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Peterson BW, Tjakkes GH, Renkema AM, Manton DJ, Ren Y. The oral microbiota and periodontal health in orthodontic patients. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 39031969 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The oral microbiota develops within the first 2 years of childhood and becomes distinct from the parents by 4 years-of-age. The oral microbiota plays an important role in the overall health/symbiosis of the individual. Deviations from the state of symbiosis leads to dysbiosis and an increased risk of pathogenicity. Deviations can occur not only from daily life activities but also from orthodontic interventions. Orthodontic appliances are formed from a variety of biomaterials. Once inserted, they serve as a breeding ground for microbial attachment, not only from new surface areas and crevices but also from material physicochemical interactions different than in the symbiotic state. Individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment show, compared with untreated people, qualitative and quantitative differences in activity within the oral microbiota, induced by increased retention of supra- and subgingival microbial plaque throughout the treatment period. These changes are at the root of the main undesirable effects, such as gingivitis, white spot lesions (WSL), and more severe caries lesions. Notably, the oral microbiota profile in the first weeks of orthodontic intervention might be a valuable indicator to predict and identify higher-risk individuals with respect to periodontal health and caries risk within an otherwise healthy population. Antimicrobial coatings have been used to dissuade microbes from adhering to the biomaterial; however, they disrupt the host microbiota, and several bacterial strains have become resistant. Smart biomaterials that can reduce the antimicrobial load preventing microbial adhesion to orthodontic appliances have shown promising results, but their complexity has kept many solutions from reaching the clinic. 3D printing technology provides opportunities for complex chemical syntheses to be performed uniformly, reducing the cost of producing smart biomaterials giving hope that they may reach the clinic in the near future. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of the oral microbiota during orthodontic therapy and to use innovative technologies to better maintain its healthy balance during surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Peterson
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomedical Technology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geerten-Has Tjakkes
- Centre for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Renkema
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David J Manton
- Centre for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Ortiz-Magdaleno M, Sánchez-Vargas L, Gardea-Contreras D, Campos-Ibarra V, Pozos-Guillén A, Márquez-Preciado R. Antibiofilm properties of silver nanoparticles incorporated into polymethyl methacrylate used for dental applications. Biomed Mater Eng 2023:BME222513. [PMID: 36744329 DOI: 10.3233/bme-222513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acrylic resins used in dental and biomedical applications do not have antimicrobial properties, their surface is susceptible to colonization of microorganisms. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiofilm properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) deposited in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) surface against a Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. METHODS The PMMA was impregnated with AgNPs by using the in-situ polymerization method. To determine the solubility of the incorporated silver (Ag+) atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used (AAS) at 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, and 30 days. Thirty specimens of PMMA with AgNPs and without NP (control group) were assembled in the CDC Biofilm Bioreactor system with a cell suspension of S. aureus. The specimens were removed at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h to determine the viability profile and quantify the Arbitrary Fluorescence Units (AFU). RESULTS The AgNPs showed an irregular and quasispherical shape with an average size of 25 nm. AAS analysis demonstrated a low solubility of Ag+. The formation of the S. aureus biofilm increased as the evaluation periods continued up to 72 h. The experimental group showed poor growth, and a decrease in the intensity of the fluorescence demonstrated a statistically significant inhibition of the formation of the biofilm (P < 0.05) in relation to the control group at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. CONCLUSION AgNPs incorporated into PMMA decreased the growth and maturation of S. aureus biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Ortiz-Magdaleno
- Basic Science Laboratory, Faculty of Stomatology, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Luis Sánchez-Vargas
- Biochemical and Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Stomatology, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Delia Gardea-Contreras
- Paediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Stomatology, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Amaury Pozos-Guillén
- Basic Science Laboratory, Faculty of Stomatology, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Raúl Márquez-Preciado
- Paediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Stomatology, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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Velliyagounder K, Ardeshna A, Shah S. An In Vivo Study on the Development of Bacterial Microbiome on Clear Orthodontic Retainer. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10120239. [PMID: 36547055 PMCID: PMC9777160 DOI: 10.3390/dj10120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to see how the bacterial composition changes on clear orthodontic retainer over a 14-day period. METHODS Saliva and plaque samples collected from a clear retainer surface were obtained from five healthy volunteers receiving retainer treatment. Prior to clear retainer delivery, patients had not been wearing any other appliances. Patients were instructed to wear their clear retainer for the 14-day period, taking them off to eat and to clean them with a soft-bristle toothbrush. The bacterial composition was determined via Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA. After bioinformatics processing using the QIIME pipeline, the intra- and intergroup biodiversity of the sample was analyzed. RESULTS The bacterial composition changed over a 14-day period in the saliva and on the clear retainer. When comparing the different phylum levels between saliva and clear retainer' microbiota, the Firmicutes were significantly increased 1.26-fold (p = 0.0194) and 1.34-fold (p = 0.0123) after 7 and 14 days of retainer treatment when compared to saliva, respectively. The Campylobacteriota were significantly decreased 1.80-fold (p = 0.05) in the clear retainer when compared to saliva at 7 days. At the genus level, several microbiota were significantly increased in relative abundance in the clear retainer after the 14-day period. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that the presence of a clear retainer in the mouth might lead to enamel changes or periodontal tissue destruction, especially after 14 days of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabilan Velliyagounder
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+1-973-972-8934; Fax: +1-973-972-0045
| | - Anil Ardeshna
- Department of Orthodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Serena Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Da Jason CS, Seneviratne CJ, Wong HC, Yow M. Effects of Hawley, Essix, and Vivera ® retainers on salivary properties, oral hygiene, and Streptococcus mutans levels: A prospective clinical pilot study. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_5_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
The objectives of the study were to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of various removable orthodontic retainer materials on clinical and microbiological parameters, specifically on saliva characteristics, oral hygiene, and salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans).
Materials and Methods:
This study consists of two parts: An in vitro study and in vivo prospective clinical pilot study. The in vitro study measures surface roughness and S. mutans adhesion of three orthodontic retainer materials: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) used in traditional Hawley removable retainers, polypropylene (PP), and polyurethane (PU) used in vacuum-formed retainers. In the clinical pilot study, 20 subjects, on completion of orthodontic treatment were randomized into three groups to receive PMMA, PP, or PU removable orthodontic retainers. They were compared with control subjects with no orthodontic treatment and retainers. Quantitative analysis of salivary S. mutans using real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to screen for differences during retainer issue (T0) and 8–15 weeks later (T1). Salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and plaque scores were also recorded at these two periods for comparison.
Results:
PMMA had significantly greater surface roughness and S. mutans adhesion than PP and PU (P = 0.027). The PMMA group displayed significantly greater amounts of salivary S. mutans count when compared to the PP (0.001) and PU (P = 0.011) groups.
Conclusion:
PMMA retainers showed increased S. mutans adhesion and intra-oral colonization of S. mutans compared to PP and PU retainers. The results validate further clinical testing for a relationship between caries risk and type of retainer prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hung Chew Wong
- Research Support Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,
| | - Mimi Yow
- Department of Orthodontics, National Dental Centre, Singapore,
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The Effect of Removable Orthodontic Appliances on Oral Microbiota: A Systematic Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background (1): Removable orthodontic appliances may favor plaque accumulation and oral microbe colonization. This might be associated with intraoral adverse effects on enamel or periodontal tissues. The proposed systematic review was carried out to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the microbiological changes occurring during orthodontic therapy with removable orthodontic appliances. Methods (2): PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source were searched. The research included every article published up to January 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Reporting Systematic reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and the “Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies” (SBU) method were adopted to conduct this systematic review. Results (3): The current study has a moderate evidence, demonstrating that removable appliances do influence the oral microbiota. Significant alterations occur just 15 days after the beginning of therapy, independently from the type of appliance. Furthermore, the levels of oral pathogens decrease significantly or even returned to pre-treatment levels several months later the therapy end. Conclusions (4): This review suggests that orthodontic treatment with removable appliances induces changes to oral microflora, but these alterations might not be permanent.
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Lachowicz JI, Szczepski K, Scano A, Casu C, Fais S, Orrù G, Pisano B, Piras M, Jaremko M. The Best Peptidomimetic Strategies to Undercover Antibacterial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7349. [PMID: 33027928 PMCID: PMC7583890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Health-care systems that develop rapidly and efficiently may increase the lifespan of humans. Nevertheless, the older population is more fragile, and is at an increased risk of disease development. A concurrently growing number of surgeries and transplantations have caused antibiotics to be used much more frequently, and for much longer periods of time, which in turn increases microbial resistance. In 1945, Fleming warned against the abuse of antibiotics in his Nobel lecture: "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops. Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant". After 70 years, we are witnessing the fulfilment of Fleming's prophecy, as more than 700,000 people die each year due to drug-resistant diseases. Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides protect all living matter against bacteria, and now different peptidomimetic strategies to engineer innovative antibiotics are being developed to defend humans against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Izabela Lachowicz
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Kacper Szczepski
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alessandra Scano
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Cinzia Casu
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Sara Fais
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Science, OBL Oral Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.S.); (C.C.); (S.F.); (G.O.)
| | - Barbara Pisano
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Monica Piras
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (B.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
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Antibacterial Effects of MicroRepair®BIOMA-Based Toothpaste and Chewing Gum on Orthodontic Elastics Contaminated In Vitro with Saliva from Healthy Donors: A Pilot Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several new products with innovative formulations are being proposed to facilitate oral care. Here, we evaluated the effects of a commercially available product, a toothpaste and chewing gum named Biorepair Peribioma, on oral microorganisms of healthy subjects. Saliva from six volunteers was collected during 20 min of mastication of a traditional gum (gum A) and the Biorepair Peribioma gum (gum P). Orthodontic elastics (OE) were in vitro contaminated with salivary samples, both A and P, and subsequently exposed or not to a Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste-conditioned supernatant (Tp-SUP). The salivary samples were tested for initial microbial load; hence, the contaminated OE were assessed for microbial growth, adhesion, biofilm formation and persistence; moreover, species identification was assessed. We found that the salivary samples A and P had similar microbial load; upon contamination, microbial adhesion onto the OE was detected to a lower extent when using saliva P with respect to saliva A. Microbial growth and biofilm formation, assessed at 24 h, remained at lower levels in OE exposed to saliva P, compared to saliva A. This difference between salivary samples A and P was confirmed when measuring biofilm persistence (48 h), while it was lost in terms of microbial re-growth (48 h). The Tp-SUP treatment drastically affected microbial load at 24 h and strongly impaired biofilm formation/persistence, in OE exposed to both salivary samples A and P. Finally, such treatment resulted in consistent overgrowth of Lactobacilli, bacterial species originally present both in the Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste and gum. In conclusion, by an in vitro pilot study, we show that the Biorepair Peribioma toothpaste and gum deeply affect oral microorganisms’ behavior, drastically impairing their ability to contaminate and produce plaque onto orthodontic devices.
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Gerós-Mesquita Â, Carvalho-Pereira J, Franco-Duarte R, Alves A, Gerós H, Pais C, Sampaio P. Oral Candida albicans colonization in healthy individuals: prevalence, genotypic diversity, stability along time and transmissibility. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1820292. [PMID: 33062200 PMCID: PMC7534343 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1820292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 181 healthy individuals, including 29 couples, were analysed regarding oral yeast colonization using a culture-based approach. Results showed that 39% of the individuals were yeast carriers, 89% being colonized with Candida albicans, 5% with C. guilliermondi, 3% with C. lusitaniae and 3% with C. parapsilosis. Sixty-two percent of the couples had at least one member colonized. Colonization and CFU counts were higher in the couples´ group. Eighty percent of the volunteers were colonized with C. albicans strains with only one CAI genotype, while two but similar CAI genotypes inhabited the oral cavity of the remaining 20% individuals. The same CAI genotypes were found in 66.6% of the couples when both were colonized. Our results indicate that the intimacy among couples increases the probability of heavy cross-colonization, which is potentiated when one member of the couple is a smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Gerós-Mesquita
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho-Pereira
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Hernâni Gerós
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- CITAB (Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences) / University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- CEB (Centre of Biological Engineering) /Department of Biological Engineering / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Pais
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Sampaio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) / Department of Biology / University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Mulla Issa FHK, Mulla Issa ZHK, Rabah AF, Hu L. Periodontal parameters in adult patients with clear aligners orthodontics treatment versus three other types of brackets: A cross-sectional study. J Orthod Sci 2020; 9:4. [PMID: 32166083 PMCID: PMC7041336 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_54_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the gingival parameters in the clear aligner treatment versus the three other types of brackets, i.e., conventional metal, conventional ceramic, and metal self-ligating. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients coming for regular appointments undergoing orthodontic treatment were included. They were further divided into four groups with 20 patients in each: Group one underwent conventional brackets (CB) treatment; Group two had conventional ceramic brackets (CCB); Group three was treated with self-ligating (SL) brackets; Group four underwent with clear aligner (CA) treatment. Inclusion criteria were any patient with a minimum age of 18 years having Class II, Class III skeletal relationship, undergoing orthodontic treatment for at least 6 months with fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) on both arches. While smokers, pregnant, diabetics, or those taking medication affecting gingival health or having cardiovascular diseases were excluded. Also excluded were patients who used antiseptic solutions or mouthwash during the past 6 months, underwent any periodontal treatments in the past 6 months, or who had fixed bridges and crowns or extensive restorations close to the gingival margins. Seven indices, namely plaque index, gingival index, gingival bleeding index, sulcus bleeding index, papillary bleeding index, basic periodontal examination index, and bleeding on probing index, were recorded for all groups. RESULTS: Mean age for Group 1 with CB was 26.65 ± 5.15 years, whereas it was 27.65 ± 8.15 years for Group 2 with CCB, and 26.85 ± 5.19 for Group 3 with SB. Group-4 with CA treatment had a mean age of 26.85 ± 4.83 years. Multivariate analysis and a Bonferroni correction was performed (P = 0.008). CA treatment has better periodontal parameter values compared with the CB and the CCB groups, and no significance difference with the SL brackets group. CONCLUSION: CA treatment has better periodontal indices levels compared to other types of orthodontic treatments such as CB and the CCB groups; no significant difference with the SL brackets group. Importance should be given to oral hygiene instructions before, during, and after the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Haj Kheder Mulla Issa
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Zacaria Haj Kheder Mulla Issa
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Ali F Rabah
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dental Medicine, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
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Chinnasamy A, Ramalingam K, Chopra P, Gopinath V, Bishnoi GP, Chawla G. Chronic nail biting, orthodontic treatment and Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e1157-e1162. [PMID: 31824597 PMCID: PMC6894907 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic nail biting is common in children and young adults. Auto inoculation of environmental pathogens can manifest as infection in distant organs. Multi-drug resistance gram negative bacteria are on the rise globally. Several of the foodborne bacteria fall within the Enterobacteriaceae family but very few studies have explored these microbes in the oral cavity of children with chronic nail-biting habit or orthodontic treatment. The study aims to investigate oral load of Enterobacteriaceae in children with chronic nail-biting habit and or those undergoing orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods 150 children (no nail-biting n=30, nail biting n=60, fixed orthodontic treatment n =30 and a combination of fixed orthodontic appliance use and nail-biting habit n =30) were assessed for culture based microbiological investigation. The concentrated oral rinse technique was used. The rinse was inoculated in MacConkey’s and Blood Agar. The gram stained culture was subjected to biochemical tests for sub-species identification using Biomerieux Vitek 2 Compact Automated Microbiological Analyzer. Fisher’s exact and Kruskal Wallis with post hoc analysis using Dunn method was performed to test association and difference between groups. Results Enterobacteriaceae was positive for 72% of the children. Of them, nail biting or orthodontic treatment group comprised 89%. Those with a combination of nail biting and undergoing orthodontic treatment exhibited highest CFU/ml and those without nail biting or orthodontic treatment exhibited the lowest. Three of the four organisms isolated tested positive in the orthodontic treatment group. E. coli was positive in 38% of the children while Klebsiella and E. cloacae were isolated exclusively in the orthodontic treatment group. Conclusions Chronic nail biting or the use of fixed orthodontic appliances is associated with higher incidence of Enterobacteriaceae in the oral cavity. Oral health professionals play an important role in preventing multi drug resistance infectious diseases. Key words:Enterobacteriaceae, nail-biting, Onychophagia, orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagesan Chinnasamy
- Population Oral Health, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karthikeyan Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pallu Chopra
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Gyan-Prakash Bishnoi
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gurveen Chawla
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Surendera Dental College & Research Institute, Rajasthan, India
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Palaniraj S, Murugesan R, Narayan S. Chlorogenic acid- loaded calcium phosphate chitosan nanogel as biofilm degradative materials. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105566. [PMID: 31283996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work describes an effort to develop an antimicrobial agent (chlorogenic acid - CGA) loaded porous nanogel based on calcium phosphate-chitosan (CaPNP@Chi) nanogel with biofilm degradative properties and has potential applications in restorative dentistry. The nanogel was prepared by ionic gelation of calcium phosphate nanoparticles and chitosan in the ratio of 1.25: 1. Chlorogenic acid was loaded to the nanoparticles as an ethanolic solution and the encapsulation efficiency determined by chromatographic techniques. The particle size and morphology of CaPNP@Chi and CaPNP@Chi@CGA was determined by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentration against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae was determined through the well diffusion method. The biofilm formation and biofilm decay were studied through staining assays. The toxicity, if any of the nanogel was assessed by MTT assay against HaCaT cells. All data were statistically analyzed. The composite had a CGA encapsulation efficiency of 70% and was thermally stable up to 124 °C. The zone of inhibition was found to be 18.7 mm ± 0.6 against S. aureus. CaPNP@Chi@CGA showed a 68% increase in biofilm degradation when compared with the untreated group. Results obtained in this study suggest that the positively charged nanogel interacted with the bacterial cell membrane and brought about the disruption of the cell membrane. Also, CaPNP@Chi@CGA was observed to be nontoxic up to 40 μg/mL to HaCaT cells. These results support the potential of CaPNP@Chi@CGA nanogel for biofilm degradation and its application as filling material in restorative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subitha Palaniraj
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, 603103, India
| | - Ramachandran Murugesan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, 603103, India
| | - Shoba Narayan
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu, 603103, India.
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Comparative Evaluation of Plaque Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Probiotic and Chlorhexidine Oral Rinses in Orthodontic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Dent 2019; 2019:1964158. [PMID: 30930947 PMCID: PMC6410424 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1964158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial agents serve as an effective adjunct in plaque control, and chlorhexidine has been the gold standard. However, the philosophy that natural agents are better for children's oral health is on the rise. Probiotic technology represents a breakthrough approach to maintain oral health by utilizing natural beneficial bacteria commonly found in healthy mouths. Aim and Objective To compare efficacy of probiotic and chlorhexidine oral rinses in orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods 30 healthy patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly selected for the study by block randomization and allocation concealment and were divided into three groups: group a, 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash; group b, probiotic mouthwash; and group c, a control group. Results Probiotic and chlorhexidine groups had significantly decreased plaque indices as compared to the control group. However, greater improvement was seen in the gingival indices than plaque indices with better results in the probiotic group than the chlorhexidine group. No statistical significance was observed in the streptococcus count of probiotic and chlorhexidine groups at the end of the intervention period. Conclusion The comparison of probiotics to chlorhexidine has proven that probiotics are as effective as chlorhexidine as an adjunctive chemical plaque control agent.
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Evaluation of Changes in Cariogenic Bacteria in a Young Moroccan Population with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances. Int J Dent 2019; 2018:5939015. [PMID: 30598666 PMCID: PMC6288582 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5939015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fixed orthodontic appliances hinder the maintenance of proper oral hygiene and result in dental plaque accumulation. Many studies report that qualitative changes in the dental flora occur after initiating the orthodontic treatment, but there is a paucity of literature on the same topic among Moroccan orthodontic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of the oral microbial flora during the orthodontic treatment period of a young Moroccan population. Materials and Methods. Dental plaque samples of 18 patients, who were randomly selected before the placement of orthodontic appliances, were collected to isolate and identify the bacterial species involved using classical bacteriological methods for species' culture and identification. The reading was recorded at T0 before placement of the device. New samples were taken again one month later and then three months afterwards, where the readings were recorded as T1 and T2, respectively. The culture was made via Columbia Agar with 5% sheep blood, Todd Hewitt Broth, and Schaedler medium containing vitamin K3. Bacterial species were identified using API-20 Strep for Streptococci and API-20 A for anaerobic bacteria. The phoenix system was used for identification. Results. After three months of orthodontic treatment, the increase in the frequency of Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mitis were significant (0.01 and 0.02, respectively) as well as for Lactobacillus (0.03). No significant difference was recorded for other bacterial species. Conclusion. There is a significant qualitative change in oral microorganisms after three months of orthodontic treatment, especially for bacteria that are incriminated in caries formation.
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Harada T, Taguchi M, Kawahara R, Kanki M, Kawatsu K. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Pathogens in Ready-to-Eat Foods Retailed in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1450-1458. [PMID: 30080122 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential human health risk of Japanese ready-to-eat (RTE) foods was investigated by determining the contamination by foodborne bacterial pathogens, the prevalence of opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens, and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates recovered from 96 samples of lightly pickled vegetables, 88 samples of Western-style desserts, and 98 samples of RTE fish and seafood products sold at retail in Osaka, Japan. Staphylococcus aureus, including isolates producing staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE), were isolated from six lightly pickled vegetable products, seven Western-style dessert products, and three RTE fish and seafood products. Of these isolates, one SEC-producing isolate from a cake was identified as community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which was multilocus sequence type 8 and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV. Enterobacteriaceae species, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii-Citrobacter braakii, and/or the Enterobacter cloacae complex, were isolated from 92 (95.8%) of the lightly pickled vegetable products, 39 (44.3%) of the Western-style dessert products, and 74 (75.5%) of the RTE fish and seafood products. On the basis of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the opportunistic and nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, the third-generation cephalosporin, fosfomycin, and quinolone resistance determinants were investigated. We detected AmpC products of the CIT group and a qnrB9 product in 5 and 1 C. freundii-C. braakii isolates, respectively, and fosA gene products in 15 E. cloacae complex isolates. Because RTE foods are consumed without a heating process, the spread of bacterial pathogens from contaminated food to human consumers is possible. RTE foods must be handled using hygienic procedures from the processing steps to the table to reduce the prevalence of potentially pathogenic or pathogenic bacteria and to prevent bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Harada
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Masumi Taguchi
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawahara
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Masashi Kanki
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawatsu
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Nakamichi 1-3-69, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Sun F, Ahmed A, Wang L, Dong M, Niu W. Comparison of oral microbiota in orthodontic patients and healthy individuals. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:473-477. [PMID: 30096429 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic treatments often include dental displacement using a fixed retainer such as braces, which may result in the accumulation of plaque that provides a suitable environment for microorganisms to cause oral infection. So, this study was designed to investigate the microbial diversity among orthodontic patients and healthy individuals. METHODS Fifty individuals i.e. 30 orthodontic patients and 20 normal individuals were included in this study. Samples were collected during the midterm of orthodontic treatment (10-12 months). Saliva samples were collected and total DNA was isolated. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) with universal primers targeting the V3 region of 16s rRNA was used to study the bacterial diversity among different orthodontic and control groups. After DGGE profile analysis, the predominant product bands from the gel were excised, cloned, and sequenced to confirm the taxonomic identity followed by its quantification by using real-time PCR with gene-specific primers. RESULTS Both orthodontic treatment and control groups formed two distinct clustering profiles, but the Shannon-Weaver index (H') indicated greater microbial diversity in the orthodontic group (P = 0.08). Sequence analysis and real-time PCR revealed a greater number of Pseudomonas spp. in the orthodontic group, while there was no significant difference in Streptococcal spp. CONCLUSION This study suggested alterations in the oral microbiota following orthodontic treatment would provide diagnostic tools to identify prevalent microbes associated with oral infections that may prove useful for developing future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Sun
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ayaz Ahmed
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ming Dong
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Zhongshan College of Dalian Medical University, China
| | - Weidong Niu
- Department of Endodontics and Periodontics, College of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Sawhney R, Sharma R, Sharma K. Microbial Colonization on Elastomeric Ligatures during Orthodontic Therapeutics: An Overview. Turk J Orthod 2018; 31:21-25. [PMID: 30112509 PMCID: PMC6007688 DOI: 10.5152/turkjorthod.2018.17050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current review focuses on the studies conducted on the colonization of microorganisms on orthodontic ligatures during orthodontic treatment. The fixed orthodontic appliances have long been associated with an increase in plaque accumulation, bacterial colonization, and resultant enamel decalcification. Voluminous research has been carried out on the microbial colonization of even newer orthodontic materials such as elastomeric ligatures with an evidence of variably increased microbial counts during orthodontic treatment. However, conclusive material-based data for minimal microbial colonization to establish acceptance criteria for the use of elastomeric ligatures are hardly available. Thus, there is a need for further studies with dual emphasis on exploring microbial associations based on surface chemistries of different elastomers and their requisite modifications for hampering microbial biofilms to evolve efficacious oral health friendly orthodontic ligatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sawhney
- Department of Microbiology, Rayat-Bahra Dental College & Hospital, Sahauran, India
| | - Ravish Sharma
- Department of Orthodontics, MICH Government Hospital, Yamuna Nagar (Haryana), India
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Jalaluddin M, Goyal V, Naqvi ZA, Gupta B, Asnani MM, Sonigra HM. Assessment of the Effect of Orthodontic Treatment on the Periodontal Health of Endodontically Restored Tooth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:587-590. [PMID: 28713113 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intorduction: Patients usually undergo orthodontic treatment for achieving ideal interocclusal relationship between the dental tissue and bony tissue along with improving the speech, mastication, and facial esthetic appearance. Literature quotes paucity in the studies evaluating the effect of orthodontic treatment on the periodontal health of endodontically treated teeth. Hence, we planned the present study to assess the effect of orthodontic treatment on the periodontal health of endodonti-cally restored tooth. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included assessment of 80 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment. All the patients were divided broadly into two study groups: groups I and II. Group I included patients with the absence of endodontically treated teeth, while group II included patients which maxillary central incisors were resorted endodontically. Examination of the periodontal health of the patients was done using the community periodontal index of treatment need (CPITN) around the selected teeth. All the values were recorded during the preorthodontic time, postorthodontic time, and after the first 6 months of starting of the orthodontic treatment. All the results were recorded separately and analyzed. RESULTS In the groups I and II, 28 and 25 patients respectively, had score of 1, while 10 patients in group I and 12 patients in group II had score of 2. Nonsignificant results were obtained while comparing the CPITN score in between the two study groups when measured at the pre-, intra-, and postortho time. CONCLUSION In patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, having endodontically resorted teeth, no difference exists in relation to the periodontal health. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Orthodontic treatment can be safely carried in patients with endodontically restored teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jalaluddin
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Phone: +919338131843, e-mail:
| | - Vinod Goyal
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Institute of Dental Education & Advance Studies, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Zuber A Naqvi
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry Zulfi, Majmaah University, Riyadh Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bhaskar Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India
| | - Mohil M Asnani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat India
| | - Hitesh M Sonigra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat India
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Bergamo AZN, Nelson-Filho P, Andrucioli MCD, do Nascimento C, Pedrazzi V, Matsumoto MAN. Microbial complexes levels in conventional and self-ligating brackets. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1037-1046. [PMID: 27270902 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims were to evaluate the levels of bacterial species in saliva and in situ and to assess whether the design of brackets influences the risk of developing periodontal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty patients (13.3 mean age) were bonded with self-ligating brackets and a conventional bracket. Saliva was collected before bonding and 30 and 60 days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed 30 and 60 days after bonding. The analysis was determined by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The data was evaluated by the non-parametric test. RESULTS A significant increase in the levels of bacterial species in the saliva occurred in 15 of the 22 analyzed species. The self-ligating brackets presented the highest incidence percentages for the orange and red complexes 60 days after bonding. In situ analyses showed different patterns according to the bracket design. The levels of Campylobacter rectus showed significant differences (p = 0.011) 60 days after bonding among the three brackets; the highest values were observed in the In-Ovation®R bracket. CONCLUSIONS The bracket design seems to influence the levels of bacterial species involved in periodontal disease. Considering the wide variety of bacterial species, additional studies are needed to aid in the establishment of effective protocols to prevent the development of periodontal disease during orthodontic treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE A dynamic alteration in the oral microbiota may lead to inflammatory reactions in the supporting soft and hard tissues. The different types of brackets interfere with bacterial adherence. Bracket design should be considered in orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zilda Nazar Bergamo
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Damião Andrucioli
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Cássio do Nascimento
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Pedrazzi
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, S/N, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP: 14040-904, Brazil
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Merghni A, Ben Nejma M, Dallel I, Tobji S, Ben Amor A, Janel S, Lafont F, Aouni M, Mastouri M. High potential of adhesion to biotic and abiotic surfaces by opportunistic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from orthodontic appliances. Microb Pathog 2015; 91:61-7. [PMID: 26620082 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic and other oral appliances act as reservoir of opportunistic pathogens that can easily become resistant to antibiotics and cause systemic infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from healthy patients with orthodontic appliances, to adhere to biotic (HeLa cells) and abiotic surfaces (polystyrene and dental alloy). Adhesive ability to polystyrene was tested by crystal violet staining and quantitative biofilm production on dental alloy surfaces was evaluated by MTT reduction assay. In addition, the presence of icaA and icaD genes was achieved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Qualitative biofilm production revealed that 70.6% of strains were slime producers. The metabolic activity of S. aureus biofilms on dental alloy surfaces was high and did not differ between tested strains. Moreover, all the isolates were adhesive to HeLa cells and 94% of them harbor icaA and icaD genes. Considerable adhesion and internalization capacity to the epithelial HeLa cells and strong biofilm production abilities together, with a high genotypic expression of icaA/icaD genes are an important equipment of S. aureus to colonize orthodontic appliances and eventually to disseminate towards other body areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Mouna Ben Nejma
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ines Dallel
- Dento-Facial Orthopedics Department of Monastir Dental Clinic, Laboratory of Oral Health and Orofacial Rehabilitation (LR12ES11), Tunisia
| | - Samir Tobji
- Dento-Facial Orthopedics Department of Monastir Dental Clinic, Laboratory of Oral Health and Orofacial Rehabilitation (LR12ES11), Tunisia
| | - Adel Ben Amor
- Dento-Facial Orthopedics Department of Monastir Dental Clinic, Laboratory of Oral Health and Orofacial Rehabilitation (LR12ES11), Tunisia
| | | | - Frank Lafont
- BioImaging Center Lille-FR3642, Lille, France; Cellular Microbiology and Physics of Infection Group, Center of Infection and Immunity of Lille: CNRS UMR8204, INSERM U1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille University, France
| | - Mahjoub Aouni
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mastouri
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents (LR99ES27), Faculty of Pharmacy, Monastir University, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratory of Microbiology, University Hospital of Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
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Petti S, Polimeni A. Risk of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Transmission in the Dental Healthcare Setting: A Narrative Review. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 32:1109-15. [DOI: 10.1086/662184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Information on the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection transmission in dental healthcare settings was incomplete only few years ago; therefore, MRSA infection control guidelines were necessarily based on data extrapolated from other fields. Recently, publication of specific studies have made it possible to review such risk.Methods.Studies of MRSA infection in dentistry were searched for using EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google and were allocated into the following sections: (1) direct evidence: documented cases of MRSA transmission in dentistry; (2) indirect evidence: carriage rates among dental healthcare providers (DHCPs) and patients (high carriage rates suggest that transmission is likely); (3) speculative evidence: MRSA occurrence in the dental environment (high environmental contamination probably increases the risk of infection); and (4) speculative evidence: MRSA carriage in human dental plaque and saliva (oral carriers may spread MRSA in the environment during dental therapy, with consequent environmental contamination and probable increased risk of infection).Results.Our findings were as follows. First, transmission has been ascertained during surgical interventions, particularly in surgical units and among head and neck cancer patients. Second, carriage rates among DHCPs were lower than those among other healthcare workers. Carriage rates among adult patients were low, whereas among pedodontic and special care patients rates were higher than those in the general population. Third, MRSA has been detected in the environment of emergency and surgical units and in dental hospitals. Some individuals in poor general condition were oral MRSA carriers.Conclusions.The occupational risk of MRSA infection among DHCPs is minimal. Among special patients (eg, special care, hospitalized and cancer patients) the risk of infection is high, whereas among the remaining patients undergoing conventional therapy such risk is probably low.
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Davis JE, Freel N, Findley A, Tomlin K, Howard KM, Seran CC, Cruz P, Kingsley K. A molecular survey of S. mutans and P. gingivalis oral microbial burden in human saliva using relative endpoint polymerase chain reaction (RE-PCR) within the population of a Nevada dental school revealed disparities among minorities. BMC Oral Health 2012; 12:34. [PMID: 22925755 PMCID: PMC3473244 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Dental Medicine recently opened an orthodontic treatment clinic to address the needs of the racially and ethnically diverse population of Southern Nevada, primarily focusing on the treatment and care of low-income and minority patients. Although orthodontic treatment and therapy has been shown to induce changes in the oral cavity, much of this evidence was collected from traditional White, teenage orthodontic clinic populations. The primary goal of this study was to describe the microbial burden of the cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis within the UNLV-SDM patient population. Methods Representative saliva samples were collected from healthy adult patients for DNA isolation. Relative endpoint polymerase chain reaction (RE-PCR) was performed to ascertain the presence and relative microbial burden of these oral pathogens. Results Nearly one quarter (13/56) or 23.3% of these patients had elevated levels of S. mutans, while (10/56) and 17.8% of these samples were found to have elevated levels of P. gingivalis, - with (90%) of P. gingivalis-positive samples from minority patients (X2 = 17.921, d.f. = 1; p < 0.0001). Conclusions These findings of elevated P. gingivalis levels, primarily among minority patients, may suggest underlying oral health practices contributing to adverse oral health conditions within this population. Oral health knowledge and practices among minority patients may be strongly influenced by other factors, including education and socioeconomic status, suggesting additional research may be needed to accurately determine the most appropriate standards for care and oral health education within this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Ericksen Davis
- Orthodontic Residency Program, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Al Groosh D, Roudsari GB, Moles DR, Ready D, Noar JH, Pratten J. The prevalence of opportunistic pathogens associated with intraoral implants. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 52:501-5. [PMID: 21332760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and proportions of opportunistic pathogens harboured on orthodontic retainers. METHODS AND RESULTS First, Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. were isolated from the retainer's inner surface and from other mucosal surfaces of the subject's mouth by routine bacterial culture. The prevalence and proportions of these micro-organisms on retainers was compared in different areas of the mouth within a group of retainer wearers, and mucosal carriage was compared to a group of nonretainer wearers. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 50% of the retainers and comprised on average 8·4% of the viable microbiota. Candida spp. comprised 0·13% of the viable microbiota and were recovered from 66·7% of the retainers. Neither genus was isolated from nonretainer wearers. Second, the two most commonly worn retainers manufactured from different materials were sampled; again Staphylococcus spp. and Candida spp. were recovered; however, no statistical differences were observed between the devices. CONCLUSIONS Opportunistic, nonoral, pathogenic micro-organisms were recovered from orthodontic retainers. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY It is possible that an orthodontic retainer could be a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens and act as a source of cross-, self- and re-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Al Groosh
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray’s Inn Road, London, UK
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