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Eberlé O, Pouzot-Nevoret C, Thomas-Cancian A, Lurier T, Nectoux A, Ségard-Weisse E. Ultrasonographic findings of feline aortic thromboembolism. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e588-e594. [PMID: 36350304 PMCID: PMC10812341 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221123770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to describe the ultrasonographic characteristics of feline aortic thromboembolism (ATE) and determine potential associations between ultrasonographic findings and prognosis. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected from the medical records (2013-2021) of cats that were diagnosed ultrasonographically with ATE based on the presence of a thromboembolus (TE) in the distal aorta beginning after the departure of the renal arteries. RESULTS Twenty-nine cats were included in this study. The most frequent location for an ATE was at the aortic trifurcation. The median length of TEs was 9 mm (range 3.5-42.9). TEs appeared homogeneous and isoechoic to surrounding tissues in all cases. No correlation was found between the appearance of the TE and the duration of clinical signs. The obstruction of blood flow in the distal aorta at the aortic trifurcation was complete in 66% of cases and incomplete in 34% of cases. The survival rate was significantly lower when the obstruction was complete (11%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2-34) compared with incomplete (70%, 95% CI 35-92). The arterial wall characteristics were as follows: smooth and thin (62%), and hyperechoic (38%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Increased vascular obstruction of TEs was associated with a lower survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Eberlé
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Science, University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Aurélie Thomas-Cancian
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Science, University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Thibaut Lurier
- UMR EPIA, University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Alexandra Nectoux
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Emilie Ségard-Weisse
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Science, University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Lee M, Ko M, Ahn J, Ahn J, Yu J, Chang J, Oh S, Chang D. Evaluation of the Abdominal Aorta and External Iliac Arteries Using Three-Dimensional Time-of-Flight, Three Dimensional Electrocardiograph-Gated Fast Spin-Echo, and Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Clinically Healthy Cats. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:819627. [PMID: 35782562 PMCID: PMC9249124 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.819627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thromboembolism is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in cats. Definitive diagnosis requires advanced imaging modalities, such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). However, CTA involves exposure to a large amount of ionized radiation, and CE-MRA can cause systemic nephrogenic fibrosis. Non-contrast-enhanced (NE) MRA can help accurately diagnose vascular lesions without such limitations. In this study, we evaluated the ability of NE-MRA using three-dimensional electrocardiograph-gated fast spin-echo (3D ECG-FSE) and 3D time-of-flight (3D TOF) imaging to visualize the aorta and external iliac arteries in clinically healthy cats and compared the results with those obtained using CE-MRA. All 11 cats underwent 3D ECG-FSE, 3D TOF, and CE-MRA sequences. Relative signal intensity (rSI) for quantitative image analysis and image quality scores (IQS) for qualitative image analysis were assessed; the rSI values based on the 3D TOF evaluations were significantly lower than those obtained using 3D ECG-FSE (aorta 3D TOF: 0.57 ± 0.06, aorta 3D ECG-FSE: 0.83 ± 0.06, P < 0.001; external iliac arteries 3D TOF: 0.45 ± 0.06, external iliac arteries 3D ECG-FSE:0.80 ± 0.05, P < 0.001) and similar to those obtained using CE-MRA (aorta: 0.58 ± 0.05, external iliac arteries: 0.57 ± 0.03). Moreover, IQS obtained using 3D TOF were significantly higher than those obtained using 3D ECG-FSE (aorta 3D TOF: 3.95 ± 0.15, aorta 3D ECG-FSE: 2.32 ± 0.60, P < 0.001; external iliac arteries 3D ECG-FSE: 3.98 ± 0.08, external iliac arteries 3D ECG-FSE: 2.23 ± 0.56, P < 0.001) and similar to those obtained using CE-MRA (aorta: 3.61 ± 0.41, external iliac arteries: 3.57 ± 0.41). Thus, 3D TOF is more suitable and produces consistent image quality for visualizing the aorta and external iliac arteries in clinically healthy cats and this will be of great help in the diagnosis of FATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Lee
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Minjung Ko
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Ahn
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jin Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Jinhwa Chang
- Korea Animal Medical Center, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sukhoon Oh
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongwoo Chang
- Section of Medical Imaging, Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dongwoo Chang
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Arnold SA, Platt SR, Gendron KP, West FD. Imaging Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Disease of the Brain in Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:279. [PMID: 32528985 PMCID: PMC7266937 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes, both ischemic and hemorrhagic, are the most common underlying cause of acute, non-progressive encephalopathy in dogs. In effect, substantial information detailing the underlying causes and predisposing factors, affected vessels, imaging features, and outcomes based on location and extent of injury is available. The features of canine strokes on both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been described in numerous studies. This summary article serves as a compilation of these various descriptions. Drawing from the established and emerging stroke evaluation sequences used in the investigation of strokes in humans, this summary describes all theoretically available sequences. Particular detail is given to logistics of image acquisition, description of imaging findings, and each sequence's advantages and disadvantages. As the imaging features of both forms of strokes are highly representative of the underlying pathophysiologic stages in the hours to months following stroke onset, the descriptions of strokes at various stages are also discussed. It is unlikely that canine strokes can be diagnosed within the same rapid time frame as human strokes, and therefore the opportunity for thrombolytic intervention in ischemic strokes is unattainable. However, a thorough understanding of the appearance of strokes at various stages can aid the clinician when presented with a patient that has developed a stroke in the days or weeks prior to evaluation. Additionally, investigation into new imaging techniques may increase the sensitivity and specificity of stroke diagnosis, as well as provide new ways to monitor strokes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Arnold
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Karine P Gendron
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Pouzot-Nevoret C, Barthélemy A, Goy-Thollot I, Boselli E, Cambournac M, Guillaumin J, Bonnet-Garin JM, Allaouchiche B. Infrared thermography: a rapid and accurate technique to detect feline aortic thromboembolism. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:780-785. [PMID: 28948905 PMCID: PMC11104137 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17732485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermography in cats with acute pelvic paralysis to differentiate feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE) from non-ischaemic conditions. Methods Thermographic images were prospectively obtained at admission from cats presented for acute bilateral pelvic paralysis. Based on the final diagnosis, cats were divided into a FATE and a control group (ischaemic and non-ischaemic related pelvic paralysis, respectively). The maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin) and average (Tav) temperatures were determined for each of the four limbs within a hand-drawn region of interest on the dorsal limb extremity. Temperature differences between the forelimb (non-affected) and hindlimb (affected) with the highest temperature (ΔT), with the lowest temperature (δT) and from the right and left side (RightΔT and LeftΔT, respectively) were calculated. Results The FATE and control groups included 10 and six cats, respectively. In the FATE group, right hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 1.9), left hindlimb mean Tmax (23.6°C ± 2.2) and mean Tav (22.7°C ± 2.2) were significantly lower than in the control group (26.6°C ± 3.5 [ P = 0.042]; 26.6°C ± 2.4°C [ P = 0.024] and 25.7°C ± 2.0 [ P = 0.020], respectively). ΔT, δT, RightΔT and LeftΔT were significantly higher in the FATE group than in the control group. A cut-off value of 2.4°C for RightΔTmax and LeftΔTmax allowed discrimination between the FATE and control groups with a sensitivity of 80% and 90%, respectively, a specificity of 100% for both, a positive predictive value of 100% for both, and a negative predictive value of 75% and 86%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance A minimal difference of 2.4°C between ipsilateral affected and non-affected limbs has an excellent specificity and high sensitivity for FATE diagnosis. Infrared thermography seems to be a promising, useful, easy, non-invasive and rapid method for detecting aortic thromboembolism in cats, particularly in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | | | - Maxime Cambournac
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
| | - Julien Guillaumin
- Emergency and Critical Care, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Bernard Allaouchiche
- University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, APCSe, Marcy l’Étoile, France
- Civilian Hospital of Lyon, Central Hospital of South Lyon, Medical Resuscitation Service, Pierre-Bénite, France
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Williams TP, Shaw S, Porter A, Berkwitt L. Aortic thrombosis in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 27:9-22. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott Shaw
- VCA Veterinary Referral Associates; Gaithersburg MD 20877
| | - Adam Porter
- VCA Veterinary Referral Associates; Gaithersburg MD 20877
| | - Larry Berkwitt
- VCA Veterinary Referral Associates; Gaithersburg MD 20877
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Klainbart S, Kelmer E, Vidmayer B, Bdolah-Abram T, Segev G, Aroch I. Peripheral and central venous blood glucose concentrations in dogs and cats with acute arterial thromboembolism. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1513-9. [PMID: 25041102 PMCID: PMC4895584 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute limb paralysis because of arterial thromboembolism (ATE) occurs in cats and less commonly in dogs. ATE is diagnosed based on physical examination findings and, occasionally, advanced imaging. Hypothesis/Objectives Peripheral, affected limb venous glucose concentration is decreased in ATE, whereas its systemic concentration is within or above reference interval. Animals Client‐owned cats and dogs were divided into 3 respective groups: acute limb paralysis because of ATE (22 cats and 9 dogs); acute limb paralysis secondary to orthopedic or neurologic conditions (nonambulatory controls; 10 cats and 11 dogs); ambulatory animals presented because of various diseases (ambulatory controls; 10 cats and 9 dogs). Methods Prospective observational, clinical study. Systemic and local (affected limb) blood glucose concentrations were measured. Their absolute and relative differences (ΔGlu and %ΔGlu, respectively) were compared among groups. Results ΔGlu and %ΔGlu were significantly higher in the ATE cats and dogs groups, compared to both of their respective controls (P < .0001 and P < .001, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the control groups. Receiver operator characteristics analysis of ΔGlu and %ΔGlu as predictors of ATE had area under the curve of 0.96 and 0.99 in cats, respectively, and 1.00 and 1.00, in dogs, respectively. ΔGlu cutoffs of 30 mg/dL and 16 mg/dL, in cats and dogs, respectively, corresponded to sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90% in cats, respectively, and 100% in dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance ΔGlu and %ΔGlu are accurate, readily available, diagnostic markers of acute ATE in paralyzed cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Klainbart
- Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Specchi S, d’Anjou MA, Carmel EN, Bertolini G. COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLATERAL VENOUS PATHWAYS IN DOGS WITH CAUDAL VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 55:531-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swan Specchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S7C6 Sainte Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - Marc-André d’Anjou
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S7C6 Sainte Hyacinthe Québec Canada
| | - Eric Norman Carmel
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S7C6 Sainte Hyacinthe Québec Canada
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Buob S, Johnston AN, Webster CRL. Portal hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:169-86. [PMID: 21382073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal hypertension (PH) is the result of increased vascular resistance in the portal circulation, increased portal venous blood flow, or both. In veterinary medicine, where portal pressure is seldom measured directly, the diagnosis of PH often is inferred from identification of associated complications including multiple acquired portosystemic shunts, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Likewise, treatment of PH primarily is aimed at controlling these complications. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of PH. The review draws from information in the veterinary hepatology literature, reviews, and consensus statements in human hepatology and the literature on experimental models of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buob
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Martin-Vaquero P, da Costa RC, Echandi RL, Tosti CL, Knopp MV, Sammet S. Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography of the canine brain at 3.0 Tesla and 7.0 Tesla. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:350-6. [PMID: 21355738 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of 2-D time-of-flight (ToF) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to depict intracranial vasculature and compare results obtained with 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners in dogs. ANIMALS 5 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES 2-D ToF-MRA of the intracranial vasculature was obtained for each dog by use of a 3.0-T and a 7.0-T scanner. Quantitative assessment of the images was obtained by documentation of the visibility of major arteries comprising the cerebral arterial circle and their branches and recording the number of vessels visualized in the dorsal third of the brain. Qualitative assessment was established by evaluation of overall image quality and image artifacts. RESULTS Use of 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners allowed visualization of the larger vessels of the cerebral arterial circle. Use of a 7.0-T scanner was superior to use of a 3.0-T scanner in depiction of the first- and second-order arterial branches. Maximum-intensity projection images had a larger number of vessels when obtained by use of a 7.0-T scanner than with a 3.0-T scanner. Overall, image quality and artifacts were similar with both scanners. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Visualization of the major intracranial arteries was comparable with 3.0- and 7.0-T scanners; the 7.0-T scanner was superior for visualizing smaller vessels. Results indicated that ToF-MRA is an easily performed imaging technique that can be included as part of a standard magnetic resonance imaging examination and should be included in the imaging protocol of dogs suspected of having cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martin-Vaquero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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MAI WILFRIED, WEISSE CHICK. CONTRAST-ENHANCED PORTAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH SUSPECTED CONGENITAL PORTAL VASCULAR ANOMALIES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 52:284-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2010.01771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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