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Parmeggiani G, Bigoni S, Buldrini B, Garani G, Clauser L, Galiè M, Ferlini A, Fini S. Double Interstitial Deletion of the Long Arm of Chromosome 6 in a Patient with Pierre Robin Sequence, Dysmorphisms, and Severe Developmental Delay. Mol Syndromol 2017; 9:30-37. [PMID: 29456481 DOI: 10.1159/000480159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported here is the case of a 1.8-year-old boy with a 9.6- Mb deletion in 6q13q14.1 and an 11.2-Mb deletion in 6q21q22.31, ascertained through array CGH, as the result of a complex de novo chromosome rearrangement. The clinical picture of this patient is characterized by severe psychomotor delay, dysmorphic features, and some congenital defects. Although, as reported in the literature, phenotypes associated with 6q deletions may vary, an attempt was made to associate the patient's symptoms to either deletion, comparing them to previously reported cases. Only a limited specific correlation was found, probably due to the prevalence of very common symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Parmeggiani
- UOL of Medical Genetics, Department of Reproduction and Growth and Department of Medical Science, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Bigoni
- UOL of Medical Genetics, Department of Reproduction and Growth and Department of Medical Science, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Barbara Buldrini
- UOL of Medical Genetics, Department of Reproduction and Growth and Department of Medical Science, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Garani
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Neonatology, Department of Reproduction and Growth and Department of Medical Science, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luigi Clauser
- Cranio-Orbito-Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manilo Galiè
- Cranio-Orbito-Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- UOL of Medical Genetics, Department of Reproduction and Growth and Department of Medical Science, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sergio Fini
- UOL of Medical Genetics, Department of Reproduction and Growth and Department of Medical Science, Ferrara, Italy
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TLX-Its Emerging Role for Neurogenesis in Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:272-280. [PMID: 26738856 PMCID: PMC5219886 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor TLX, also called NR2E1, is a factor important in the regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) self-renewal, neurogenesis, and maintenance. As a transcription factor, TLX is vital for the expression of genes implicated in neurogenesis, such as DNA replication, cell cycle, adhesion and migration. It acts by way of repressing or activating target genes, as well as controlling protein-protein interactions. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulated TLX acts in the initiation and progression of human disorders of the nervous system. This review describes recent knowledge about TLX expression, structure, targets, and biological functions, relevant to maintaining adult neural stem cells related to both neuropsychiatric conditions and certain nervous system tumours.
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Corso-Díaz X, Borrie AE, Bonaguro R, Schuetz JM, Rosenberg T, Jensen H, Brooks BP, MacDonald IM, Pasutto F, Walter MA, Grønskov K, Brooks-Wilson A, Simpson EM. Absence of NR2E1 mutations in patients with aniridia. Mol Vis 2012; 18:2770-82. [PMID: 23213277 PMCID: PMC3513187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nuclear receptor 2E1 (NR2E1) is a transcription factor with many roles during eye development and thus may be responsible for the occurrence of certain congenital eye disorders in humans. To test this hypothesis, we screened NR2E1 for candidate mutations in patients with aniridia and other congenital ocular malformations (anterior segment dysgenesis, congenital optic nerve malformation, and microphthalmia). METHODS The NR2E1 coding region, 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), exon flanking regions including consensus splice sites, and six evolutionarily conserved non-coding candidate regulatory regions were analyzed by sequencing 58 probands with aniridia of whom 42 were negative for PAX6 mutations. Nineteen probands with anterior segment dysgenesis, one proband with optic nerve malformation, and two probands with microphthalmia were also sequenced. The control population comprised 376 healthy individuals. All sequences were analyzed against the GenBank sequence AL078596.8 for NR2E1. In addition, the coding region and flanking intronic sequences of FOXE3, FOXC1, PITX2, CYP1B1, PAX6, and B3GALTL were sequenced in one patient and his relatives. RESULTS Sequencing analysis showed 17 NR2E1 variants including two novel rare non-coding variants (g.-1507G>A, g.14258C>T), and one novel rare coding variant (p.Arg274Gly). The latter was present in a male diagnosed with Peters' anomaly who subsequently was found to have a known causative mutation for Peters' plus syndrome in B3GALTL (c.660+1G>A). In addition, the NR2E1 novel rare variant Arg274Gly was present in the unaffected mother of the patient but absent in 746 control chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS We eliminated a major role for NR2E1 regulatory and coding mutations in aniridia and found a novel rare coding variant in NR2E1. In addition, we found no coding region variation in the control population for NR2E1, which further supports its previously reported high level of conservation and low genetic diversity. Future NR2E1 studies in ocular disease groups such as those involving retinal and optic nerve abnormalities should be undertaken to determine whether NR2E1 plays a role in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Genetics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Adrienne E. Borrie
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Russell Bonaguro
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Johanna M. Schuetz
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Canada’s Michael Smith’s Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Rosenberg
- National Eye Clinic for the Visually Impaired, The Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Hanne Jensen
- National Eye Clinic for the Visually Impaired, The Kennedy Center, Glostrup, Denmark,Department of Ophthalmology, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Brian P. Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian M. MacDonald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael A. Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Karen Grønskov
- Center for Applied Human Molecular Genetics, The Kennedy Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Canada’s Michael Smith’s Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M. Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics at the Child & Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Genetics Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Retina restored and brain abnormalities ameliorated by single-copy knock-in of human NR2E1 in null mice. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1296-311. [PMID: 22290436 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06016-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nr2e1 encodes a stem cell fate determinant of the mouse forebrain and retina. Abnormal regulation of this gene results in retinal, brain, and behavioral abnormalities in mice. However, little is known about the functionality of human NR2E1. We investigated this functionality using a novel knock-in humanized-mouse strain carrying a single-copy bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). We also documented, for the first time, the expression pattern of the human BAC, using an NR2E1-lacZ reporter strain. Unexpectedly, cerebrum and olfactory bulb hypoplasia, hallmarks of the Nr2e1-null phenotype, were not fully corrected in animals harboring one functional copy of human NR2E1. These results correlated with an absence of NR2E1-lacZ reporter expression in the dorsal pallium of embryos and proliferative cells of adult brains. Surprisingly, retinal histology and electroretinograms demonstrated complete correction of the retina-null phenotype. These results correlated with appropriate expression of the NR2E1-lacZ reporter in developing and adult retina. We conclude that the human BAC contained all the elements allowing correction of the mouse-null phenotype in the retina, while missing key regulatory regions important for proper spatiotemporal brain expression. This is the first time a separation of regulatory mechanisms governing NR2E1 has been demonstrated. Furthermore, candidate genomic regions controlling expression in proliferating cells during neurogenesis were identified.
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Genotype–phenotype correlation in interstitial 6q deletions: a report of 12 new cases. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:31-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sun G, Shi Y. Nuclear receptors in stem cells and their therapeutic potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1299-306. [PMID: 20708051 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The core transcriptional regulatory circuitries are important for controlling stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Nuclear receptors provide an ideal model to regulate gene expression in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners. Recent studies of regulatory events by nuclear receptors in neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provided unique insights into mechanisms of stem cell regulation and provided invaluable resources for regenerative medicine. Nuclear receptors have been shown to be key players in stem cell self-renewal, pluripotency, and reprogramming. We summarize recent progress of studies on nuclear receptors in stem cell field as well as the potential therapeutic implications of these nuclear receptors and their cognate ligands. These studies not only uncover molecular mechanisms of stem cell regulation, but also provide unique opportunities for drug discovery.
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Kurusu M, Maruyama Y, Adachi Y, Okabe M, Suzuki E, Furukubo-Tokunaga K. A conserved nuclear receptor, Tailless, is required for efficient proliferation and prolonged maintenance of mushroom body progenitors in the Drosophila brain. Dev Biol 2008; 326:224-36. [PMID: 19084514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic neurons of mushroom bodies (MBs), centers of olfactory learning in the Drosophila brain, are generated by a specific set of neuroblasts (Nbs) that are born in the embryonic stage and exhibit uninterrupted proliferation till the end of the pupal stage. Whereas MB provides a unique model to study proliferation of neural progenitors, the underlying mechanism that controls persistent activity of MB-Nbs is poorly understood. Here we show that Tailless (TLL), a conserved orphan nuclear receptor, is required for optimum proliferation activity and prolonged maintenance of MB-Nbs and ganglion mother cells (GMCs). Mutations of tll progressively impair cell cycle in MB-Nbs and cause premature loss of MB-Nbs in the early pupal stage. TLL is also expressed in MB-GMCs to prevent apoptosis and promote cell cycling. In addition, we show that ectopic expression of tll leads to brain tumors, in which Prospero, a key regulator of progenitor proliferation and differentiation, is suppressed whereas localization of molecular components involved in asymmetric Nb division is unaffected. These results as a whole uncover a distinct regulatory mechanism of self-renewal and differentiation of the MB progenitors that is different from the mechanisms found in other progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Kurusu
- Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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Kumar RA, McGhee KA, Leach S, Bonaguro R, Maclean A, Aguirre-Hernandez R, Abrahams BS, Coccaro EF, Hodgins S, Turecki G, Condon A, Muir WJ, Brooks-Wilson AR, Blackwood DH, Simpson EM. Initial association of NR2E1 with bipolar disorder and identification of candidate mutations in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and aggression through resequencing. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:880-9. [PMID: 18205168 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 2E1 gene (NR2E1) resides within a 6q21-22 locus for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mice deleted for Nr2e1 show altered neurogenesis, cortical and limbic abnormalities, aggression, hyperexcitability, and cognitive impairment. NR2E1 is therefore a positional and functional candidate for involvement in mental illness. We performed association analyses in 394 patients with bipolar disorder, 396 with schizophrenia, and 479 controls using six common markers and haplotypes. We also performed a comprehensive mutation screen of NR2E1, resequencing its entire coding region, complete 5' and 3' untranslated regions, consensus splice-sites, and evolutionarily conserved regions in 126 humans with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or aggressive disorders. NR2E1 was associated with bipolar disorder I and II [odds ratio (OR = 0.77, P = 0.013), bipolar disorder I (OR = 0.77, P = 0.015), bipolar disorder in females (OR = 0.72, P = 0.009), and with age at onset < or = 25 years (OR = 0.67, P = 0.006)], all of which remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. We identified eight novel candidate mutations that were absent in 325 controls; four of these were predicted to alter known neural transcription factor binding sites. Analyses of NR2E1 mRNA in human brain revealed forebrain-specific transcription. The data presented support the hypothesis that genetic variation at NR2E1 may be associated with susceptibility to brain-behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinesh A Kumar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics and Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Ben Cheikh BOA, Baulac S, Lahjouji F, Bouhouche A, Couarch P, Khalili N, Regragui W, Lehericy S, Ruberg M, Benomar A, Heath S, Chkili T, Yahyaoui M, Jiddane M, Ouazzani R, LeGuern E. A locus for bilateral occipital polymicrogyria maps to chromosome 6q16-q22. Neurogenetics 2008; 10:35-42. [PMID: 18758830 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-008-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe the clinical, radiographic, and genetic features of a large consanguineous Moroccan family in which bilateral occipital polymicrogyria segregated as an autosomal recessive trait. Six affected members of the family had partial complex seizures often associated with behavioral abnormalities. On MRI, three patients had a thickened irregular cortex in the lateral occipital lobes with small gyri. A high-density genome-wide scan with 10,000 SNPs established linkage by homozygosity mapping to a 14-Mb region on chromosome 6q16-q22. Candidate genes by function (TUBE1, GRIK2, GPRC6A, GPR6, NR2E1, MICAL1, and MARCKS) in this locus were screened for mutations.
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Kumar RA, Everman DB, Morgan CT, Slavotinek A, Schwartz CE, Simpson EM. Absence of mutations in NR2E1 and SNX3 in five patients with MMEP (microcephaly, microphthalmia, ectrodactyly, and prognathism) and related phenotypes. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:48. [PMID: 17655765 PMCID: PMC1950490 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background A disruption of sorting nexin 3 (SNX3) on 6q21 was previously reported in a patient with MMEP (microcephaly, microphthalmia, ectrodactyly, and prognathism) and t(6;13)(q21;q12) but no SNX3 mutations were identified in another sporadic case of MMEP, suggesting involvement of another gene. In this work, SNX3 was sequenced in three patients not previously studied for this gene. In addition, we test the hypothesis that mutations in the neighbouring gene NR2E1 may underlie MMEP and related phenotypes. Methods Mutation screening was performed in five patients: the t(6;13)(q21;q12) MMEP patient, three additional patients with possible MMEP or a related phenotype, and one patient with oligodactyly, ulnar aplasia, and a t(6;7)(q21;q31.2) translocation. We used sequencing to exclude SNX3 coding mutations in three patients not previously studied for this gene. To test the hypothesis that mutations in NR2E1 may contribute to MMEP or related phenotypes, we sequenced the entire coding region, complete 5' and 3' untranslated regions, consensus splice-sites, and evolutionarily conserved regions including core and proximal promoter in all five patients. Two-hundred and fifty control subjects were genotyped for any candidate mutation. Results We did not detect any synonymous nor nonsynonymous coding mutations of NR2E1 or SNX3. In one patient with possible MMEP, we identified a candidate regulatory mutation that has been reported previously in a patient with microcephaly but was not found in 250 control subjects examined here. Conclusion Our results do not support involvement of coding mutations in NR2E1 or SNX3 in MMEP or related phenotypes; however, we cannot exclude the possibility that regulatory NR2E1 or SNX3 mutations or deletions at this locus may underlie abnormal human cortical development in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinesh A Kumar
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28Ave, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - David B Everman
- Center for Molecular Studies, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center. One Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina, 29646, USA
| | - Chad T Morgan
- Center for Molecular Studies, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center. One Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina, 29646, USA
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, Box 0748, 533 Parnassus St., San Francisco, California, 94143-0748, USA
| | - Charles E Schwartz
- Center for Molecular Studies, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood Genetic Center. One Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, South Carolina, 29646, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Simpson
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28Ave, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
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