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Santifort KM, Plonek M, Mandigers PJJ. Clinical Diagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis without Myoglobinuria or Electromyographic Abnormalities in a Dog. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1747. [PMID: 37889668 PMCID: PMC10251982 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old female neutered Old German Shepherd was presented for acute non-ambulatory tetraparesis. Upon presentation to the emergency department, hematology and biochemical blood tests revealed no abnormalities aside from mildly elevated C-reactive protein levels (22.5 mg/L, reference range 0.0-10.0) and immeasurable creatine kinase (CK) activity. Neurological evaluation the next day revealed ambulatory tetraparesis, general proprioceptive deficits, mild ataxia and dubious diffuse myalgia. Withdrawal reflexes were weak on both thoracic and pelvic limbs. The CK was determined to be significantly elevated at that point (32.856 U/L, ref. range 10.0-200.0). Urinalysis revealed no abnormalities. An electromyographic (EMG) study of thoracic limb, paraspinal and pelvic limb muscles revealed no abnormalities. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the cervicothoracic spinal cord was performed and revealed no abnormalities. A presumptive clinical diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis without myoglobinuria or EMG abnormalities was formed. Muscular biopsies were declined due to the rapid clinical improvement of the dog. A follow-up showed the progressive decline of CK activity to normal values and clinical remission of signs. A diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was concluded based on clinical signs, consistent CK activity elevations and the response to supportive treatment for rhabdomyolysis, despite the absence of myoglobinuria and EMG abnormalities. Rhabdomyolysis should not be excluded based on the lack of EMG abnormalities or myoglobinuria in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Maurits Santifort
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, 6825 MB Arnhem, The Netherlands
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Hart van Brabant, 5144 AM Waalwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Plonek
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, 6825 MB Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. J. Mandigers
- IVC Evidensia Small Animal Referral Hospital Arnhem, 6825 MB Arnhem, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Di Tosto M, Callegari C, Matiasek K, Lacava G, Salvatore G, Muñoz Declara S, Betti B, Tirrito F. Case report: Atypical and chronic masticatory muscle myositis in a 5-month old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Clinical and diagnostic findings, treatment and successful outcome. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:955758. [PMID: 36187837 PMCID: PMC9516294 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.955758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) is the second most common inflammatory myopathy diagnosed in dogs, but it is rarely described in puppies. The disease is characterized by the production of autoantibodies against 2M myofibers contained in masticatory muscle, although the cause of this production is still unclear. The aim of the present case report was to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment, and follow-up of an atypical case of chronic masticatory muscle myositis in a very young dog. A 5-month old Cavalier king Charles Spaniel (CKCS) was presented to the AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara with a two weeks, progressive history of lethargy and difficulty in food prehension. Neurological examination revealed bilateral masticatory muscle atrophy, mandibular ptosis with the jaw kept open, inability to close the mouth without manual assistance, jaw pain, and bilateral reduction of palpebral reflex and menace reaction; vision was maintained. A myopathy was suspected. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for 2M antibodies, and histopathological examination of masticatory muscle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of MMM. Glucocorticoids treatment was started and clinical signs promptly improved. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case describing mandibular ptosis in a dog affected by chronic MMM, successfully managed with medical treatment and the first report describing the CT and MRI findings in a young CKCS affected by MMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Di Tosto
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Carolina Callegari
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Lacava
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Salvatore
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Muñoz Declara
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Betti
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Tirrito
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy
- Studio Veterinario Associato Vet2Vet di Ferri e Porporato, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Tirrito
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3
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Remelli C, Martello A, Valentini A, Contiero B, Bernardini M. Magnetic resonance imaging highlights the meningeal involvement in steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis and suggests the inflammation of the surrounding tissues (70 cases). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:957278. [PMID: 36061118 PMCID: PMC9439657 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.957278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) is an immune-mediated disorder of young dogs for which there is no definitive ante-mortem diagnostic test. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used to explore other differentials and extensive reports about its usefulness in the diagnosis of SRMA are lacking. The aims of this study were to retrospectively investigate the characteristics of MRI studies of the cervical spine of dogs diagnosed with SRMA and to compare the diagnostic capability of MRI obtained with low-field and high-field units. Materials and methods This is a double center, retrospective case series. Databases were searched between 2008 and 2021 for dogs with a diagnosis of SRMA. Dogs were included if the following criteria were fulfilled: a diagnosis of cervical SRMA, results of CSF analysis, and MRI of the cervical spine available for re-evaluation. Results Seventy cases were selected. MRI abnormalities were found in 69 cases (98.6%). Enhancement of the meninges, nerve roots, synovium of the articular facets and paravertebral muscles was present in 61 (87.1%), 10 (14.3%), 34 (48.6%), and 34 (48.6%) cases, respectively, when considering all MRI. In the low-field MRI, enhancement of these structures was present in 45 (90%), 4 (8%), 21 (42%) and 23 (46%) cases, respectively. In the high-field MRI, enhancement of these structures was present in 16 (80%), 6 (30%), 13 (65%) and 11 (55%) cases, respectively. Fat suppressed T1W images showed meningeal enhancement better than T1W images. When all the MRIs were considered, a significant increase in cell count of the cerebrospinal fluid was found between the three groups based on the meningeal MRI score (p = 0.001). In cases with no meningeal enhancement but enhancement of synovium of the articular facets and/or muscles a significantly lower cerebrospinal fluid cell count was present (p = 0.043), when considering all MRIs. Conclusions The most frequent detection on cervical MRI of dogs affected by SRMA is meningeal enhancement, often accompanied by enhancement of the synovium of the articular facets and/or muscular enhancement. Both low-field and high-field MRI have good diagnostic capability but the latter enables a more thorough investigation thanks to specific sequences. MRI is useful as a complementary tool to cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Remelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carlotta Remelli
| | - Alba Martello
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessia Valentini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Bernardini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Productions and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
- Anicura I Portoni Rossi Veterinary Hospital, Zola Predosa, Bologna, Italy
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Clark R, Shaw T, Sanchez L. Lumbosacral MRI findings in two dogs diagnosed with a
Neospora caninum
infection. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Armellini M, Sánchez L, Lorek A, Shelton GD, De Risio L. Clinical presentation, MRI, histopathology and outcome in a cat with immune-mediated masticatory myositis. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211050037. [PMID: 34646572 PMCID: PMC8504234 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211050037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY A 4-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was presented with facial swelling, ocular discharge and intermittent bilateral exophthalmos. Haematology revealed mild eosinophilia. Serum biochemistry showed a markedly elevated creatine kinase activity. MRI of the head revealed diffuse and severe changes of the masticatory muscles, including irregular areas compatible with fluid or necrosis within the abnormal muscle tissue. Cytological analysis of the left temporal muscle revealed eosinophilic and macrophagic inflammation. Bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. Serological titres against Toxoplasma gondii were compatible with previous exposure. A canine ELISA against masticatory muscle type IIM fibre proteins was positive at 1:4000 (reference interval <1:100). Histopathological examination of the left temporalis muscle revealed moderately severe and multifocal myositis. A diagnosis of immune-mediated masticatory myositis was made and immunosuppressive therapy was started. The cat initially responded to tapering doses of prednisolone, but subsequent relapses required therapy modulation. At the time of writing, 27 months after the initial diagnosis, the cat was in remission, but was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, probably secondary to chronic glucocorticoid use. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION To our knowledge, this is the first case report to describe the MRI appearance of masticatory myositis in a cat and the second to describe the clinical presentation, histopathology, response to treatment and outcome in a cat with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Lorek
- Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Foreman M, Cherubini GB. Dexamethasone Can Be Safely and Effectively Used for Treatment of Masticatory Muscle Myositis in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 44:100538. [PMID: 33933701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is the glucocorticoid of choice in many human inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions, given its reported effectiveness and limited side effect profile. In veterinary medicine, the glucocorticoid of choice is prednisone, however the safety of longer-term use of dexamethasone has not previously been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, effectiveness and side effects of dexamethasone use as the glucocorticoid treatment for masticatory muscle myositis in dogs - an immune-mediated inflammatory condition. 93% of dogs showed a clinical improvement within two weeks of treatment, and 100% by ten weeks. 35% of dogs showed adverse reactions, however these were all mild and resolved with tapering of the dexamethasone dose. In conclusion, dexamethasone can be safely and effectively used for the treatment of masticatory muscle myositis in dogs, and should be considered for use in these cases, either alone or alongside additional immunosuppressive medications. Side effects are mild and resolve with tapering of the dexamethasone dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Foreman
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambs, UK.
| | - Giunio Bruto Cherubini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambs, UK
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7
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Morrison EJ, Baron-Chapman ML, Chalkley M. MRI T2/STIR epaxial muscle hyperintensity in some dogs with intervertebral disc extrusion corresponds to histologic patterns of muscle degeneration and inflammation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2020; 62:150-160. [PMID: 33315283 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensity on T2-weighted turbo SE and STIR sequences of the paraspinal musculature in canine patients being imaged for thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion is frequently observed but poorly understood in veterinary medicine. The objective of this prospective analytical study was to describe the histopathology of muscle hyperintensity in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusions and to determine if a relationship exists between the presence of this hyperintensity and various patient factors. Twenty privately owned dogs who underwent surgical decompression of intervertebral disc extrusions diagnosed on MRI were enrolled (10 normal "control or nonaffected cases" without MRI paraspinal musculature hyperintensity and 10 "affected cases" with hyperintensity). Surgical biopsies of the epaxial musculature at the region of hyperintensity (affecteds) and at the site of the disc herniation (controls) were submitted for histopathology. The degree of myofiber degeneration and necrosis was scored using an ordinal scoring system: absent (0), minimal (10), mild (20), moderate (30), marked/severe (40), and massive (50). Associations between hyperintensity presence and patient age, weight, body condition, neurologic status, acuteness of onset, number of disc herniation sites, degree of spinal cord compression, and volume of herniated material were investigated. Nonaffected patients were significantly older (median age = 9.4 years) than affected patients (median age = 3.5 years), but no other significant associations were found. Acute myofiber degeneration/necrosis and intramuscular inflammation were observed in half of affected patients. Therefore, T2/STIR muscle hyperintensity in some patients with intervertebral disc extrusion may represent muscle degeneration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Morrison
- Department of Radiology, MedVet Medical and Cancer Centers for Pets, Fairfax, Ohio
| | | | - Mark Chalkley
- Department of Pathology, Idexx Laboratories Inc, Worthington, Ohio
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8
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Humphreys W, Finotello R, Schiborra F. MRI Features of Presumed Primary Extranodal Lymphoma of the Bulbospongiosus Muscle Causing Stranguria. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Hematopoietic neoplasia is common in dogs, with canine non-Hodgkin lymphomas representing more than 80% of all hematopoietic cancer. However, extranodal infiltration of the skeletal muscle by non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare in humans and dogs. A 9 yr old neutered male English mastiff presented with a 3 wk history of recurrent stranguria, pelvic limb ataxia, and mild proprioceptive deficits bilaterally, worse in the right pelvic limb. MRI showed an expansile ill-defined lesion within the bulbospongiosus muscle. The lesion had intermediate signal intensity to muscle and fat on T2-weighted imaging and was isointense to unaffected muscle on precontrast T1-weighted imaging. Contrast enhancement was heterogeneous and there was digitate signal alteration within adjacent perilesional fat. Ultrasound examination confirmed a hypoechoic lesion infiltrating the muscle. Cytological examination yielded a diagnosis of high-grade lymphoma. This report provides the first description of MRI findings associated with cytologically confirmed lymphoma of the skeletal muscle in the dog. Although nonspecific, the imaging features strongly correlate with those in the medical literature and lymphoma should be considered a pertinent differential in cases presenting with similar imaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Humphreys
- From the Diagnostic Imaging Service (W.H., F.S.) and Oncology Service (R.F.), University of Liverpool Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- From the Diagnostic Imaging Service (W.H., F.S.) and Oncology Service (R.F.), University of Liverpool Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Frederike Schiborra
- From the Diagnostic Imaging Service (W.H., F.S.) and Oncology Service (R.F.), University of Liverpool Institute of Veterinary Science, Neston, Cheshire, United Kingdom
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9
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Schenk AMU, Münzing S, Rönneburg U, Schenk HC, Leipig M, Matiasek K. [Trichinella induced polymyositis with unilateral lameness in a dog]. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2020; 48:285-290. [PMID: 32823351 DOI: 10.1055/a-1199-6519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old Cairn Terrier was presented for a right thoracic limb lameness of 3-month duration resistant to anti-inflammatory pain treatment. Blood chemistry revealed a highly elevated creatine kinase activity. An orthopedic or vascular etiology of the lameness was excluded by radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Further workup for a neurologic or muscular etiology by electromyography, nerve conduction velocity measurement, and histology of muscle as well as nerve biopsies identified the cause of the lameness. Histology revealed a pyogranulomatous, necrotizing myositis with parasites of the species Trichinella. Furthermore different developmental stages of fungi were detected which were identified as Mucor sp. Treatment with albendazole and itraconazole significantly improved the patient's clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uta Rönneburg
- Tierärzliche Klinik und Praxis für Kleintiere, Lüneburg
| | | | - Miriam Leipig
- Sektion für Klinische und Vergleichende Neuropathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Sektion für Klinische und Vergleichende Neuropathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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10
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Sigmund AB, Hecht S, Ward DA, Hendrix DVH. Retrobulbar and Tongue Base Pyogranulomatous Myositis Resulting in Strabismus in a Dog: Case Report. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:360. [PMID: 32671113 PMCID: PMC7332550 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A seven-year-old female spayed Australian Shepherd was presented for a 3-day history of left eye ventromedial strabismus, episcleral injection, protrusion of the third eyelid, miosis, and enophthalmia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) identified lesions in the left medial pterygoid muscle and left tongue base. Cytology and histopathology revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation with rod-shaped bacteria and pyogranulomatous myositis, respectively. One month of oral antibiotics resolved both lesions. Repeat MRI showed a mild decrease in size of the left medial pterygoid muscle consistent with fibrosis. Clinically, residual, positional ventral strabismus remained upon dorsal neck extension, but all other ophthalmic abnormalities resolved. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of pyogranulomatous myositis causing this constellation of clinical signs and of repeat imaging depicting resolution of these lesions with therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Sigmund
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Silke Hecht
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel A Ward
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Diane V H Hendrix
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
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11
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Lau J, Nettifee JA, Early PJ, Mariani CL, Olby NJ, Muñana KR. Clinical characteristics, breed differences, and quality of life in North American dogs with acute steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1719-1727. [PMID: 31175683 PMCID: PMC6639478 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis (SRMA) is a common inflammatory neurologic disorder of dogs for which certain breeds are predisposed. Objectives To determine whether breed differences exist in clinical features, treatment response, and relapse in a population of North American dogs with SRMA, and to evaluate the effect of disease on dogs' quality of life (QoL). Animals Sixty‐one client‐owned dogs with SRMA: 29 dogs identified through an American Kennel Club‐Canine Health Foundation survey and 32 dogs from North Carolina (NC) State Veterinary Hospital. Methods Retrospective case series. Caregivers completed an online survey to assess QoL. Results Breeds represented most often included the Golden Retriever (n = 12), Bernese Mountain Dog (10), Wirehaired Pointing Griffon (9), Boxer (9), and Beagle (6). No breed differences were identified with respect to clinical severity, diagnostic findings, or outcome. Twenty‐nine dogs (48%) had ≥1 disease relapse. There was a significant effect of cerebrospinal fluid nucleated cell count on the frequency of disease relapse (P = .003), but no relationship was identified between treatment protocol and relapse. Dogs' QoL was associated with the severity of corticosteroid‐related adverse effects (P = .03), which were dose‐related (r = .24, P = .02) and more prevalent in Wirehaired Pointing Griffons than in other breeds (P = .04). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Golden Retrievers and Wirehaired Pointing Griffons should be considered among the breeds recognized to develop SRMA. Treatment with higher corticosteroid dosages is correlated with more severe adverse effects and worse QoL, but it may not improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanie Lau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Julie A Nettifee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Peter J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Christopher L Mariani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Karen R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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12
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Furtado ARR, Cherubini GB, Taeymans O. Low-field magnetic resonance changes in the paravertebral musculature of dogs with acute intervertebral disc extrusion. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:367-373. [PMID: 30701550 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the MRI features and prevalence of paravertebral muscle signal intensity changes in dogs with acute intervertebral disc extrusion and to search for associations between the signal changes and clinical history, signalment, neurological examination, serum creatine kinase activity and MRI characteristics of the disc herniation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records and MRI examinations from 688 dogs with surgically confirmed acute intervertebral disc extrusion were reviewed retrospectively. T2-weighted and STIR MRI sequences were available for 276 cases and were examined for paravertebral muscle signal intensity changes. When present, extension, lateralisation and signal characteristics of these changes were recorded. Exclusion criteria were muscle injections 24 hours before MRI scan, trauma and previous spinal surgery. RESULTS Nineteen dogs met the inclusion criteria. There were signal changes in the multifidus muscle, mostly in the thoracolumbar region and often extending caudally from the level of the intervertebral disc herniation. Two cases had paravertebral muscle signal intensity changes in the cervical region. MRI signal changes were seen more frequently in the muscles of non-ambulatory dogs. Clinical history and neuro-examination did not allow differentiation between dogs with and without paravertebral muscle signal intensity changes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Paravertebral muscle signal intensity changes were observed infrequently in the epaxial musculature of 6.9% dogs with acute intervertebral disc extrusion in both the thoracolumbar and cervical regions. The pathophysiological processes responsible for these MRI changes remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R R Furtado
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridge CB80UH, UK
| | - G B Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridge CB80UH, UK
| | - O Taeymans
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridge CB80UH, UK
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13
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Lorek A, Spencer SE, Dennis R. Magnetic resonance imaging of masticatory muscles in basset hounds. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:634-640. [PMID: 30014537 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe low- and high-field MRI characteristics of occult masticatory muscle lesions in basset hounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of the MR images of the heads of 44 basset hounds that had been imaged for reasons unrelated to suspected muscle disease. RESULTS In most basset hounds, there was reduced bulk of the superficial part of the temporalis and masseter muscles together with bilaterally symmetrical T2W and T1W hyperintense signal with reduced contrast enhancement compared to normal muscle. Interpretation of various pulse sequences suggested that the affected muscle areas contained adipose tissue with no evidence of inflammation, and this was confirmed on biopsy in one dog. This pattern of changes is different from MRI changes in inflammatory myopathies. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Poor muscle bulk and MRI signal changes in the superficial parts of the temporalis and masseter muscles in basset hounds appear to be normal findings in this breed and should not be misinterpreted as evidence of an inflammatory myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lorek
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
| | - S E Spencer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - R Dennis
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK
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14
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Trampus P, Goepfert C, Welle M, Henke D, Forterre F, Schweizer-Gorgas D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Alterations in Paraspinal Muscles in Dogs with Acute Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusion. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:16. [PMID: 29497616 PMCID: PMC5819315 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle signal alteration detected on MRI is seen in diverse pathologic conditions. We observed signal alterations within the paraspinal muscles in dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe MRI features of paraspinal muscle signal alteration in dogs with acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion and to investigate an association of the signal alterations with neurological grade, type and location of intervertebral disk extrusion, degree of spinal cord compression, and presence of epidural hemorrhage. Medical records of dogs undergoing MRI because of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion between August 2014 and June 2016 were reviewed. MRI was evaluated for SI changes within the paravertebral musculature, their location, extension, affected muscles, contrast enhancement, and signal void in T2* sequences. Intervertebral disk herniation was categorized as acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE) or compressive intervertebral disk disease. In five patients, muscle biopsies of areas with signal intensity changes were taken during surgery. In total, 103 dogs were enrolled in the study. Paraspinal muscle signal alterations were visible in 37 dogs (36%) affecting the epaxial musculature (n = 17), hypaxial musculature (n = 12), or both (n = 8). All signal alterations were hyperintense on T2-weighted images and iso- or hypointense in T1-weighted images. Signal void in T2* was not observed in any dog. Postcontrast sequences were available in 30 of the 37 dogs and showed enhancement in 45%. There was neither an association with degree of compression nor epidural hemorrhage. Intervertebral disk extrusion caudal to L1 and a higher neurological grade was associated with the presence of muscle changes. Histopathology revealed mild to moderate acute muscle fiber degeneration with edema and necrosis in three of five samples. The MRI, as well as the muscle samples, show rather unspecific changes. The underlying pathomechanism might be related to ischemia or muscle spasm, but also denervation edema may explain the signal alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Trampus
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Goepfert
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana Henke
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franck Forterre
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Posporis C, Grau-Roma L, Travetti O, Oliveira M, Polledo L, Wessmann A. Meningeal carcinomatosis and spinal cord infiltration caused by a locally invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917742812. [PMID: 29204290 PMCID: PMC5703112 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917742812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 12-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented with acute non-painful hindlimb proprioceptive ataxia localising to T3–L3 spinal cord segments. MRI revealed paravertebral muscular hyperintensity on T2-weighted images at the level of T7–T8 vertebrae. The cat improved on conservative management but deteriorated 3 months later. Repeated MRI showed meningeal enhancement at the same level and hyperintensity of the paravertebral musculature extending to the right thoracic wall and pleural space on short tau inversion recovery images. Thoracic CT showed mineralised lesions of the right lung, restricted pleural effusion and expansile bone lesions affecting multiple ribs. The cat had been treated for pyothorax 5 years earlier but manifested no current respiratory signs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed lymphocytic pleocytosis but no neoplastic cells. Biopsy of the affected muscles and cytology of the lung and pleural lesions suggested a malignant epithelial cell tumour. Post-mortem examination confirmed a pulmonary adenocarcinoma locally infiltrating the thoracic wall, T7–T8 vertebrae and the spinal cord white matter. Meningeal carcinomatosis was detected with neoplastic cells invading the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord. No metastases were observed in other organs, indicating that neoplastic cells reached the spinal cord by direct extension. Relevance and novel information Spinal meningeal carcinomatosis has not been reported in dogs or cats with extraneural tumours but is a well-recognised condition in humans. A metastatic cause of meningeal enhancement should be considered in patients with neurological signs of unknown origin. Imaging findings and CSF results can be non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Posporis
- Department of Neurology / Neurosurgery, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Olga Travetti
- Department of Radiology, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Maria Oliveira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura Polledo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Department of Neurology / Neurosurgery, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
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16
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Posporis C, Grau-Roma L, Travetti O, Oliveira M, Polledo L, Wessmann A. Meningeal carcinomatosis and spinal cord infiltration caused by a locally invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2017. [PMID: 29204290 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917742812.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 12-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented with acute non-painful hindlimb proprioceptive ataxia localising to T3-L3 spinal cord segments. MRI revealed paravertebral muscular hyperintensity on T2-weighted images at the level of T7-T8 vertebrae. The cat improved on conservative management but deteriorated 3 months later. Repeated MRI showed meningeal enhancement at the same level and hyperintensity of the paravertebral musculature extending to the right thoracic wall and pleural space on short tau inversion recovery images. Thoracic CT showed mineralised lesions of the right lung, restricted pleural effusion and expansile bone lesions affecting multiple ribs. The cat had been treated for pyothorax 5 years earlier but manifested no current respiratory signs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed lymphocytic pleocytosis but no neoplastic cells. Biopsy of the affected muscles and cytology of the lung and pleural lesions suggested a malignant epithelial cell tumour. Post-mortem examination confirmed a pulmonary adenocarcinoma locally infiltrating the thoracic wall, T7-T8 vertebrae and the spinal cord white matter. Meningeal carcinomatosis was detected with neoplastic cells invading the ventral median fissure of the spinal cord. No metastases were observed in other organs, indicating that neoplastic cells reached the spinal cord by direct extension. Relevance and novel information Spinal meningeal carcinomatosis has not been reported in dogs or cats with extraneural tumours but is a well-recognised condition in humans. A metastatic cause of meningeal enhancement should be considered in patients with neurological signs of unknown origin. Imaging findings and CSF results can be non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Posporis
- Department of Neurology / Neurosurgery, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Olga Travetti
- Department of Radiology, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Maria Oliveira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura Polledo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Department of Neurology / Neurosurgery, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
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Sievert C, Richter H, Gascho D, Kircher PR, Carrera I. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study of the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:598-606. [PMID: 28444825 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the normal course and optimizing visualization of the canine peripheral nerves of the lumbar plexus, in particular the sciatic and the femoral nerves, is essential when interpreting images of patients with suspected peripheral neuropathies such as inflammatory or neoplastic conditions. The purpose of this prospective, anatomic study was to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) anatomy of the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves and to define the sequences in which the nerves are best depicted. A preliminary postmortem cadaver study was performed to determine optimal sequences and imaging protocol. In a second step the optimized technique was implemented on 10 healthy Beagle dogs, included in the study. The applied protocol included the following sequences: T1-weighted, T2-weighted, T2-Spectral Attenuated Inversion Recovery, T1-weighted postcontrast and T1-Spectral Presaturated Inversion Recovery postcontrast. All sequences had satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio and contrast resolution in all patients. The sciatic and femoral nerves were seen in all images. They were symmetric and of homogeneous signal intensity, being iso- to mildly hyperintense to muscle on T2-weighted, mildly hyperintense in T2-Spectral Attenuated Inversion Recovery, and iso- to mildly hypointense in T1-weighted images. No evidence of contrast enhancement in T1-weighted and T1-Spectral Presaturated Inversion Recovery postcontrast sequences was observed. The anatomic landmarks helpful to identify the course of the femoral and sciatic nerves are described in detail. This study may be used as an anatomical reference, depicting the normal canine femoral and sciatic nerves at 3 Tesla MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sievert
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henning Richter
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominic Gascho
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick R Kircher
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inés Carrera
- Clinic of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Usefulness of multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of spinal neuro-musculoskeletal injuries. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 29:1-13. [PMID: 26640838 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-15-05-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal trauma is commonly diagnosed in small animal practice. Although the first approach to the patient with spinal trauma includes survey spinal radiographs, an accurate evaluation of the injury often requires advanced imaging. Multidetector computed tomography has revolutionized computed tomography technology, providing near-isotropic volumetric representation of the complete body with exquisite anatomical detail in a brief scan time. This review aims to discuss the technical background, indications, and limitations of multidetector computed tomography in the assessment of spinal trauma with particular reference to skeletal, muscular and nervous spinal components.
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Tauro A, Addicott D, Foale RD, Bowman C, Hahn C, Long S, Massey J, Haley AC, Knowler SP, Day MJ, Kennedy LJ, Rusbridge C. Clinical features of idiopathic inflammatory polymyopathy in the Hungarian Vizsla. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:97. [PMID: 25896796 PMCID: PMC4414416 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective study of the clinicopathological features of presumed and confirmed cases of idiopathic inflammatory polymyopathy in the Hungarian Vizsla dog and guidelines for breeding. RESULTS 369 medical records were reviewed (1992-2013) and 77 Hungarian Vizslas were identified with a case history consistent with idiopathic inflammatory polymyopathy. Inclusion criteria were: group 1 (confirmed diagnosis); histopathology and clinical findings compatible with an inflammatory polymyopathy and group 2 (probable diagnosis); clinical findings compatible with a polymyopathy including dysphagia, sialorrhea, temporal muscle atrophy, elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, and sufficient clinical history to suggest that other neuromuscular disorders could be ruled out. Some group 2 dogs had muscle biopsy, which suggested muscle disease but did not reveal an inflammatory process. The mean age of onset was 2.4 years; male dogs were slightly overrepresented. Common presenting signs were dysphagia, sialorrhea, masticatory muscle atrophy, and regurgitation. Common muscle histopathological findings included degenerative and regenerative changes, with multifocal mononuclear cell infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic myositis of variable severity. A positive response to immunosuppressive treatment supported an immune-mediated aetiology. The mean age at death and survival time were 6.4 and 3.9 years, respectively. Recurrence of clinical signs and aspiration pneumonia were common reasons for euthanasia. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis of Vizsla idiopathic inflammatory polymyopathy can be challenging due to lack of specific tests, however the presence of dysphagia, regurgitation and masticatory muscle atrophy in this breed with negative serological tests for masticatory muscle myositis and myasthenia gravis, along with muscle biopsies suggesting an inflammatory process, support the diagnosis. However, there is an urgent need for a more specific diagnostic test. The average of inbreeding coefficient (CoI) of 16.3% suggests an increased expression of a Dog Leukocyte Antigen Class II haplotype, leading to an increased disease risk. The prognosis remains guarded, as treatment can only manage the disease. Recurrence of clinical signs and perceived poor quality of life are the most common reasons for humane euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tauro
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK.
| | | | - Rob D Foale
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Chloe Bowman
- Adelaide Veterinary Specialist and Referral Centre (AVSARC), Norwood Adelaide, South Australia.
| | - Caroline Hahn
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- Adelaide Veterinary Specialist and Referral Centre (AVSARC), Norwood Adelaide, South Australia.
| | | | - Allison C Haley
- The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,The University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
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20
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Czerwinski SL, Plummer CE, Greenberg SM, Craft WF, Conway JA, Perez ML, Cooke KL, Winter MD. Dynamic exophthalmos and lateral strabismus in a dog caused by masticatory muscle myositis. Vet Ophthalmol 2015; 18:515-20. [PMID: 25728848 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 5.5-year-old neutered male mixed-breed dog was presented for evaluation of a 5-month history of deviation of the right globe upon opening the mouth and a 1-month history of conjunctivitis in the same eye. Clinical findings, diagnostic imaging results, treatment and follow-up are described. CLINICAL FINDINGS When the mouth was opened, the right globe deviated rostrally and laterally. There was no pain or resistance to opening the mouth, or resistance to retropulsion of the globe. No other abnormalities were observed. Computed tomography was performed, revealing a contrast-enhancing region associated with the right masseter muscle impinging into the right orbit; this was more pronounced with the mouth open. Cytology revealed a small number of mildly to moderately atypical mesenchymal cells. Histopathology was consistent with polyphasic myositis, with a predominance of lymphocytes and plasma cells. No infectious agents were identified. Serum antibody titers for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum were negative. Serum titers for 2 M antibody were positive at 1:500, consistent with a diagnosis of masticatory muscle myositis. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Therapy with prednisone was initiated. During a follow-up period of 5 months, there was no recurrence of clinical signs, and the dose of prednisone was reduced by 25%. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of masticatory muscle myositis causing dynamic exophthalmos and strabismus in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Czerwinski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Shari M Greenberg
- New England Veterinary Center and Cancer Care, 955 Kennedy Road, Windsor, CT, 06095, USA
| | - William F Craft
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Julia A Conway
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mayrim L Perez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Kirsten L Cooke
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew D Winter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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Cauduro A, Favole P, Asperio RM, Rossini V, Dondi M, Simonetto LA, Cantile C, Lorenzo V. Use of MRI for the Early Diagnosis of Masticatory Muscle Myositis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2013; 49:347-52. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The medical records of two dogs that were diagnosed with masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) were reviewed. The reported clinical signs included intense pain when opening the mouth and restricted jaw movement. MRI detected widespread, symmetrical, and inhomogeneously hyperintense areas in the masticatory muscle. Electromyography (EMG) demonstrated severe and spontaneous pathologic activity in the temporal and masseter muscles. With early therapeutic treatment, remission of symptoms occurred within 2 mo, and no relapses were observed for the subsequent 2 yr. The gold standard for the diagnosis of MMM is the 2M antibody test, but the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of MRI as an accurate and efficient diagnostic tool for the initiation of early therapy for the treatment of muscle myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Favole
- Associazione Professionale Neurovet, Legnano, Italy
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22
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Eminaga S, Cherubini GB, Villiers E, Targett M, Caine A. STIR muscle hyperintensity in the cervical muscles associated with inflammatory spinal cord disease of unknown origin. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:137-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Eminaga
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
| | - G. B. Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - E. Villiers
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - M. Targett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - A. Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
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D'Anjou MA, Carmel EN, Tidwell AS. Value of fat suppression in gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance neuroimaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:S85-90. [PMID: 21392161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is frequently used to investigate neurologic disease in small animals; however, the abundance of hyperintense adipose tissue adjacent to neural structures, particularly the cranial nerves and spinal cord, can decrease the conspicuity of contrast-enhanced tissues on T1-weighted images. For this reason, chemical fat saturation techniques are used to suppress the signal of adipose tissues, enabling improved depiction of gadolinium-enhanced structures and detection of lesions affecting the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André D'Anjou
- Companion Animal Research Group, Université de Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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24
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Haley AC, Platt SR, Kent M, Schatzberg SJ, Durham A, Cochrane S, Westworth D, Shelton GD. Breed-specific polymyositis in Hungarian Vizsla dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:393-7. [PMID: 21281345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C Haley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Garosi L, Dawson A, Couturier J, Matiasek L, De Stefani A, Davies E, Jeffery N, Smith P. Necrotizing Cerebellitis and Cerebellar Atrophy Caused by Neospora caninum Infection: Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinicopathologic Findings in Seven Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:571-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hoyt L, Greenberg M, MacPhail C, Eichelberger B, Marolf A, Kraft S. Imaging diagnosis--magnetic resonance imaging of an organizing abscess secondary to a retrobulbar grass awn. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:646-8. [PMID: 19999351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hoyt
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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HOLLOWAY ANDREW, DENNIS RUTH, McCONNELL FRASER, HERRTAGE MIKE. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF PARASPINAL INFECTION IN THE DOG AND CAT. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:285-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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28
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BISHOP TODDM, GLASS ERICN, DE LAHUNTA ALEXANDER, SHELTON GDIANE. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MASTICATORY MUSCLE MYOSITIS IN A YOUNG DOG. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:270-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Reiter AM, Schwarz T. Computed tomographic appearance of masticatory myositis in dogs: 7 cases (1999–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007; 231:924-30. [PMID: 17867978 DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.6.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document computed tomography (CT) features in dogs with masticatory myositis. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 7 dogs with an immunologic diagnosis of masticatory myositis and an absence of clinical abnormalities of any skeletal muscles other than the masticatory muscles. PROCEDURES History; clinical, hematologic, biochemical, immunologic, cytologic, and histologic findings; and pre- and postcontrast CT imaging features of masticatory muscles and head and neck lymph nodes were extracted from medical records. RESULTS On CT images, changes in size (atrophy or swelling) were common for all masticatory muscles except the digastricus muscles, which were involved only in 1 dog. Pre-contrast attenuation changes, most often hypoattenuation with varied distribution patterns, were seen in masticatory muscles of 4 dogs. Contrast enhancement with a predominantly inhomogeneous distribution pattern was seen in the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles of all dogs. Head and neck lymph nodes were enlarged in all but 1 dog and had contrast enhancement with predominantly central or homogeneous distribution patterns. Muscle biopsy was performed in 6 dogs, with biopsy specimens obtained from areas that had the most obvious contrast enhancement on CT images. For all 6 dogs, biopsy specimens had histologic features indicative of masticatory myositis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that CT may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of masticatory myositis in dogs, including selection of sites for diagnostic muscle biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Reiter
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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