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Bahrololoomi Z, Sadat-Hashemi A, Hassan-Akhavan-Karbassi M, Khaksar Y. Evaluating the additive effect of Persica and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health status of children receiving chemotherapy for their hematomalignancy: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e574-e580. [PMID: 32665817 PMCID: PMC7335609 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No definitive protocol has been introduced for treatment or prevention of chemotherapy induced mucositis. The aim of this study was to assess the additive effect of Persica and chlorhexidine on chemotherapy induced mucositis of children with hematomalignancies.
Material and Methods This randomized clinical trial was performed on 44 children aged 6 to 12 years who were under a similar maintenance chemotherapy protocol for their hematomalignancies. The clinician instructed oral hygiene cares to the patients and their parents and the severity of the mucositis and oral health status of patients were evaluated according to Oral Assessment Guide index. Then, the patients were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups and were instructed to rinse either with Persica oral drops or normal saline, twice a day for two weeks. Subsequently, the patients in both groups were educated to rinse with chlorhexidine for 30 seconds and avoid eating for an hour. Second and third oral examinations were performed on the 8th and 15th day using the same questionnaire.
Results Comparing severity of mucositis and oral health status of patients did not show any significant difference between treatment groups in either of examination sessions (p>0.05). However, both treatment groups showed statistically significant oral health improvement, in terms of mucositis, plaque accumulation and gingival condition, in 14 days following mouthrinses administration (p<0.05).
Conclusions Both mouth-rinse combinations were effective on mucositis, plaque and gingival status of children receiving chemotherapy. However, Persica does not seem to pose additional effect on chlorhexidine in decreasing severity of chemotherapy induced mucositis. Key words:Mucositis, chemotherapy, children, chlorhexidine, Persica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahrololoomi
- Department of pediatric dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azam Sadat-Hashemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Oncology and Genetics Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Yasamin Khaksar
- Department of pediatric dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Shiraz, Iran
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Jackson L, Owens M. Does oral care with chlorhexidine reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:682-689. [PMID: 31188655 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.11.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oral colonisation by pathogens contributes to contracting ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The aim of this review was to determine whether the use of the antiseptic chlorhexidine in the intra-oral cavity reduced its incidence in the critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult. The findings from this review led to the conclusion that chlorhexidine reduced the occurrence of VAP. Although a recommendation to implement the use of intra-oral chlorhexidine for mechanically-ventilated patients within critical care can be made, further exploration into required frequency and method of administration would be beneficial to reduce unnecessary exposure and hinder pathogenic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jackson
- Nursing Sister, Neurosurgical Critical Care Ward L06/L07, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds
| | - Melissa Owens
- Lecturer, School of Nursing and Healthcare Leadership, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford
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Effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa extract on virulence factors of Candida albicans and human neutrophil function. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Mafojane T, Shangase S, Patel M. The effect of subinhibitory concentrations of gentian violet on the germ tube formation by Candida albicans and its adherence to oral epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pereira CA, Domingues N, Araújo MIDSA, Junqueira JC, Back-Brito GN, Jorge AOC. Production of virulence factors in Candida strains isolated from patients with denture stomatitis and control individuals. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 85:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Knight ET, Liu J, Seymour GJ, Faggion CM, Cullinan MP. Risk factors that may modify the innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:22-51. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Uygun-Can B, Kadir T, Gumru B. Effect of oral antiseptic agents on phospholipase and proteinase enzymes of Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 62:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pereira CA, Domingues N, Silva MP, Costa ACBP, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Photodynamic inactivation of virulence factors of Candida strains isolated from patients with denture stomatitis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:82-9. [PMID: 26398815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are major microorganisms isolated in denture stomatitis (DS), an inflammatory process of the mucosa underlying removable dental prostheses, and express a variety of virulence factors that can increase their pathogenicity. The potential of Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) in planktonic culture, biofilms and virulence factors of Candida strains was evaluated. A total of 48 clinical Candida isolates from individuals wearing removable maxillary prostheses with DS were included in the study. The effects of erythrosine (ER, 200 μM) and a green LED (λ 532 ± 10 nm, 237 mW/cm(2) and 42.63 J/cm(2)) in a planktonic culture were evaluated. The effect of the addition of ER at a concentration of 400 μM together with a green LED was evaluated in biofilms. The virulence factors of all of the Candida strains were evaluated before and after the PDI process in cells derived from biofilm and planktonic assays. All of the Candida species were susceptible to ER and green LED. However, the biofilm structures were more resistant to PDI than the planktonic cultures. PDI also promoted slight reductions in most of the virulence factors of C. albicans and some of the Candida tropicalis strains. These results suggest that the addition of PDI is effective for reducing yeasts and may also reduce the virulence of certain Candida species and decrease their pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Aparecida Pereira
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Nádia Domingues
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Michelle Peneluppi Silva
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Anna Carolina Borges Pereira Costa
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, School of Dentistry, Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, CEP: 12245-000 SP, Brazil.
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Ivanov IB, Gritsenko VA, Kuzmin MD. The Effect of Brief Exposure to Sub-Therapeutic Concentrations of Chlorhexidine Digluconate on the Susceptibility of Staphylococci to Platelet Microbicidal Protein. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2015; 16:263-6. [PMID: 25830691 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2013.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseptic agents are widely used in hospitals and are essential when prevention and control of nosocomial infections is required. It is necessary to consider several aspects that affect the biocide activity because they have direct impact on the nosocomial infection rate. Organisms belonging to the Staphylococcus genus are involved in such infections and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHXD) is one of the most used antiseptic agents for human and animal health. In the context of such infections, anti-bacterial peptides have been isolated from platelets and have been termed platelet microbicidal proteins (PMP). Platelet microbicidal proteins have been shown to enhance the bacterial inhibitory activities of sub-therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to different sub-therapeutic concentrations of CHXD on the susceptibility of staphylococci to PMP. METHODS The influence of brief exposure to three different sub-therapeutic concentrations of CHXD (0.005%, 0.0025%, and 0.00125%) on the subsequent staphylocidal effect of PMP was evaluated. RESULTS Among all clinical staphylococcal strains studied, all isolates were considered to be resistant to the bactericidal action of PMP. Exposure of staphylococci to CHXD prior to PMP resulted in significantly increased staphylococcal killing compared with the killing achieved with PMP alone. This enhanced effect was most marked for concentrations of CHXD of 0.005%. CONCLUSION The combined data indicate that PMP exerts cooperative bactericidal effect with CHXD. The anti-staphylococcal PMP and CHXD synergistic activity in vitro demonstrated in the present study make these molecules potentially useful for preventing endovascular catheter-associated infections. Future research based on animal and human models is needed to elucidate the in vivo efficacies and toxicities and utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuri B Ivanov
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Viktor A Gritsenko
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Michael D Kuzmin
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
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Arai T, Kinoshita Y, Senpuku H. Persistent colonization of Candida albicans yeast on the tongue in NOD/SCID.e2f1-/- mice. J Infect Chemother 2015; 21:370-5. [PMID: 25640531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that commonly colonizes as opportunistic pathogens human mucosal surfaces. Our aim was to observe persistent infection of C. albicans on the tongue in NOD/SCID.e2f1(-/-) mice, which naturally was decreased saliva and undeveloped T and B cells. Using a cotton swab, a C. albicans suspension was applied to the tongue of wild type and mutant mice after disinfection using 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX). In our earlier report, it was found that many times inoculation per day and consecutive day inoculations without disinfection of indigenous microorganisms did not induce significant C. albicans infection for 48 h in the oral cavity. In this study, using inoculation of four sets {one inoculation after disinfection by CHX + interval (3 or 4 d)} induced longer term and higher numbers infection for 4 days on the tongue than results in a previous report in both NOD/SCID.e2f1(+/+) and NOD/SCID.e2f1(-/-) mice. Repeat of disinfection to indigenous microorganisms and inoculation with interval established and realized a new model for persistent infection of C. albicans yeast. However, decreased saliva and consecutive inoculations per day did not contribute to the persistent colonization on the tongue in the mice. It is suggested that the interaction between C. albicans and indigenous microorganisms is important for persistent colonization of C. albicans yeast on the tongue rather than decreased saliva in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Arai
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan; Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kinoshita
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, Japan.
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Ellepola ANB, Joseph BK, Khan ZU. The postantifungal effect and phospholipase production of oralCandida albicansfrom smokers, diabetics, asthmatics, denture wearers and healthy individuals following brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate. Mycoses 2014; 57:553-9. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna N. B. Ellepola
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Health Sciences Center; Kuwait University; Safat Kuwait
| | - Bobby K. Joseph
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Health Sciences Center; Kuwait University; Safat Kuwait
| | - Z. U. Khan
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Health Sciences Center; Kuwait University; Safat Kuwait
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12
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Chlorhexidine is a highly effective topical broad-spectrum agent against Candida spp. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Mantri SS, Parkhedkar RD, Mantri SP. Candida colonisation and the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate on soft silicone-lined dentures of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Gerodontology 2012; 30:288-95. [PMID: 23137002 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate Candida colonisation in the dentures with silicone soft liner in diabetic and non-diabetic patients and to assess the antifungal efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate on Candida colonies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty patients with resorbed ridges, fifteen each in the diabetic and non-diabetic group, were selected. The mandibular denture of each patient was lined with heat-polymerised silicone resilient liner. Patients were instructed to clean the dentures with soap water and brush. Samples from the fitting surface of mandibular dentures were collected at 15, 21 and 30 days. Subsequently, samples were collected at 15, 21 and 30 days, after cleaning the dentures with a detergent solution of 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, and incubated for the evaluation of Candida growth. These data were subjected to statistical analysis by Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS Normal oral flora in diabetics and non-diabetics showed no difference (p > 0.05). The density of colonies increased after 21 and 30 days in diabetic patients (p < 0.05). Number of Candida colonies significantly reduced in both the groups after 21 and 30 days of cleaning the dentures with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dentures with silicone resilient liner exhibit increased Candida growth in diabetic patients. Four per cent chlorhexidine gluconate solution effectively disinfects these dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha S Mantri
- Departmentt of Prosthodontics, Hitkarini Dental College & Hospital, Jabalpur, India
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Ellepola ANB, Joseph BK, Khan ZU. Cell surface hydrophobicity of oral Candida dubliniensis isolates following limited exposure to sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate. Mycoses 2012; 56:82-8. [PMID: 22533484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candidal adhesion has been implicated as the initial step in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) has been implicated in adhesion to mucosal surfaces. Candida dubliniensis is an opportunistic pathogen associated with recurrent oral candidiasis. Chlorhexidine gluconate is by far the commonest antiseptic mouth wash prescribed in dentistry. At dosage intervals the intraoral concentration of this antiseptic fluctuates considerably and reaches sub-therapeutic levels due to the dynamics of the oral cavity. Hence, the organisms undergo only a limited exposure to the antiseptic during treatment. The impact of this antiseptic following such exposure on CSH of C. dubliniensis isolates has not been investigated. Hence, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on the CSH of C. dubliniensis isolates. Twelve oral isolates of C. dubliniensis were briefly exposed to three sub-therapeutic concentrations of 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% chlorhexidine gluconate for 30 min. Following subsequent removal of the drug, the CSH of the isolates was determined by a biphasic aqueous-hydrocarbon assay. Compared with the controls, exposure to 0.005% and 0.0025% chlorhexidine gluconate suppressed the relative CSH of the total sample tested by 44.49% (P < 0.001) and 21.82% (P < 0.018), respectively, with all isolates being significantly affected. Although exposure to 0.00125% of chlorhexidine gluconate did not elicit a significant suppression on the total sample tested (7.01%; P > 0.05), four isolates of the group were significantly affected. These findings imply that exposure to sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate may suppress CSH of C. dublinienis isolates, thereby reducing its pathogenicity and highlights further the pharmacodynamics of chlorhexidine gluconate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna N B Ellepola
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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Ellepola ANB, Joseph BJ, Khan ZU. Effects of subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on germ tube formation of oral Candida. Med Princ Pract 2012; 21:120-4. [PMID: 22024644 DOI: 10.1159/000332569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on germ tube formation of Candida albicans isolates obtained from smokers, diabetics, asthmatics using steroid inhalers and healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty isolates of C. albicans were used in this study. All these isolates were quantified for germ tube formation without exposure to the drug and were used as the control group for data analysis. Isolates were also exposed to three subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.00125, 0.0025 and 0.005%) for 30 min (limited exposure); the antiseptic was then removed and germ tube formation of these isolates was quantified microscopically following incubation in a germ tube-inducing medium. RESULTS Compared with the unexposed controls, brief exposure to all concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate suppressed the ability of the C. albicans isolates to form germ tubes in increasing order by 13.72% (p < 0.001 to p = 0.02), 46.16% (p < 0.001) and 72.46% (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings show that brief exposure to subtherapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate may modulate germ tube formation of C. albicans isolates, thereby suppressing their pathogenicity, and further elucidate the pharmacodynamic mechanisms by which chlorhexidine gluconate may operate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna N B Ellepola
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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Soares AF, Aquino ARLD, Carvalho CHPD, Nonaka CFW, Almeida D, Pinto LP. Frequency of oral mucositis and microbiological analysis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. Braz Dent J 2011; 22:312-6. [PMID: 21861031 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402011000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the morbidity potential of oral complications in patients with leukemia, this study evaluated the clinical and microbiological alterations that occur in the oral mucosa of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing antineoplastic chemotherapy and prophylactic administration of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. The sample consisted of 17 children aged 2 to 12 years that underwent clinical examination of the oral mucosa for the detection of oral lesions. In addition, biological material was collected from labial and buccal mucosa for microbiological analysis. Oral mucositis was observed in only 5 (29.4%) patients. Microbiological analysis revealed a reduced number of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, such as coagulase-negative staphylococci (47%), Candida albicans (35.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.9%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (5.9%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (5.9%). Patients with oral mucositis showed a higher frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci (80%) when compared with patients with normal oral mucosa (33.3%). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that the prophylactic use of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate reduces the frequency of oral mucositis and oral pathogens in children with ALL. In addition, the present findings suggest a possible relationship between coagulase-negative staphylococci and the development of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Ferreira Soares
- Department of Morphology, Dental School, UFS - Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
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Javed F, Utreja A, Bello Correa FO, Al-Askar M, Hudieb M, Qayyum F, Al-Rasheed A, Almas K, Al-Hezaimi K. Oral health status in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 83:303-9. [PMID: 22137828 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric malignancy and accounts for nearly 75% of all newly diagnosed leukemias and 25% of all malignancies in childhood. The aim of the present study was to review the oral health status in children with ALL. Databases were explored using various combinations of the following keywords: "acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "children", "inflammation", "pediatric", "periodontal disease" and "periodontitis". Oral inflammatory conditions including chelitis, gingivitis, herpetic gingivostomatitis, mucositis, oral candidiasis, periodontitis and ulcerations are common manifestations in children with ALL. RESULTS Periodontal inflammatory conditions and oral mucositis were reported to be significantly higher in children with ALL as compared to healthy controls. Tooth morphological disorders including agenesis, microdontia, short roots and developmental defects in the enamel and dentin were more often observed in children with ALL as compared to healthy controls. Children with ALL have a reduced salivary flow rate, which makes them more susceptible to dental caries as compared to healthy children. Malocclusion due to microdontia may also trigger temporomandibular joint disorders in children with ALL; however, this relationship needs further investigations. CONCLUSION Oral inflammatory conditions including mucositis and gingivitis are common in children with ALL as compared to healthy children. Tooth morphological disorders including microdontia and enamel and dentin are common manifestations in children with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Javed
- Eng. A.B. Research Chair for Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ellepola ANB. The effect of brief exposure to sub-therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on germ tube formation of oral Candida dubliniensis. Mycoses 2010; 54:e330-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The effect of gentian violet on virulent properties of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:279-85. [PMID: 19937129 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gentian violet (GV) on phospholipase activity, proteinase activity and germ tube formation rate of Candida albicans. Both 12 phospholipase-positive and 12 proteinase-positive C. albicans isolates with Pz values <or=0.89 were obtained. A yeast suspension (1-3 x 10(7) cfu/ml) of each isolate was prepared. After a brief exposure (60 min) to sub-therapeutic concentrations (0.5 or 2 microg/ml) of GV, Pz value of phospholipase, Pz value of proteinase and germ tube formation rate were determined. Phospholipase activity, proteinase activity and germ tube formation rate in two groups exposed to GV were significantly lower than those in the group unexposed (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicated that sub-therapeutic concentrations of GV may lead to reduction in phospholipase activity, proteinase activity and germ tube formation, and then may suppress virulence and pathogenicity of C. albicans.
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Anil S, Ellepola ANB, Samaranayake LP. The impact of chlorhexidine gluconate on the relative cell surface hydrophobicity of oral Candida albicans. Oral Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2001.70210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To assess whether a short exposure of Candida albicans to commonly used fluorides would affect growth, cell surface hydrophobicity, and adherence to buccal epithelial cells. METHODS Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and 11 clinical isolates were used. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of sodium fluoride (NaF) and of an amine fluoride / stannous fluoride combination (AmF / SnF2) were determined. Yeasts were exposed to MICs of tested agents for 1 h. Subsequently, their growth was recorded spectrophotometrically. Their cell surface hydrophobicity was assessed with n-hexadecane. Adherence to buccal epithelial cells was determined microscopically. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) served as controls. All results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS MICs of AmF / SnF(2) and CHX varied between 1 and 4 microg ml(-1), whereas those of NaF were 15 000 microg ml(-1). Statistically significant growth inhibition was detected after AmF / SnF(2) (OD(24 h) +/- SD 0.457 +/- 0.059) and CHX (0.175 +/- 0.065) in comparison with PBS (0.925 +/- 0.087) and NaF (0.813 +/- 0.081). All strains demonstrated uniform behavior. Only minor changes in cell surface hydrophobicity and adherence to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) were detected. CONCLUSION Growth inhibition of AmF / SnF(2) was comparable with that of CHX whereas NaF had a weaker effect. Exposure to the fluorides did not seem to alter the cell surface hydrophobicity nor adherence to BEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Flisfisch
- Institute of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Aroonrerk N, Dhanesuan N. Candida inhibitory effects of six commercial mouthwashes. ANN MICROBIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Vale-Silva LA, Buchta V, Valentová E. Effect of subinhibitory concentration of some established and experimental antifungal compounds on the germ tube formation in Candida albicans. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2007; 52:39-43. [PMID: 17571794 DOI: 10.1007/bf02932136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of subinhibitory concentrations of six established and 19 newly synthesized antifungal compounds on the dimorphic transition of three C. albicans strains was evaluated in the filamentation-inducing medium. Amphotericin B was found to produce almost complete inhibition in the germination at a concentration of 1/10 of the corresponding MIC and partial inhibition at a concentration as low as MIC/50. Flucytosine and four azole derivatives were proven ineffective. From the newly synthesized drugs, the incrustoporin derivative LNO6-22, two phenylguanidine derivatives (PG15, PG45), and four thiosalicylanilide derivatives, in particular, showed results comparable to those of amphotericin B, with a high inhibition of germ tube formation at concentrations of MIC/10. In general, concentrations of MIC/50 had no visible effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Vale-Silva
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czechia.
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Kadir T, Gümrü B, Uygun-Can B. Phospholipase activity of Candida albicans isolates from patients with denture stomatitis: the influence of chlorhexidine gluconate on phospholipase production. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:691-6. [PMID: 17241611 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The extracellular phospholipases of Candida albicans are considered to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human infections. Therefore 23 clinical oral isolates of C. albicans from patients with denture stomatitis and 22 commensal oral isolates obtained from the palatal mucosa of healthy subjects were assayed for phospholipase activity. It is generally accepted that chlorhexidine gluconate is an appropriate adjunct or an alternative to antimycotic therapy in the management of oral candidiasis. However, the intraoral concentrations of this antiseptic fluctuate considerably due to the dynamics of the oral cavity. So the second main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure (30 min) to two sub-therapeutic concentrations (0.002% and 0.0012%) of chlorhexidine gluconate on the value of phospholipase production (Pz) of C. albicans. METHOD An in vitro phospholipase production was done by plate assay method using an egg yolk-agar medium. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the number of C. albicans isolates producing phospholipase between two groups. However, the mean value of Pz produced by the isolates from patients with denture stomatitis was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the commensals. Exposure of the isolates to 0.002% and 0.0012% chlorhexidine led to a significant (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively) reduction in the amount of phospholipase. CONCLUSION The results of this study imply that sub-therapeutic levels of chlorhexidine may modulate candidal phospholipase activity, thereby suppressing pathogenicity of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanju Kadir
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Marmara University, Güzelbahçe Büyük Ciftlik Sok. No. 6, Nişantaşi 34365, Istanbul, Turkey.
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