Cytotoxicity was determined by a quantitative technique at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. All the sealers were found to be cytotoxic. Sealapex showed the highest cytotoxicity, causing a significant decrease in cell density. CRCS was less toxic than Sealapex and more toxic than Apexit. Apexit proved to be the least toxic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beltes
- Department of Dental Pathology and Therapeutics, Aristotle University Theagenion Cancer Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine to what extent pH affects human fibroblast repopulation of an experimental wound in vitro laying special emphasis on cell migration, DNA synthesis, and alterations in cell morphology. Wounds were simulated in vitro by partially scraping off monolayers of human embryonic diploid lung fibroblast and human periodontal ligament fibroblast-like cells respectively. The wounded monolayers were cultured at pHs ranging from 7.2 to 8.4. The experiments were evaluated by autoradiography as well as light and scanning electron microscopic techniques. A significant, approximately linear, decrease was noted both in cell migration into and DNA synthesis in the experimental wounds as a result of pH increase. The surviving cells in the wounds showed cytoplasmatic vacuoles and blebbing at pH levels above 7.8. Clinical implications of these results for endodontic calcium hydroxide treatment are that hydroxyl ions, diffusing through root dentin, may interfere with vital cell functions necessary for healing on the root surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lengheden
- Department of Oral Histology and Cell Biology, School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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Granchi D, Stea S, Ciapetti G, Cavedagna D, Stea S, Pizzoferrato A. Endodontic cements induce alterations in the cell cycle of in vitro cultured osteoblasts. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 1995; 79:359-66. [PMID: 7621013 DOI: 10.1016/s1079-2104(05)80230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of endodontic cements on the cell cycle of MG63 osteoblasts cultured in vitro have been examined. Three groups of compounds were tested. Group I encompassed zinc oxide- and eugenol-based cements (Tubliseal, Argoseal, N2), group II consisted of cements with a phenol group other than eugenol (AH26, Forfenan, Methode R/R), and group III included CaOH-based cements (Biocalex, Endocalex). The cell cycle of MG63 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry; the DNA content was evaluated by means of the propidium iodide uptake method, whereas the proportion of cells in the S phase was defined by the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine later revealed by a specific antibody. The results showed that some root canal sealers could hamper the periapex healing processes by inhibiting the cell proliferation through a selective action on different phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Granchi
- Laboratory for Biocompatibility Research on Implant Materials, Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Tepel J, Darwisch el Sawaf M, Hoppe W. Reaction of inflamed periapical tissue to intracanal medicaments and root canal sealers. ENDODONTICS & DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY 1994; 10:233-8. [PMID: 7843066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1994.tb00076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different intracanal medicaments and zinc oxide-eugenol based root canal sealers on an experimentally induced apical periodontitis were studied histologically in mesial roots of lower molars of Wistar rats. After root canal instrumentation each canal was filled either with an intracanal medicament twice for 3 days each time or with a sealer for 21 days. The intracanal medicament chlorophenol caused periapical tissue damage. P-chloroxylenol-camphor lead to periapical improvement as did 5% sodium-hypochlorite. 12% sodium-hypochlorite gave tissue damage. After intracanal medication with an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide periapical repair was clearly visible. A combination of a corticoid and an antibiotic appeared to induce damage of the periapical tissues. The root canal sealers Endomethasone and N2 essentially impaired periapical repair. The results were acceptable for Aptal-Zink-Harz root canal fillings after 21 days as well as after 56 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tepel
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung A, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Germany
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Lengheden A. Influence of pH and calcium on growth and attachment of human fibroblasts in vitro. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH 1994; 102:130-6. [PMID: 8016558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1994.tb01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic diploid lung fibroblasts (HEDL fibroblasts) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL fibroblasts) were cultured in media at fixed pH levels ranging between 7.2 and 8.4 and fixed calcium concentrations ranging between < or = 100 microM and 20 mM in an attempt to mimic the effects of calcium hydroxide on vital cell functions such as attachment and growth. PDL fibroblasts appeared to be more susceptible to changes in pH and calcium concentration than HEDL fibroblasts. At pH levels above 7.8, both attachment and growth decreased significantly. Growth was influenced more by changes in pH and calcium concentration than was attachment. The results help explain why intracanal application of calcium hydroxide through its high pH may impair periodontal healing in areas on the root surface where the cementum has been damaged by either trauma or periodontal treatment, thus allowing the medicament access to the root surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lengheden
- Department of Oral Histology and Cell Biology, School of Dentistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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