1
|
Fujimura T, Lum SZC, Nagata Y, Kawamoto S, Oyoshi MK. Influences of Maternal Factors Over Offspring Allergies and the Application for Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1933. [PMID: 31507589 PMCID: PMC6716146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy has been steadily rising worldwide with the highest incidence noted among younger children, and increasingly recognized as a growing public concern. The first known ingestion of foods often causes allergic reaction, suggesting that sensitization of offspring with food allergens may occur during pregnancy and/or through breastfeeding. This creates a milieu that shapes the neonatal immune responses to these allergens. However, the effects of maternal allergen exposure and maternal sensitization with allergens on development of allergies in offspring remain controversial. This review discusses recent advances from human data in our understanding of how maternal factors, namely, food allergens, allergen-specific immunoglobulins, cytokines, genetics, and environmental factors transferred during pregnancy or breastfeeding influence offspring allergies and how such effects may be applicable to food allergy. Based on information obtained from mouse models of asthma and food allergy, the review also dissects the mechanisms by which maternal factors, including the impact of immune complexes, transforming growth factor-β, vitamin A, and regulatory T-cell responses, contribute to the induction of neonatal tolerance vs. development of allergic responses to maternally transferred allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimura
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Nagata
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawamoto
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cuppari C, Manti S, Salpietro A, Alterio T, Arrigo T, Leonardi S, Salpietro C. Mode of delivery and atopic phenotypes: Old questions new insights? A retrospective study. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1418-1423. [PMID: 27451138 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date studies on the relation between mode of delivery and atopic diseases in are controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine a possible relationship between mode of delivery and risk of atopic phenotypes and, to assess the critical role of some pre-and post-natal parameters as a link between mode of delivery and risk of atopy. METHODS 1516 children were assessed by skin prick tests, serum total and specific IgE levels. Parental reports on demographic and clinical data were also recorded. RESULTS Of the 1516 children enrolled for the study, clinical and laboratory informations were obtained from 917 children. 460 children of them were born via CD and 457 via VD. Mode of delivery did not modify the prevalence of immune sensitization and/or allergic diseases. However, CD was associated with increased risk of atopy (p<0.001). Moreover, some parameters such as familiar history of atopy (p<0.001), habits smoking (p<0.05), exclusive artificial feeding (p<0.001); and breast-feeding time (<3months) (p<0.001) were associated with a major risk of atopy in CD group. Additionally, although our study confirmed that breast-feeding is associated to lower serum total IgE levels than artificial-feeding (p<0.001), it seems that the protective role of breast-feeding is negatively influenced from CD. Also in artificial-feeding subjects CD is related to a significant higher levels of IgE than VD (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CD influences only the risk of atopy but no prevalence of immune sensitization and allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cuppari
- Departments of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Manti
- Departments of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | - Tommaso Alterio
- Departments of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Arrigo
- Departments of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Salpietro
- Departments of Pediatric Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Takahashi N, Takahashi K, Kobayashi M, Yada Y, Koike Y, Kono Y. Constitutively high-level expression of TGFβ isoforms in cord blood and its relationship to perinatal findings. Cytokine 2015; 73:101-7. [PMID: 25743244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of TGFβ isoforms in cord blood is not well understood. METHODS We obtained cord blood samples from 37 term infants and 85 preterm infants who were born in several clinical settings. The serum levels of 3 TGFβ isoforms and of the other 17 cytokines in cord blood were investigated using cytometric bead array technology. RESULTS Very high levels of TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 isoforms compared to the level of other cytokines were found; mean levels were 44,180 and 1871pg/mL, respectively. The levels of all 3 isoforms of TGFβ were significantly correlated with birth weight, and the levels of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 were correlated with gestational age. The levels of TGFβ1 and β2 isoforms were strongly correlated with each other, but not with levels of other cytokines. The levels of TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 were significantly higher in male infants and significantly lower in infants with fetal growth restriction. The prevalence of chronic lung disease was related to a low level of TGFβ1, and that of patent ductus arteriosus was related to a high level of TGFβ1 in preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 appeared to play a significant role in physiological and pathological conditions in the fetus. TGFβ isoform levels appear to be regulated independently of those of other cytokines and do not appear to be influenced by inflammation in the fetal period. The role of TGFβ3 in cord blood and the postnatal chronological changes of the TGFβ isoforms should be investigated in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Kayo Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Mami Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yukari Yada
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yasunori Koike
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yumi Kono
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nahmias AJ, Schollin J, Abramowsky C. Evolutionary-developmental perspectives on immune system interactions among the pregnant woman, placenta, and fetus, and responses to sexually transmitted infectious agents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1230:25-47. [PMID: 21824164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A balance has evolved over deep time between the various immune systems of the "triad" that is linked together for a short period: the pregnant woman, the fetus, and the placenta. This balance is affected by, and helps to determine, the immune responses to maternal infectious agents that may be transmitted to the fetus/infant transplacentally, intrapartum, or via breast milk. This review identifies newer evolutionary concepts and processes related particularly to the human placenta, innate and adaptive immune systems involved in tolerance, and in responses to sexually transmitted infectious (STI) agents that may be pathogenic to the fetus/infant at different gestational periods and in the first year of life. An evolutionary-developmental (EVO-DEVO) perspective has been applied to the complexities within, and among, the different actors and their beneficial or deleterious outcomes. Such a phylogenetic and ontogenic approach has helped to stimulate several basic questions and suggested possible explanations and novel practical interventions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Oades RD, Dauvermann MR, Schimmelmann BG, Schwarz MJ, Myint AM. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and glial integrity: S100B, cytokines and kynurenine metabolism--effects of medication. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2010; 6:29. [PMID: 20509936 PMCID: PMC2889842 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show a marked temporal variability in their display of symptoms and neuropsychological performance. This could be explained in terms of an impaired glial supply of energy to support neuronal activity. METHOD We pursued one test of the idea with measures of a neurotrophin reflecting glial integrity (S100B) and the influences of 8 cytokines on the metabolism of amino-acids, and of tryptophan/kynurenine to neuroprotective or potentially toxic products that could modulate glial function. Serum samples from 21 medication-naïve children with ADHD, 21 typically-developing controls, 14 medicated children with ADHD and 7 healthy siblings were analysed in this preliminary exploration of group differences and associations. RESULTS There were no marked group differences in levels of S100B, no major imbalance in the ratios of pro- to anti-inflammatory interleukins nor in the metabolism of kynurenine to toxic metabolites in ADHD. However, four trends are described that may be worthy of closer examination in a more extensive study. First, S100B levels tended to be lower in ADHD children that did not show oppositional/conduct problems. Second, in medicated children raised interleukin levels showed a trend to normalisation. Third, while across all children the sensitivity to allergy reflected increased levels of IL-16 and IL-10, the latter showed a significant inverse relationship to measures of S100B in the ADHD group. Fourthly, against expectations healthy controls tended to show higher levels of toxic 3-hydroxykynurenine (3 HK) than those with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Thus, there were no clear signs (S100B) that the glial functions were compromised in ADHD. However, other markers of glial function require examination. Nonetheless there is preliminary evidence that a minor imbalance of the immunological system was improved on medication. Finally, if lower levels of the potentially toxic 3 HK in ADHD children were confirmed this could reflect a reduction of normal pruning processes in the brain that would be consistent with delayed maturation (supported here by associations with amino-acid metabolism) and a reduced metabolic source of energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Oades
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen Germany
| | - Maria R Dauvermann
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen Germany
| | - Benno G Schimmelmann
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Bern, Effingerstr. 12, 3011 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus J Schwarz
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximillian's University Psychiatric Hospital, 8036 Munich, Germany
| | - Aye-Mu Myint
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximillian's University Psychiatric Hospital, 8036 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|