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Murakami M, Nishi R, Lenoir KN. Computed tomographic measures of renomegaly vary among dogs with different types of congenital portosystemic shunts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2023; 64:1025-1032. [PMID: 37850502 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Renomegaly has been reported in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS). However, no study has objectively evaluated the degree of renomegaly in dogs with different types of PSS. The purpose of this retrospective, analytical, cross-sectional study was to determine kidney size (renal length-to-L2 vertebral body ratio; RL/L2 ratio) using CT in dogs with different types of PSS and correlate with clinical information. A medical record search for dogs with a PSS diagnosed using CT between 2016 and 2020 was conducted. Breed, age, sex, body weight, and biochemistry results were recorded. Kidney and L2 vertebral body lengths were measured using multiplanar reformatted CT images, and the RL/L2 ratio was calculated. Dogs were categorized into four groups based on PSS morphology for comparisons: intrahepatic (IH; n = 19), extrahepatic portocaval (EHPC; n = 20), extrahepatic portoazygos (EHPA; n = 7), or extrahepatic portophrenic (EHPP, n = 7). The RL/L2 ratio (mean ± SD) was largest in IH (3.55 ± 0.38) and EHPC (3.55 ± 0.38), followed by EHPP (3.10 ± 0.23), and EHPA (2.78 ± 0.18). RL/L2 ratio was significantly larger in EHPC and IH (vs. EHPA and EHPP [P < .01]). Significant correlations between kidney size and creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total protein, and ammonia were present. Renomegaly was observed in 86.8% of dogs with PSS overall, but it was uncommon in dogs with EHPA and less common in dogs with EHPP, as these two groups showed clinical signs later in life, made evident by older age at presentation. The authors suggest that the severity of hepatic dysfunction and the shunted blood volume may influence the development of renomegaly in dogs with PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Reo Nishi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Kindele N Lenoir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Kawalilak LT, Pease AP, Nelson NC. Evaluation of ultrasonographically determined ratios of kidney length to aorta diameter for assessment of kidney size in healthy young dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:764-770. [PMID: 31339766 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.8.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether previously described cutoffs for ultrasonographically determined kidney length-to-aorta diameter ratio (KL:Ao) for evaluation of kidney size in adult dogs are applicable to healthy dogs 1 to 18 months of age and to assess interobserver and intraobserver variability for ultrasonographic kidney and aorta measurements in these dogs grouped according to age. ANIMALS 82 dogs. PROCEDURES 41 university-owned dogs and 41 client- or staff-owned dogs of 3 age groups (approx 1, 6, and 12 to 18 months of age) underwent ultrasonographic examination by 3 observers. Kidney length, kidney width, and diameter of the aorta were measured by each observer 3 times, and KL:Ao and kidney length-to-body weight ratio were calculated for each dog. Measurements and calculated ratios for the 3 age groups were compared by statistical methods; interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated. RESULTS Mean kidney length, kidney width, and aorta diameter were smaller, and calculated KL:Ao and kidney length-to-body weight ratio were larger, for dogs of the 1-month age group than for dogs of the 6-month and 12 to 18-month age groups. There were significant interobserver differences for ultrasonographic measurements in all age groups; these were most frequent in the youngest group of dogs and affected KL:Ao for that group only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results revealed that 1-month-old dogs have larger kidneys relative to body weight and aorta diameter than do older dogs. Interobserver variability for the youngest group of dogs indicated limited usefulness of these measurements and related ratios for neonatal dogs in clinical practice. The KL:Ao values for dogs ≥ 6 months of age in this study were similar to values previously described for dogs > 12 months of age.
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Sohn J, Yun S, Lee J, Chang D, Choi M, Yoon J. Reestablishment of radiographic kidney size in Miniature Schnauzer dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1805-1810. [PMID: 27594274 PMCID: PMC5240758 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney size may be altered in renal diseases, and the detection of kidney size alteration
has diagnostic and prognostic values. We hypothesized that radiographic kidney size, the
kidney length to the second lumbar vertebra (L2) length ratio, in normal Miniature
Schnauzer dogs may be overestimated due to their shorter vertebral length. This study was
conducted to evaluate radiographic and ultrasonographic kidney size and L2 length in
clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers and other dog breeds to evaluate the effect of
vertebral length on radiographic kidney size and to reestablish radiographic kidney size
in normal Miniature Schnauzers. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasonograms from 49 Miniature
Schnauzers and 54 other breeds without clinical evidence of renal disease and lumbar
vertebral abnormality were retrospectively evaluated. Radiographic kidney size, in the
Miniature Schnauzer (3.31 ± 0.26) was significantly larger than that in other breeds (2.94
± 0.27). Relative L2 length, the L2 length to width ratio, in the Miniature Schnauzer
(1.11 ± 0.06) was significantly shorter than that in other breeds (1.21 ± 0.09). However,
ultrasonographic kidney sizes, kidney length to aorta diameter ratios, were within or very
close to normal range both in the Miniature Schnauzer (6.75 ± 0.67) and other breeds (7.16
± 1.01). Thus, Miniature Schnauzer dogs have breed-specific short vertebrae and
consequently a larger radiographic kidney size, which was greater than standard reference
in normal adult dogs. Care should be taken when evaluating radiographic kidney size in
Miniature Schnauzers to prevent falsely diagnosed renomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Sohn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Feliciano M, Cardilli D, Nepomuceno A, Crivalero R, Silva M, Coutinho L, Oliveira M, Vicente W. Echobiometrics kidney and renal artery triplex doppler of canine fetuses. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-41626120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the sogographic parameters and biometry of canine fetal kidneys using the B mode, and to determinate the vascular index of the fetal renal arteries using the Doppler Triplex. Twenty four Shi-tzu and Pug, weighting between 4 and 10kg, aging between 4 and 6 years old were evaluated. The B mode, the fetal renal echobiometry and regularity of the renal surface, echotexture and cortex:medular ratio were evaluated during the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th weeks of pregnancy. At the same time point of the B mode evaluation, the Doppler Triplex was carried out to assess the sistolic peak velocity (SPV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), vascular resistive (RI) and pulsatility index (PI). B mode revealed no fetal renal abnormalities and echobiometry showed important measurements during fetal development (P<0.0001). The values of the fetal renal arteries index (PSV and EDV) increased during the course of the pregancy (P<0.05) and remained constant for PI and RI (P>0.05). B mode and Doppler Triplex were important tools for the assessment of fetal renal development, using echobiometry and renal arterial index in canie fetuses.
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Lobacz MA, Sullivan M, Mellor D, Hammond G, Labruyère J, Dennis R. EFFECT OF BREED, AGE, WEIGHT AND GENDER ON RADIOGRAPHIC RENAL SIZE IN THE DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:437-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Anna Lobacz
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; 464 Bearsden Road; Glasgow; G61 1QH; UK
| | - Martin Sullivan
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; 464 Bearsden Road; Glasgow; G61 1QH; UK
| | - Dominic Mellor
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; 464 Bearsden Road; Glasgow; G61 1QH; UK
| | - Gawain Hammond
- From the School of Veterinary Medicine; College of Medicine; Veterinary Medicine & Life Sciences; University of Glasgow; 464 Bearsden Road; Glasgow; G61 1QH; UK
| | - Julien Labruyère
- and Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket; Suffolk; CB8 7UU; UK
| | - Ruth Dennis
- and Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket; Suffolk; CB8 7UU; UK
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Lessa AS, Paredes BD, Dias JV, Carvalho AB, Quintanilha LF, Takiya CM, Tura BR, Rezende GFM, Campos de Carvalho AC, Resende CMC, Goldenberg RCS. Ultrasound imaging in an experimental model of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis in rats. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:6. [PMID: 20113491 PMCID: PMC2835689 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic dogs and cats are very well known to develop chronic hepatic diseases, including hepatic lipidosis and cirrhosis. Ultrasonographic examination is extensively used to detect them. However, there are still few reports on the use of the ultrasound B-mode scan in correlation with histological findings to evaluate diffuse hepatic changes in rodents, which represent the most important animal group used in experimental models of liver diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of ultrasound findings in the assessment of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis when compared to histological results in Wistar rats by following up a murine model of chronic hepatic disease. RESULTS Forty Wistar rats (30 treated, 10 controls) were included. Liver injury was induced by dual exposure to CCl4 and ethanol for 4, 8 and 15 weeks. Liver echogenicity, its correlation to the right renal cortex echogenicity, measurement of portal vein diameter (PVD) and the presence of ascites were evaluated and compared to histological findings of hepatic steatosis and cirrhosis. Liver echogenicity correlated to hepatic steatosis when it was greater or equal to the right renal cortex echogenicity, with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 76.9% respectively, and accuracy of 92.5%. Findings of heterogeneous liver echogenicity and irregular surface correlated to liver cirrhosis with a sensitivity of 70.6%, specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 82.1% respectively, and accuracy of 87.5%. PVD was significantly increased in both steatotic and cirrhotic rats; however, the later had greater diameters. PVD cut-off point separating steatosis from cirrhosis was 2.1 mm (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90.5%). One third of cirrhotic rats presented with ascites. CONCLUSION The use of ultrasound imaging in the follow-up of murine diffuse liver disease models is feasible and efficient, especially when the studied parameters are used in combination. The potential implication of this study is to provide a non-invasive method that allows follow-up studies of fatty liver disease and cirrhosis of individual rats for pre-clinical drug or cell based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia S Lessa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Bruno D Paredes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Juliana V Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Adriana B Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Quintanilha
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Christina M Takiya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco F2-024, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
| | - Bernardo R Tura
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22240-006, Brasil
| | - Guilherme FM Rezende
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Antonio C Campos de Carvalho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
- National Institute of Cardiology, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374, 2° andar, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22240-006, Brasil
| | - Célia MC Resende
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brasil
| | - Regina CS Goldenberg
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G, Sala G2-053, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brasil
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Churchill JA, Feeney DA, Fletcher TF, Osborne CA, Polzin DJ. Age and diet effects on relative renal echogenicity in geriatric bitches. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1999; 40:642-7. [PMID: 10608694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Under controlled, but varied dietary conditions 35 geriatric, uninephrectomized, spayed Beagle bitches (dogs) observed for 4 years, renal cortical and renal medullary echogenicity was measured relative to hepatic and splenic echogenicity. Regardless of the diet fed, 60-75% of these aged dogs had renal cortical echogenicity less than that of either the liver or spleen across time; 25-35% of these dogs had renal cortical echogenicity equal to that of the liver, but less than that of the spleen across time. Less than 3% of these dogs had renal cortical echogenicity greater than that of the liver, but less than that of the spleen. Only 1 (one) of these dogs had renal cortical echogenicity equal to that of the spleen and that occurred at only one of the 14 chronologic assessments. Therefore, in either mature or aged dogs imaged with 4.0 to 5.0 MHz equipment, the renal cortical echogenicity should be considered normal if it is less than or equal to that of the liver and less than that of the spleen. In 29 dogs imaged with the 4.0/5.0 MHz equipment and 6 dogs imaged with 7.5 MHz equipment, there was no significant diet or individual dog effect. The 7.5 MHz (6 dog) group had significantly higher average cortical echogenicity scores than the 4.0/5.0 MHz (29 dog) group. However, the occurrence of renal cortical echogenicity greater than liver echogenicity was seen in only 5 of 83 samples (approximately 6.0%) made on 6 dogs imaged with 7.5 MHz equipment and only 1 of 375 samples (approximately 0.27%) made on 29 dogs with 4.0/5.0 MHz equipment. With the exception of one occurrence, all dogs had renal medullary echogenicity less than that of the liver or spleen regardless of imaging equipment frequency. The renal medulla was always hypoechoic compared to the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Churchill
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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