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Radial quantitative ultrasound and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: intermethod agreement for bone status assessment in children. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:232876. [PMID: 25922831 PMCID: PMC4397423 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To validate a radial quantitative ultrasound (QUS) system with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a criterion technique in bone status assessment among children. Methods. Bone health was evaluated using a radial QUS system (Sunlight Omnisense 8000P) to measure the speed of sound (SOS) at one-third distal radius of the nondominant hand and DXA (Hologic QDR) was used to assess whole body bone mineral density (BMD). Results. Some 29.9% of the children were grossly misclassified according to quartiles of BMD and radial SOS. Poor agreement was observed between Z-scores of radial SOS and whole-body BMD (mean difference = 0.6 ± 0.9; 95% limits of agreement = −1.4 to 2.6). With a cut-off value of −1.0, radial SOS yielded satisfactory sensitivity (80%) and specificity (93%) for the detection of children with low BMD. Conclusion. The observed poor agreement in the present study suggests that radial QUS and DXA are not comparable and hence are not interchangeable in evaluating bone status of the children.
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Muthuri SK, Francis CE, Wachira LJM, LeBlanc AG, Sampson M, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS. Evidence of an overweight/obesity transition among school-aged children and youth in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92846. [PMID: 24676350 PMCID: PMC3968060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity has increased considerably in recent years. The transition to higher rates of overweight/obesity has been well documented in high income countries; however, consistent or representative data from lower income countries is scarce. It is therefore pertinent to assess if rates of overweight/obesity are also increasing in lower income countries, to inform public health efforts. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to investigate the evidence for an overweight/obesity transition occurring in school-aged children and youth in Sub Saharan Africa. METHODS Studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE, Embase, Africa Index Medicus, Global Health, Geobase, and EPPI-Centre electronic databases. Studies that used subjective or objective metrics to assess body composition in apparently healthy or population-based samples of children and youth aged 5 to 17 years were included. RESULTS A total of 283 articles met the inclusion criteria, and of these, 68 were used for quantitative synthesis. The four regions (West, Central, East, and South) of Sub Saharan Africa were well represented, though only 11 (3.9%) studies were nationally representative. Quantitative synthesis revealed a trend towards increasing proportions of overweight/obesity over time in school-aged children in this region, as well as a persistent problem of underweight. Weighted averages of overweight/obesity and obesity for the entire time period captured were 10.6% and 2.5% respectively. Body composition measures were found to be higher in girls than boys, and higher in urban living and higher socioeconomic status children compared to rural populations or those of lower socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS This review provides evidence for an overweight/obesity transition in school-aged children in Sub Saharan Africa. The findings of this review serve to describe the region with respect to the growing concern of childhood overweight/obesity, highlight research gaps, and inform interventions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42013004399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella K. Muthuri
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire E. Francis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Allana G. LeBlanc
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent O. Onywera
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark S. Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Muthuri SK, Wachira LJM, Leblanc AG, Francis CE, Sampson M, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS. Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:3327-59. [PMID: 24658411 PMCID: PMC3987037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110303327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent physical activity (PA) and fitness transitions, identified as behavioural shifts from traditionally active lifestyles to more industralised and sedentary lifestyles, have been observed among school-aged children. There is a wealth of supporting evidence of such behavioural transitions in high income countries; however, a paucity of data on lower income countries exists. These transitions pose a particular threat to the welfare of children by accelerating the onset of chronic diseases. This systematic review investigated the evidence for a PA and fitness transition among Sub-Saharan Africa's school-aged children. Temporal trends and correlates of PA, SB, and fitness were examined. Studies were identified by searching the Medline, Embase, Africa Index Medicus, Global Health, Geobase, and EPPI-Centre electronic databases, and were included if they measured outcomes of interest in apparently healthy samples of children (5‒17 years). A total of 71 articles met the inclusion criteria (40 informed PA, 17 informed SB, and 37 informed fitness). Vast heterogeneity in study methodology complicated analysis of transitions over time and no temporal trends were immediately discernible. However, higher socioeconomic status, urban living, and female children were found to engage in lower levels of PA, higher SB, and performed worse on aerobic fitness measures compared to lower socioeconomic status, rural living, and male children. Data revealed that urbanization was associated with a trend towards decreased PA, increased SB, and decreased aerobic fitness over time. Representative, temporally sequenced data examining a PA and fitness transition are lacking in this region (PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42013004399).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella K Muthuri
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Lucy-Joy M Wachira
- Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Allana G Leblanc
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Claire E Francis
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Margaret Sampson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Vincent O Onywera
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada.
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Meiring RM, Avidon I, Norris SA, McVeigh JA. A two-year history of high bone loading physical activity attenuates ethnic differences in bone strength and geometry in pre-/early pubertal children from a low-middle income country. Bone 2013; 57:522-30. [PMID: 24012701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the interplay between ethnicity and weight-bearing physical activity on the content and volumetric properties of bone in a pre- to early pubertal South African Black and White population. Sixty six children [Black boys, 10.4 (1.4)yrs, n=15; Black girls, 10.1 (1.2)yrs, n=27; White boys, 10.1 (1.1)yrs, n=7; White girls, 9.6 (1.3)yrs, n=17] reported on all their physical activities over the past two years in an interviewer administered physical activity questionnaire (PAQ). All participants underwent a whole body and site-specific DXA scan and we also assessed bone structure and estimated bone strength with pQCT. Children were classified as being either high or low bone loaders based on the cohort's median peak bone strain score estimated from the PAQ. In the low bone loading group, Black children had greater femoral neck bone mineral content (BMC) (2.9 (0.08)g) than White children (2.4 (0.11)g; p=0.05). There were no ethnic differences in the high bone loaders for femoral neck BMC. At the cortical site, the Black low bone loaders had a greater radius area (97.3 (1.3) vs 88.8 (2.6)mm(2); p=0.05) and a greater tibia total area (475.5 (8.7) vs. 397.3 (14.0)mm(2); p=0.001) and strength (1633.7 (60.1) vs. 1271.8 (98.6)mm(3); p=0.04) compared to the White low bone loaders. These measures were not different between the Black low and high bone loaders or between the Black and White high bone loaders. In conclusion, the present study shows that there may be ethnic and physical activity associations in the bone health of Black and White pre-pubertal children and further prospective studies are required to determine the possible ethnic specific response to mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Meiring
- Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Lavado-Garcia JM, Calderon-Garcia JF, Moran JM, Canal-Macias ML, Rodriguez-Dominguez T, Pedrera-Zamorano JD. Bone mass of Spanish school children: impact of anthropometric, dietary and body composition factors. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30:193-201. [PMID: 21822585 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-011-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to: (a) determine the relationship between quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results and anthropometric, dietary and body composition factors and establish reference ranges for amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS) in the phalanges and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in the calcaneus of children from Extremadura, Spain, and (b) to present reference curves for this population. Healthy children (n = 245), aged 4-16 years, were included (124 girls and 121 boys). Phalangeal and calcaneal QUS measurements were performed using DBM Sonic Bone Profiler and McCue CUBA Clinical ultrasound devices, respectively. Weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated by anthropometric methods. Fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass (FFM) and total body water (TBWater) were evaluated by bioelectrical impedance measurements using a Holtain body composition analyzer. Food intake was evaluated by a 7-day food record. A gender analysis revealed that Ad-SoS and BUA parameters increased significantly with age and that both positively correlated with age, weight, height, BMI, FFM and TBWater. For both genders, Ad-SoS showed significant and positive correlations with age, weight, height, BMI, FFM, BUA and TBWater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Lavado-Garcia
- Metabolic Bone Diseases Research Group, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Korakaki E, Damilakis J, Gourgiotis D, Katonis P, Aligizakis A, Yachnakis E, Stratakis J, Manoura A, Hatzidaki E, Saitakis E, Giannakopoulou C. Quantitative ultrasound measurements in premature infants at 1 year of age: the effects of antenatal administered corticosteroids. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:215-22. [PMID: 21181401 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of antenatally administered glucocorticoids on bone status of preterm infants at 1 year corrected age. The study population consisted of 32 preterm infants with a gestational age of 24-34 weeks. The infants were divided into two groups according to antenatal exposure to corticosteroids. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) assessment of bone was performed in the study infants at the corrected age of 1 year. Blood levels of carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were measured at birth and at 1 year corrected age. Levels of PICP and ICTP were significantly lower at birth in corticosteroid-exposed neonates (P < 0.05). At corrected age of 12 months ICTP levels remained significantly lower in corticosteroid-exposed infants, but we found no significant difference in levels of the bone-formation marker PICP between corticosteroid-exposed and nonexposed infants. In the majority of participant preterm infants bone speed of sound (SOS) was within age-adjusted normal values of full-term infants. There was no significant difference in bone SOS between exposed and nonexposed infants at corrected age of 12 months. There was no correlation between SOS and levels of bone markers. The results of our study indicate that, despite the suppression of fetal bone turnover at birth in corticosteroid-exposed infants, antenatal glucocorticoid treatment seems to have no long-term impact on bone status of preterm infants assessed by QUS complementary to measurement of bone-turnover markers at 1 year corrected age.
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Constant D, Rosenberg L, Zhang Y, Cooper D, Kalla AA, Micklesfield L, Hoffman M. Quantitative ultrasound in relation to risk factors for low bone mineral density in South African pre-menopausal women. Arch Osteoporos 2009; 4:55-65. [PMID: 20234859 PMCID: PMC2836751 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-009-0029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY: The study describes the association between risk factors and quantitative ultrasound bone measures in black and mixed-race pre-menopausal South African women. Despite some differences between the two study groups, the findings generally lend support to the use of ultrasound for epidemiological studies of bone mass in resource-limited settings. INTRODUCTION: Quantitative ultrasound at the calcaneus is a convenient and inexpensive method of estimating bone strength well suited to community-based research in countries with limited resources. This study determines, in a large sample of pre-menopausal South African women, whether characteristics associated with quantitative ultrasound measures are similar to those shown to be associated with bone mineral density as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 3,493 women (1,598 black and 1,895 mixed race), aged 18-44 living in Cape Town. Study nurses administered structured interviews on reproductive history, lifestyle factors, and measured height and weight. Calcaneus quantitative ultrasound measurements were obtained using the Sahara device. Adjusted means of ultrasound measures according to categories of risk factors were obtained using multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS: Associations between quantitative ultrasound measures and age, body mass index, age at menarche, parity, and primary school physical activity were similar to those known for bone mineral density as measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. There were no clear associations between quantitative ultrasound measures and educational level, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and current calcium intake. CONCLUSION: The data give qualified support to the use of quantitative ultrasound as an epidemiological tool in large studies of bone strength in pre-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Constant
- Women’s Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, Western Cape South Africa
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Diane Cooper
- Women’s Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, Western Cape South Africa
| | - Asgar A. Kalla
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Lisa Micklesfield
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Margaret Hoffman
- Women’s Health Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, Western Cape South Africa
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Micklesfield LK, Levitt NS, Carstens MT, Dhansay MA, Norris SA, Lambert EV. Early life and current determinants of bone in South African children of mixed ancestral origin. Ann Hum Biol 2008; 34:647-55. [PMID: 18092208 DOI: 10.1080/03014460701730024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of early life factors on the bone mineral density of children has been identified, however the contribution of these determinants may vary. AIM The study investigated determinants of bone mineral content (BMC) in South African children of mixed ancestral origin. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Early life data including birth weight, maternal alcohol consumption and smoking during pregnancy were collected on 9-year-old children of mixed ancestral origin (n = 64). Grip strength was measured, and physical activity, housing density and dietary data were collected. Whole body BMC (WB BMC), fat-free soft tissue and fat tissue were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy was associated with WB BMC, however after adjusting for possible confounders, this was no longer significant. When combined with gender, gestational age and maternal BMC in a multiple regression, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy could explain 20% of the variance in the WB BMC, however when current height was included in the model, the contribution of the other factors was insignificant. There was however a significant correlation between current height and birth weight (r = 0.34; p < 0.01) and alcohol consumption during pregnancy (r = 0.34; p < 0.05). A model consisting of current factors such as age, weight, gender, grip strength and calcium intake was able to explain 81.5% of the variance. Housing density was negatively correlated with WB BMC (r =-0.11; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION These data suggest that although early life factors may contribute indirectly to the bone mass of children of mixed ancestral origin, the contribution of current factors is greater. In addition, environmental factors such as housing density have a direct effect on bone mass, independent of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Micklesfield
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Micklesfield LK, Norris SA, Nelson DA, Lambert EV, van der Merwe L, Pettifor JM. Comparisons of body size, composition, and whole body bone mass between North American and South African children. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1869-77. [PMID: 17680727 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We compared whole body BMC of 811 black, white, and mixed ancestral origin children from Detroit, MI; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Cape Town, South Africa. Our findings support the role of genetic and environmental influences in the determination of bone mass in prepubertal children. INTRODUCTION Higher bone mass and lower fracture rates have been shown in black compared with white children and adults in North America. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared whole body BMC (WBBMC), whole body fat mass (WBFM), and whole body fat free soft tissue (WBFFST) data between three ethnic groups of children from Detroit, MI (n = 181 white, USW; n = 230 black, USB), Johannesburg, South Africa (n = 73 white, SAW; n = 263 black, SAB), and Cape Town, South Africa (n = 64 mixed ancestral origin, SAM). RESULTS SAB and SAW groups were slightly older than USW and USB groups (9.5 +/- 0.3 versus 9.3 +/- 0.1 yr); however, USB and USW boys were significantly taller, were heavier, and had a higher BMI than SAM and SAB boys. USB girls were significantly taller than SAB girls and heavier than SAB and SAM girls. In South Africa and the United States, black children had a significantly higher WBBMC than white children, after adjusting for selected best predictors. After adjusting for age, weight, and height, WBBMC was significantly higher in the SAB and SAW boys than in USW and USB and in the SAM group compared with the USW and USB groups. WBFFST and WBFM made significant contributions to a best linear model for log(WBBMC), together with age, height, and ethnicity. The best model accounted for 79% of the WBBMC variance. When included separately in the model, the model containing WBFFST accounted for 76%, and the model containing WBFM accounted for 70%, of the variance in WBBMC. CONCLUSIONS WBBMC is lower in children of European ancestry compared with African ancestry, irrespective of geographical location; however, South African children have significantly higher WBBMC compared with USB and USW groups, thereby acknowledging the possible contribution of environmental factors. Reasons for the significantly higher WBBMC in the children of mixed ancestral origin compared with the other groups need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Micklesfield
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Välimäki VV, Löyttyniemi E, Välimäki MJ. Quantitative ultrasound variables of the heel in Finnish men aged 18-20 yr: predictors, relationship to bone mineral content, and changes during military service. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17:1763-71. [PMID: 16944074 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-006-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Determinants of BUA and SOS and their changes during military service-associated physical training were studied in 196 army recruits and 50 control men, aged 18-20 years. METHODS Heel ultrasound measurement, DXA, muscle strength test, Cooper's running test and genetic analyses were performed. Lifestyle factors were recorded. Sex steroids and bone turnover markers were determined. Heel ultrasound was repeated after six months. RESULTS Exercise was the most significant determinant of both BUA (p<0.0001) and SOS (p<0.0001). There were 10% and 1.3% differences in BUA (p=0.006) and SOS (p=0.0001), respectively, between men belonging to the lowest and highest quartiles of exercise index. Weight associated with BUA (p=0.005) and height with SOS (p=0.03). BUA and SOS correlated with BMC and BMD (p<0.0001) but explained only up to 21% of their variance. Over six months SOS increased more in recruits than in control men (p=0.0043), the increase being higher, the lower muscle strength at baseline (r =-0.27, p=0.0028). CONCLUSION Exercise is the most important determinant of ultrasonographic variables in men, aged 18-20 years. Physical loading during military training increases SOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V-V Välimäki
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, HUS, Finland.
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Micklesfield L, Levitt N, Dhansay M, Norris S, van der Merwe L, Lambert E. Maternal and early life influences on calcaneal ultrasound parameters and metacarpal morphometry in 7- to 9-year-old children. J Bone Miner Metab 2006; 24:235-42. [PMID: 16622737 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-005-0677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between maternal and early life influences, calcaneal ultrasound parameters, and metacarpal morphometry in 7- to 9-year-old children (n = 109) of mixed ancestral origin from a working class community. Their mothers had participated in a nutrition and pregnancy study at the time of the birth. Demographic and maternal data were collected. Anthropometry was assessed. Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS) were measured in the children and a subsample of the mothers (n = 94), using calcaneal ultrasound. Hand radiographs were used to measure metacarpal morphometry. There was no relationship between the ultrasound parameters, birthweight, current weight, or height. The ponderal index was correlated with BUA (r = 0.25; P = 0.036). BUA was lower in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy compared to children whose mothers did not smoke (P = 0.054). Children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy had a lower Barnett-Nordin metacarpal index compared to children whose mothers did not consume alcohol (P < 0.05), after covarying for sex, age, gestational age, weight, and height of the child. Children's BUA was negatively correlated with housing density (r = -0.23; P = 0.021). In this study, we found an association between maternal and early life influences on calcaneal ultrasound parameters and metacarpal morphometry in prepubertal children, an association that was also influenced by sociodemographic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Micklesfield
- Department of Human Biology, MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
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