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Kamio H, Tsuchiya S, Kuroda K, Okido M, Okabe K, Ohta Y, Toyama N, Hibi H. Chondroitin-4-sulfate transferase-1 depletion inhibits formation of a proteoglycan-rich layer and alters immunotolerance of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on titanium oxide surfaces. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:460-470. [PMID: 32707405 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful osseointegration is essential for dental implants. However, the complete molecular mechanism of osseointegration remains to be elucidated. In this study, we focused on the proteoglycan (PG)-rich layer between titanium oxides (TiOx) and bone, and chondroitin-4-sulfate transferase-1 (C4ST-1), which forms the sugar chain in PGs. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) depleted of C4ST-1 were cultured on titanium (Ti) plates, and the interface between hBMSCs and TiOx was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Immunotolerance, proliferation, initial adhesion, and calcification of the cells were analyzed in vitro. At 14 days of cultivation, a PG-rich layer was observed between hBMSCs and TiOx. However, the PG-rich layer was reduced in C4ST-1-depleted hBMSCs on TiOx. Real-time RT-PCR showed that conditioned media increased the levels of expression of M1-macrophage markers in human macrophages. However, depletion of C4ST-1 did not affect calcification, cell proliferation, or initial cell adhesion on Ti plates. These results suggested that C4ST-1 in hBMSCs affects their immunotolerance and alters the formation of PG-rich layer formation on TiOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanobu Kamio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tsuchiya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Kuroda
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masazumi Okido
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuto Okabe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Hospital, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuya Ohta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoto Toyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hibi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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Pelegrine AA, Moy PK, Moshaverinia A, Escada ALDA, Calvo-Guirado JL, Claro APRA. Development of a Novel Nanotextured Titanium Implant. An Experimental Study in Rats. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8070954. [PMID: 31262092 PMCID: PMC6678396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This animal study evaluated the osseointegration level of a new nanotextured titanium surface produced by anodization. Ti-cp micro-implants (1.5 mm diameter by 2.5 mm in length) divided into two groups: titanium nanotextured surface treatment (Test Group) and acid etched surface treatment (Control Group). Surface characterization included morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy and wettability by measuring contact angle. Sixteen Wistar rats were submitted to two micro implants surgical placement procedures. In each rat, one type of micro implant placed in each tibia. The animals sacrificed after two (T1) and six weeks (T2) post-implantation. After the euthanasia, tibias processed for histomorphometric analysis, which allowed the evaluation of bone to implant contact (BIC) and the bone area fraction occupancy between the threads (BAFO). Our surface analysis data showed that the Control Group exhibited an irregular and non-homogenous topography while the Test Group showed a nanotextured surface. The Test Group showed higher wettability (contact angle = 5.1 ± 0.7°) than the Control Group (contact angle = 75.5 ± 4.6°). Concerning the histomorphometric analysis results for T1, Control and Test groups showed BIC percentages of 41.3 ± 15.2% and 63.1 ± 8.7% (p < 0.05), respectively, and for BAFO, 28.7 ± 13.7% and 54.8 ± 7.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). For T2, the histomorphometric analysis for Control and Test groups showed BIC percentages of 51.2 ± 11.4% and 64.8 ± 7.4% (p < 0.05), respectively and for BAFO, 36.4 ± 10.3% and 57.9 ± 9.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. The findings of the current study confirmed that the novel nanotextured surface exhibited superior wettability, improved peri-implant bone formation, and expedited osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Karyen Moy
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alireza Moshaverinia
- Department of Advanced Prosthodontics University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - José Luis Calvo-Guirado
- Department of Oral and Implant Surgery, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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Shah FA, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Osseointegration and current interpretations of the bone-implant interface. Acta Biomater 2019; 84:1-15. [PMID: 30445157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex physical and chemical interactions take place in the interface between the implant surface and bone. Various descriptions of the ultrastructural arrangement to various implant design features, ranging from solid and macroporous geometries to surface modifications on the micron-, submicron-, and nano- levels, have been put forward. Here, the current knowledge regarding structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed with a focus on solid devices, mainly metal (or alloy) intended for permanent anchorage in bone. Certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation are also considered. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. In the published literature, as many as eight distinct arrangements of the bone-implant interface ultrastructure have been described. The interpretation is influenced by the in vivo model and species-specific characteristics, healing time point(s), physico-chemical properties of the implant surface, implant geometry, sample preparation route(s) and associated artefacts, analytical technique(s) and their limitations, and non-compromised vs compromised local tissue conditions. The understanding of the ultrastructure of the interface under experimental conditions is rapidly evolving due to the introduction of novel techniques for sample preparation and analysis. Nevertheless, the current understanding of the interface zone in humans in relation to clinical implant performance is still hampered by the shortcomings of clinical methods for resolving the finer details of the bone-implant interface. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Being a hierarchical material by design, the overall strength of bone is governed by composition and structure. Understanding the structure of the bone-implant interface is essential in the development of novel bone repair materials and strategies, and their long-term success. Here, the current knowledge regarding the eventual structural organisation of the bone-implant interface is reviewed, with a focus on solid devices intended for permanent anchorage in bone, and certain biomaterials that undergo surface and bulk degradation. The bone-implant interface is a heterogeneous zone consisting of mineralised, partially mineralised, and unmineralised areas. Within the meso-micro-nano-continuum, mineralised collagen fibrils form the structural basis of the bone-implant interface, in addition to accumulation of non-collagenous macromolecules such as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin.
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Shah FA, Wang X, Thomsen P, Grandfield K, Palmquist A. High-Resolution Visualization of the Osteocyte Lacuno-Canalicular Network Juxtaposed to the Surface of Nanotextured Titanium Implants in Human. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:305-313. [DOI: 10.1021/ab500127y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | | | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
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Anitua E, Murias-Freijo A, Piñas L, Tejero R, Prado R, Orive G. Nontraumatic Implant Explantation: A Biomechanical and Biological Analysis in Sheep Tibia. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2014; 42:3-11. [PMID: 25536339 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-14-00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical research in a sheep tibia model has been conducted to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of the nontraumatic implant explantation of failed implants, which allow placing a new one in the bone bed. Twelve dental implants were placed in sheep diaphysis tibia and once osseointegrated they were explanted using a nontraumatic implant explantation approach. Implant osseointegration and explantation were monitored by means of frequency resonance, removal torque, and angle of rotation measurement. The host bone bed and the explanted implant surface were analyzed by conventional microscopy and scanning electron microscope. Results show that osseointegration was broken with an angular displacement of less than 20°. In this situation the implant returns to implant stability quotient values in the same range of their primary stability. Moreover, the explantation technique causes minimal damage to the surrounding bone structure and cellularity. This nontraumatic approach allows the straightforward replacement of failed implants and emerges as a promising strategy to resolve clinically challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Anitua
- 1 Private practice in implantology and oral rehabilitation, Vitoria, Spain.,2 Biotechnology Institute (BTI), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Alia Murias-Freijo
- 1 Private practice in implantology and oral rehabilitation, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Laura Piñas
- 1 Private practice in implantology and oral rehabilitation, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | | | - Gorka Orive
- 2 Biotechnology Institute (BTI), Vitoria, Spain
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Yamamoto K, Yanagi T, Watazu A, Teraoka K, Kido H. The Effects of Implant Surface Characteristics on Surrounding Bone: A Comparative Study of Two Types of Surface Characteristics. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.23.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ferreira JR, Padilla R, Urkasemsin G, Yoon K, Goeckner K, Hu WS, Ko CC. Titanium-enriched hydroxyapatite-gelatin scaffolds with osteogenically differentiated progenitor cell aggregates for calvaria bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1803-16. [PMID: 23495972 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adequate bony support is the key to re-establish both function and esthetics in the craniofacial region. Autologous bone grafting has been the gold standard for regeneration of problematic large bone defects. However, poor graft availability and donor-site complications have led to alternative bone tissue-engineering approaches combining osteoinductive biomaterials and three-dimensional cell aggregates in scaffolds or constructs. The goal of the present study was to generate novel cell aggregate-loaded macroporous scaffolds combining the osteoinductive properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) with hydroxyapatite-gelatin nanocomposites (HAP-GEL) for regeneration of craniofacial defects. Here we investigated the in vivo applicability of macroporous (TiO2)-enriched HAP-GEL scaffolds with undifferentiated and osteogenically differentiated multipotent adult progenitor cell (MAPC and OD-MAPC, respectively) aggregates for calvaria bone regeneration. The silane-coated HAP-GEL with and without TiO2 additives were polymerized and molded to produce macroporous scaffolds. Aggregates of the rat MAPC were precultured, loaded into each scaffold, and implanted to rat calvaria critical-size defects to study bone regeneration. Bone autografts were used as positive controls and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold for comparison purposes. Preimplanted scaffolds and calvaria bone from pig were tested for ultimate compressive strength with an Instron 4411(®) and for porosity with microcomputerized tomography (μCT). Osteointegration and newly formed bone (NFB) were assessed by μCT and nondecalcified histology, and quantified by calcium fluorescence labeling. Results showed that the macroporous TiO2-HAP-GEL scaffold had a comparable strength relative to the natural calvaria bone (13.8±4.5 MPa and 24.5±8.3 MPa, respectively). Porosity was 1.52±0.8 mm and 0.64±0.4 mm for TiO2-HAP-GEL and calvaria bone, respectively. At 8 and 12 weeks postimplantation into rat calvaria defects, greater osteointegration and NFB were significantly present in the TiO2-enriched HAP-GEL constructs with OD-MAPCs, compared to the undifferentiated MAPC-loaded constructs, cell-free HAP-GEL with and without titanium, and PLGA scaffolds. The tissue-engineered TiO2-enriched HAP-GEL constructs with OD-MAPC aggregates present a potential useful therapeutic approach for calvaria bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Ferreira
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Sakai T, Okamura K, Watazu A, Teraoka K, Kido H. The Effect of Implant Surfaces sputter-coated with Hydroxyapatite Target. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.22.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Almagro MI, Roman-Blas JA, Bellido M, Castañeda S, Cortez R, Herrero-Beaumont G. PTH [1-34] enhances bone response around titanium implants in a rabbit model of osteoporosis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012; 24:1027-34. [PMID: 22626278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental implant osseointegration can be impaired in medical conditions with low bone mass, such as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Intermittent human parathyroid hormone (PTH) [1-34] administration has shown relevant anabolic bone activity in various animal models of osteoporosis. Therefore, we studied the effects of intermittent PTH [1-34] on bone response around titanium implants in experimental osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy and glucocorticoid administration. METHODS Titanium dental implants were placed in the proximal tibia metaphysis in 38 animals. Twenty-eight rabbits had undergone bilateral ovariectomy and further methylprednisolone administration for 4 weeks to induce osteoporosis. Ten healthy rabbits were used as controls. At week 8, osteoporotic rabbits started saline vehicle or intermittent PTH administration for 12 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in peri-implant area, lumbar spine, and global and subchondral knee bone at baseline, and weeks 6 and 20. Animal sacrifice was carried out at week 21. Afterward, tibiae were removed for μCT morphometry and undecalcified sections were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS PTH increased bone-to-implant contact compared with control rabbits or vehicle administration in osteoporotic rabbits (P < 0.005). PTH-induced new bone formation around external and internal surfaces of titanium implants led to a significant increase of BMD at peri-implant area in osteoporotic rabbits at week 20, when compared with vehicle (P < 0.005). Likewise, PTH increased BMD in other analysed regions. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent administration of PTH [1-34] enhances the bone response around titanium implants in a rabbit model of ovariectomy and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Almagro
- Department of Dentistry, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Vignoletti F, Abrahamsson I. Quality of reporting of experimental research in implant dentistry. Critical aspects in design, outcome assessment and model validation. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39 Suppl 12:6-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vignoletti
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Odontology; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - Ingemar Abrahamsson
- Department of Periodontology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Reagan WJ, Irizarry-Rovira A, Poitout-Belissent F, Bolliger AP, Ramaiah SK, Travlos G, Walker D, Bounous D, Walter G. Best practices for evaluation of bone marrow in nonclinical toxicity studies. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:119-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beppu K, Kido H, Watazu A, Teraoka K, Matsuura M. Peri-Implant Bone Density in Senile Osteoporosis-Changes from Implant Placement to Osseointegration. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2011; 15:217-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2011.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reagan WJ, Irizarry-Rovira A, Poitout-Belissent F, Bolliger AP, Ramaiah SK, Travlos G, Walker D, Bounous D, Walter G. Best practices for evaluation of bone marrow in nonclinical toxicity studies. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:435-48. [PMID: 21300792 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310396907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is intended to provide a best practice approach to accurately and consistently assess toxicant-induced bone marrow effects of test articles. In nonclinical toxicity studies, complete blood count data in conjunction with the histological examination of the bone marrow are recommended as the foundation for assessing the effect of test articles on the hematopoietic system. This approach alone can be used successfully in many studies. However, in some situations it may be necessary to further characterize effects on the different hematopoietic lineages, either by cytological or flow cytometric evaluation of the bone marrow. Both modalities can be used successfully, and which one is selected will depend on the expertise, preference of the facility, and the nature of the change in the bone marrow. Other specialized techniques such as clonogenic assays or electron microscopy are used rarely to further characterize hematotoxicity. The indications and techniques to successfully employ histological, cytological, or flow cytometric evaluation as well as clonogenic assays and electron microscopy are reviewed.
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Palmquist A, Lindberg F, Emanuelsson L, Brånemark R, Engqvist H, Thomsen P. Biomechanical, histological, and ultrastructural analyses of laser micro- and nano-structured titanium alloy implants: a study in rabbit. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 92:1476-86. [PMID: 19425049 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties and ultrastructure of the bone response of partly laser-modified Ti6Al4V implants compared with turned, machined implants after 8 weeks in rabbit. The surface analyses performed with interference microscopy and electron microscopy showed increased surface topography with micro- and nano-sized surface features as well as increased oxide thickness of the modified surface. The biomechanical testing demonstrated a 270% increase in torque value for the surface modified implants compared with the control implants. Histological evaluation of ground sections of specimens subjected to biomechanical testing revealed ongoing bone formation and remodeling. A histological feature exclusively observed at the laser-modified surface was the presence of fracture in the mineralized bone rather than at the interface between the bone and implant. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on Focused Ion Beam (FIB) prepared samples of the intact bone-implant interface, demonstrating a direct contact between nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and the oxide of the laser-modified implant surface. In conclusion, laser-modified titanium alloy implants have significantly stronger bone anchorage compared with machined implants and show no adverse tissue reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Saino E, Maliardi V, Quartarone E, Fassina L, Benedetti L, De Angelis MGC, Mustarelli P, Facchini A, Visai L. In VitroEnhancement of SAOS-2 Cell Calcified Matrix Deposition onto Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtered Bioglass-Coated Titanium Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:995-1008. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Saino
- Medicine Section, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Maliardi
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eliana Quartarone
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Computer and Systems Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Benedetti
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Piercarlo Mustarelli
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Livia Visai
- Medicine Section, Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Center for Tissue Engineering (C.I.T), Pavia, Italy
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Morinaga K, Kido H, Sato A, Watazu A, Matsuura M. Chronological Changes in the Ultrastructure of Titanium-Bone Interfaces: Analysis by Light Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Micro-Computed Tomography. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2009; 11:59-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2008.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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