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Vellappally S, Naik S, Hashem M, Fouad H. In vitro comparison of antifungal activity of conventional alcohol sprays and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on acrylic denture resin. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:279-284. [PMID: 37270824 DOI: 10.3233/thc-230069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally, alcohol sprays are used for disinfection of acrylic-base denture surfaces. A limited number of studies have assessed the role of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in this regard; however, it remains debatable whether conventional alcohol sprays are superior to aPDT in terms of antifungal activity or vis versa. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present in vitro study is to compare the antifungal activity of conventional alcohol sprays and aPDT on acrylic denture resin. METHODS Individuals wearing complete dentures at least on one arch were included. Dentures were randomly divided into three groups. Groups 1-3 were disinfected with an alcohol-based antiseptic spray and aPDT, respectively. Assessment of oral yeast growth was done using swab samples. The culture mediums were incubated at 37∘C for 72 hours and viewed through a microscope. The numbers of colony forming units (CFU/ml) were determined. P< 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS At baseline, the mean CFU/ml in Groups 1-3 were comparable. After disinfection, a statistically significant reduction in microbial CFU/ml was observed in Groups 1 (P< 0.05) and 2 (P< 0.05) compared with baseline. In Group 3, there was no difference in CFU/ml throughout the study. After disinfection, there was no difference in microbial CFU/ml in dentures in Groups 1 and 2. CONCLUSION Conventional alcohol sprays are as effective as aPDT towards reducing oral yeasts CFU/ml on acrylic denture resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajith Vellappally
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Naik
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Dental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Fouad
- Applied Medical Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Pérez-Nicolás C, Pecci-Lloret MP, Guerrero-Gironés J. Use and efficacy of mouthwashes in elderly patients: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Ann Anat 2023; 246:152026. [PMID: 36402239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A higher prevalence of oral problems has been observed in the elderly population. One of the treatment options for some of these pathologies is the administration of mouthwashes combined with mechanical removal techniques. Besides, each type of oral rinse treats certain oral diseases, and it should be selected for each specific situation. OBJECTIVE To determine the use and efficacy of mouthwashes in the elderly as a treatment for various pathologies, to indicate the most common kinds of mouth-rinses used, the diseases treated with them, their efficacy in each treatment, and their effectiveness when they are combined with other treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS The review has been carried out following the PRISMA 2020 Statement. Individualized bibliographic searches were performed in five databases. Randomized clinical trials are included in patients over 60 years old where mouthwashes were administered to treat or prevent specific diseases. The PICO question aimed to assess what type of mouthwashes elderly patients use, what they use them for, and their efficacy. Study selection, data extraction, and quality analysis were achieved using the RoB-2 guide. RESULTS Thirteen articles were chosen to perform the qualitative analysis. The bibliometric analysis was carried out. We have eleven randomized controlled clinical trials and two uncontrolled. The mouthwash more used was chlorhexidine, followed by essential oils and fluorides. The most studied pathologies were a periodontal disease, caries, candidiasis, denture stomatitis, and xerostomia. Chlorhexidine used weekly is effective as antiplaque and antigingivitis. Fluorides effectively prevent and reverse caries; nystatin and essential oils to treat candidiasis; and pilocarpine rinse to manage xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS The included studies show that mouthwashes are widely extended in the elderly population, and each sort is specifically designed for treating a particular condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pérez-Nicolás
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Pilar Pecci-Lloret
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julia Guerrero-Gironés
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Liu Y, Huang Y, Fan C, Chi Z, Bai M, Sun L, Yang L, Yu C, Song Z, Yang X, Yi J, Wang S, Liu L, Wang G, Zheng L. Ursolic Acid Targets Glucosyltransferase and Inhibits Its Activity to Prevent Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743305. [PMID: 34646258 PMCID: PMC8503646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), the prime pathogen of dental caries, can secrete glucosyltransferases (GTFs) to synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs), which are the virulence determinants of cariogenic biofilms. Ursolic acid, a type of pentacyclic triterpene natural compound, has shown potential antibiofilm effects on S. mutans. To investigate the mechanisms of ursolic acid-mediated inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation, we first demonstrated that ursolic acid could decrease the viability and structural integrity of biofilms, as evidenced by XTT, crystal violet, and live/dead staining assays. Then, we further revealed that ursolic acid could compete with the inherent substrate to occupy the catalytic center of GTFs to inhibit EPS formation, and this was confirmed by GTF activity assays, computer simulations, site-directed mutagenesis, and capillary electrophoresis (CE). In conclusion, ursolic acid can decrease bacterial viability and prevent S. mutans biofilm formation by binding and inhibiting the activity of GTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucui Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanxin Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Department of Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongmei Chi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Miao Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Luguo Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Yang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenbo Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingwen Yi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Cell and Gene Therapy Medicine Products, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuyue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Sinha N, Vyas U, Singh B. A prospective case-control study to evaluate oral health status before and after intervention using different dental aids in children with visual impairment. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2021; 25:242-249. [PMID: 34158692 PMCID: PMC8177185 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_356_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A major dental concern in children with special health-care needs is poor oral hygiene, which results in increased incidences of dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. Aims: The study intended to determine if there was a difference in the oral health status of children with visual impairment and normal children and to evaluate the efficacy of the frequently used dental aids. Settings and Design: The study population included 90 children, 45 children with visual impairment (study group) with age- and sex-matched 45 normal children (control group). Both the groups were further divided into three intervention subgroups. Subgroup A: manual toothbrushes, Subgroup B: manual toothbrush with medicated mouthwashes, and Subgroup C: powered toothbrushes. Materials and Methods: For each subject, oral hygiene index simplified (OHIS), Turesky-Gilmore-Glickman modification of the Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TQPHI), and decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) indices were recorded at baseline, i.e., before any intervention. This was followed by oral prophylaxis by ultrasonic scaling. The three indices were recorded in 0 (baseline), 30 days (1 month), 90 days (3 months), and 180 days (6 months), respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA test, Chi-square test, and student paired test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean TQHPI and OHIS values of mouthwashes at the end of 6 months were 1.01 and 1.60, respectively, which were lower than manual and power brushes. No statistically significant reduction in the DMFT scores with the use of any of the adjuncts was noted. Conclusions: Among the dental aids used in the study, mouthwash showed a significant reduction in plaque and oral hygiene scores as compared to powered toothbrushes and manual brushes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sinha
- Departments of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Urvi Vyas
- Departments of Periodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bijay Singh
- Departments of Prosthodontics, Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Ruiz Núñez MDR, da Luz Raulino M, Goulart Castro R, Schaefer Ferreira de Mello AL. Dental plaque control strategies for the elderly population: A scoping review. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:167-181. [PMID: 33829631 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the scientific literature and identify dental plaque control strategies focussed on elderly people that improve plaque indices. DESIGN Scoping review (Joanna Briggs protocol). DATA SOURCES Individual search strategies developed for six databases. The selection of the manuscripts in two phases: title and abstract review, and complete review. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies on interventions for plaque control in elderly people (60y+). Epidemiological studies and those focussed on caregivers, health professionals and periodontal maintenance therapies were excluded. RESULTS The initial search yielded 2803 studies, 26 were included. The results were classified into: exclusively chemical (10), educational (9), exclusively mechanical (6), and combined mechanical and chemical (1). The studies reported different types of interventions: sugarless chewing gum, chlorhexidine (CHX) in different preparations and concentrations, mouthwash based on essential oils, stannous/sodium fluoride dentifrice and lactoferrin/lactoperoxidase tablets. Additionally, conventional and alternative toothbrushes and professional brushing were tested. Educational interventions included oral hygiene guidance, verbal information, and demonstrations of dental and denture cleaning procedures, and lifestyle changes. Many studies have reported strategies that improve dental plaque indices but without statistical significance when compared to control groups. Promising results were found with the use of CHX, sugarless chewing gum, professional brushing and educational strategies with demonstration, but the results were not long-lasting. CONCLUSION The literature reports that mechanical, chemical and educational strategies have some efficacy in dental plaque control in the elderly population. The results should be viewed with caution, considering the type of intervention (isolated or combined) and the maintenance of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Goulart Castro
- Post-Graduation Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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6
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Dental floss impregnated with povidone-iodine coated with Eudragit L-100 as an antimicrobial delivery system against periodontal-associated pathogens. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:298-308. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Cao X, Ye Q, Fan M, Liu C. Antimicrobial effects of the ginsenoside Rh2 on monospecies and multispecies cariogenic biofilms. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 126:740-751. [PMID: 30556937 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effects of the ginsenoside Rh2 on monospecies and multispecies cariogenic biofilms and explore the mechanism of the antibiofilm effect of Rh2 in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus sanguinis were chosen to form the monospecies or multispecies biofilms. Crystal violet staining and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to observe the effect of Rh2 on biofilms in vitro. Cytotoxicity was examined by the Cell Counting Kit-8. The effects of Rh2 on bacterial membranes were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method were used to profile the common differentially expressed proteins. Gene expression was analysed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In general, the treatment of cariogenic biofilms with Rh2 significantly decreased biomass accumulation by inhibiting bacterial growth and extracellular polysaccharide synthesis without any cytotoxic effects. TEM imaging showed that Rh2 could disrupt the cell membranes of these bacteria. The iTRAQ results indicated that the levels of mannose-specific IIC/D and acetaldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase were substantially down-regulated, while the mRNA expression of the corresponding genes were significantly changed. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed a potential application for Rh2 in the protection against dental caries via the inhibition of cariogenic biofilms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study describes the first application of a ginsenoside against multispecies cariogenic biofilms. Rh2 may serve as an alternative agent to prevent dental caries by effectively modulating the pathogenic potentials of oral biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Ye
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - C Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Ab Malik N, Mohamad Yatim S, Abdul Razak F, Lam OLT, Jin L, Li LSW, McGrath C. A multi-centre randomised clinical trial of oral hygiene interventions following stroke-A 6-month trial. J Oral Rehabil 2017; 45:132-139. [PMID: 29090475 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Ab Malik
- Periodontology and Dental Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
- Faculty of Dentistry; Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - S. Mohamad Yatim
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation; Hospital Serdang; Kajang Selangor Malaysia
| | - F. Abdul Razak
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Malaya; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - O. L. T. Lam
- Oral Rehabilitation; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - L. Jin
- Periodontology and Dental Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - L. S. W. Li
- Tung Wah Hospital; Sheung Wan Hong Kong SAR China
| | - C. McGrath
- Periodontology and Dental Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
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Bidra AS, Daubert DM, Garcia LT, Gauthier MF, Kosinski TF, Nenn CA, Olsen JA, Platt JA, Wingrove SS, Chandler ND, Curtis DA. A Systematic Review of Recall Regimen and Maintenance Regimen of Patients with Dental Restorations. Part 1: Tooth-Borne Restorations. J Prosthodont 2017; 25 Suppl 1:S2-15. [PMID: 26711218 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the current scientific evidence on patient recall and maintenance of dental restorations on natural teeth, standardize patient care regimens, and improve maintenance of oral health. An additional purpose was to examine areas of deficiency in the current scientific literature and provide recommendations for future studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS An electronic search for articles in the English language literature from the past 15 years was performed independently by multiple investigators using a systematic search process. After application of predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed in depth to meet the objectives of this review. RESULTS The initial electronic search resulted in 2161 titles. The systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria resulted in 12 articles that met the objectives of the study. An additional 4 articles were added through a supplemental search process for a total of 16 studies. Out of these, 9 were randomized controlled clinical trials and 7 were observational studies. The majority of the studies (14 out of 16) were conducted in the past 5 years, and most of the studies were conducted in Europe (10). Results from the qualitative data, on a combined 3569 patients, indicated that outcome improvements in recall and maintenance regimen were related to (1) patient/treatment characteristics (adherence to recall appointments, type of restoration and type of restorative material); (2) agent (chlorhexidine, fluoride, triclosan); and (3) professional interventions (repeated oral hygiene instruction, regular oral hygiene intervention). CONCLUSIONS There is minimal evidence related to recall regimens in patients with removable and fixed tooth-borne restorations; however, there is considerable evidence indicating that patients with tooth-borne removable and fixed restorations require lifelong dental professional maintenance to provide repeated oral hygiene instruction and regular oral hygiene intervention customized to each patient's treatment. Current evidence also indicates that use of specific oral topical agents like chlorhexidine, fluoride, and triclosan can aid in reducing risk for gingival inflammation, dental caries, and candidiasis. Therefore, these agents may aid in improvement of professional and at-home maintenance of various tooth-borne dental restorations. Furthermore, due to the heterogeneity of patient populations, restorations, and treatment needs, the evidence compels forethought of creating clinical practice guidelines for recall and maintenance of patients with tooth-borne dental restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S Bidra
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Diane M Daubert
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, WA
| | - Lily T Garcia
- Office of the Dean, University of Iowa College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Marissa F Gauthier
- L.M. Stowe Library, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Timothy F Kosinski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Detroit, MI
| | - Conrad A Nenn
- Department of General Dental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Jeffrey A Platt
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Nancy Deal Chandler
- Executive Director, American College of Prosthodontists and ACP Education Foundation, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald A Curtis
- Department of Preventive & Restorative Dental Sciences, UCSF School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA
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10
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James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, Whelton H, Riley P. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 3:CD008676. [PMID: 28362061 PMCID: PMC6464488 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008676.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque associated gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition caused by accumulation and persistence of microbial biofilms (dental plaque) on the teeth. It is characterised by redness and swelling of the gingivae (gums) and a tendency for the gingivae to bleed easily. In susceptible individuals, gingivitis may lead to periodontitis and loss of the soft tissue and bony support for the tooth. It is thought that chlorhexidine mouthrinse may reduce the build-up of plaque thereby reducing gingivitis. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene procedures for the control of gingivitis and plaque compared to mechanical oral hygiene procedures alone or mechanical oral hygiene procedures plus placebo/control mouthrinse. Mechanical oral hygiene procedures were toothbrushing with/without the use of dental floss or interdental cleaning aids and could include professional tooth cleaning/periodontal treatment.To determine whether the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinse is influenced by chlorhexidine concentration, or frequency of rinsing (once/day versus twice/day).To report and describe any adverse effects associated with chlorhexidine mouthrinse use from included trials. SEARCH METHODS Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the following databases: Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 28 September 2016); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 8) in the Cochrane Library (searched 28 September 2016); MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 28 September 2016); Embase Ovid (1980 to 28 September 2016); and CINAHL EBSCO (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; 1937 to 28 September 2016). We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials assessing the effects of chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene procedures for at least 4 weeks on gingivitis in children and adults. Mechanical oral hygiene procedures were toothbrushing with/without use of dental floss or interdental cleaning aids and could include professional tooth cleaning/periodontal treatment. We included trials where participants had gingivitis or periodontitis, where participants were healthy and where some or all participants had medical conditions or special care needs. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened the search results extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of the included studies. We attempted to contact study authors for missing data or clarification where feasible. For continuous outcomes, we used means and standard deviations to obtain the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We combined MDs where studies used the same scale and standardised mean differences (SMDs) where studies used different scales. For dichotomous outcomes, we reported risk ratios (RR) and 95% CIs. Due to anticipated heterogeneity we used random-effects models for all meta-analyses. MAIN RESULTS We included 51 studies that analysed a total of 5345 participants. One study was assessed as being at unclear risk of bias, with the remaining 50 being at high risk of bias, however, this did not affect the quality assessments for gingivitis and plaque as we believe that further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Gingivitis After 4 to 6 weeks of use, chlorhexidine mouthrinse reduced gingivitis (Gingival Index (GI) 0 to 3 scale) by 0.21 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.31) compared to placebo, control or no mouthrinse (10 trials, 805 participants with mild gingival inflammation (mean score 1 on the GI scale) analysed, high-quality evidence). A similar effect size was found for reducing gingivitis at 6 months. There were insufficient data to determine the reduction in gingivitis associated with chlorhexidine mouthrinse use in individuals with mean GI scores of 1.1 to 3 (moderate or severe levels of gingival inflammation). Plaque Plaque was measured by different indices and the SMD at 4 to 6 weeks was 1.45 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.90) standard deviations lower in the chlorhexidine group (12 trials, 950 participants analysed, high-quality evidence), indicating a large reduction in plaque. A similar large reduction was found for chlorhexidine mouthrinse use at 6 months. Extrinsic tooth staining There was a large increase in extrinsic tooth staining in participants using chlorhexidine mouthrinse at 4 to 6 weeks. The SMD was 1.07 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.34) standard deviations higher (eight trials, 415 participants analysed, moderate-quality evidence) in the chlorhexidine mouthrinse group. There was also a large increase in extrinsic tooth staining in participants using chlorhexidine mouthrinse at 7 to 12 weeks and 6 months. Calculus Results for the effect of chlorhexidine mouthrinse on calculus formation were inconclusive. Effect of concentration and frequency of rinsing There were insufficient data to determine whether there was a difference in effect for either chlorhexidine concentration or frequency of rinsing. Other adverse effects The adverse effects most commonly reported in the included studies were taste disturbance/alteration (reported in 11 studies), effects on the oral mucosa including soreness, irritation, mild desquamation and mucosal ulceration/erosions (reported in 13 studies) and a general burning sensation or a burning tongue or both (reported in nine studies). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is high-quality evidence from studies that reported the Löe and Silness Gingival Index of a reduction in gingivitis in individuals with mild gingival inflammation on average (mean score of 1 on the 0 to 3 GI scale) that was not considered to be clinically relevant. There is high-quality evidence of a large reduction in dental plaque with chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene procedures for 4 to 6 weeks and 6 months. There is no evidence that one concentration of chlorhexidine rinse is more effective than another. There is insufficient evidence to determine the reduction in gingivitis associated with chlorhexidine mouthrinse use in individuals with mean GI scores of 1.1 to 3 indicating moderate or severe levels of gingival inflammation. Rinsing with chlorhexidine mouthrinse for 4 weeks or longer causes extrinsic tooth staining. In addition, other adverse effects such as calculus build up, transient taste disturbance and effects on the oral mucosa were reported in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice James
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, Cork University Dental School and Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Helen V Worthington
- Cochrane Oral Health, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, JR Moore Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL
| | - Carmel Parnell
- HSE Louth Meath Dental Service, Our Lady's Hospital, Navan, Co Meath, Ireland
| | - Mairead Harding
- Oral Health Services Research Centre, Cork University Dental School and Hospital (UCC), Wilton, Cork, and HSE South (CHO 4), Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas Lamont
- Dundee Dental School, University of Dundee, Park Place, Dundee, Tayside, UK, DD1 4HN
| | - Andrea Cheung
- Cork University Dental School and Hospital (UCC), Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Helen Whelton
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, UK, LS2 9JT
| | - Philip Riley
- Cochrane Oral Health, Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, JR Moore Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK, M13 9PL
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Clinical practice guidelines for recall and maintenance of patients with tooth-borne and implant-borne dental restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 2016; 147:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bidra AS, Daubert DM, Garcia LT, Kosinski TF, Nenn CA, Olsen JA, Platt JA, Wingrove SS, Chandler ND, Curtis DA. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Recall and Maintenance of Patients with Tooth-Borne and Implant-Borne Dental Restorations. J Prosthodont 2015; 25 Suppl 1:S32-40. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S. Bidra
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences; University of Connecticut Health Center; Farmington CT
| | - Diane M. Daubert
- Department of Periodontics; University of Washington School of Dentistry; Seattle WA
| | - Lily T. Garcia
- Office of the Dean; University of Iowa College of Dentistry & Dental Clinics; Iowa City IA
| | - Timothy F. Kosinski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry; Detroit MI
| | - Conrad A. Nenn
- Department of General Dental Sciences; Marquette University School of Dentistry; Milwaukee WI
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Platt
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Division of Dental Biomaterials; Indiana University School of Dentistry; Indianapolis IN
| | | | - Nancy Deal Chandler
- Executive Director; American College of Prosthodontists and ACP Education Foundation; Chicago IL
| | - Donald A. Curtis
- Department of Preventive & Restorative Dental Sciences; UCSF School of Dentistry; San Francisco CA
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Muniz FWMG, Sena KS, de Oliveira CC, Veríssimo DM, Carvalho RS, Martins RS. Efficacy of dental floss impregnated with chlorhexidine on reduction of supragingival biofilm: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2014; 13:117-24. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FWMG Muniz
- Department of Dental Practice; School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - KS Sena
- Department of Dental Practice; School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - CC de Oliveira
- Department of Dental Practice; School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - DM Veríssimo
- Department of Dental Practice; School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - RS Carvalho
- Discipline of Periodontology; School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
| | - RS Martins
- Discipline of Periodontology; School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Ceará Brazil
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Arora V, Tangade P, T L R, Tirth A, Pal S, Tandon V. Efficacy of dental floss and chlorhexidine mouth rinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing in removing plaque and gingival inflammation - a three way cross over trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC01-4. [PMID: 25478436 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/8807.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintaining good oral hygiene is important to combat periodontal diseases. The use of tooth brush alone does not serve the purpose of removing plaque which demands the use of some adjuncts such as proximal cleaning aids. AIM The study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Dental Floss and 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthrinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad, India. This was a randomized, double blind, three-way cross over clinical trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty five dental students in the age group of 19-25yr. were enrolled into the study. Subjects were randomly assigned into three groups (n=15) i.e. Group A- Toothbrushing with Dental floss (TB+DF), Group B- Toothbrushing with 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthrinse (TB+CHX-MR) and Group C- Toothbrushing alone (TB Alone) in a three-way crossover manner. After 21 d of trial period, plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were assessed for each group, oral prophylaxis followed by a washout period for 14d. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Mean, standard deviations and p-values were obtained. ANOVA test was used to compare the intergroup difference and Post hoc test to compare between the two groups. RESULTS The inter-group comparison for GI and PI at all interventions showed statistically significant difference (p<0.001). While comparing between group A and group C at second and third follow up, no significant difference were observed though group A showed reduction in mean values for both the clinical parameters whereas while comparing between group A and group B, statistically significant difference was observed, which is in line when compared with group B and group C. The Group B showed more reduction in plaque and gingival scores which was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). CONCLUSION CHX-MR when used as an adjunct to toothbrushing is more effective in the reduction of plaque and gingival scores than a toothbrush alone or in combination with DF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Arora
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre , Moradabad, India
| | - Pradeep Tangade
- Professor & Head, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre , Moradabad, India
| | - Ravishankar T L
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre , Moradabad, India
| | - Amit Tirth
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre , Moradabad, India
| | - Sumit Pal
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre , Moradabad, India
| | - Vaibhav Tandon
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Kothiwal Dental College and Research Centre , Moradabad, India
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15
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Chalhoub E, Emami E, Freijé M, Kandelman D, Campese M, St-Georges A, Voyer R, Rompré P, Barbeau J, Leduc A, Durand R. Effectiveness of an alcohol-free essential oil-containing mouthwash in institutionalised elders receiving long-term care: a feasibility study. Gerodontology 2014; 33:69-78. [PMID: 24593317 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To conduct a feasibility study on investigating the effectiveness of an alcohol-free essential oil mouthwash (AF-EOMW) to reduce plaque accumulation and oral pathogen levels in institutionalised elders receiving long-term care and to obtain preliminary results. BACKGROUND Although simple, cost-effective strategies to improve oral hygiene in seniors such as the use of mouthwashes have been shown to reduce the risks of respiratory diseases, little information is available on the feasibility of implementing these measures. METHODS Twenty-five elderly participants with significant loss of autonomy were initially recruited and divided into two groups. A test group rinsed with an AF-EOMW twice a day, and a control group rinsed with tap water. Data on demographic characteristics, dental history and tobacco use were collected from a questionnaire. Problems encountered during recruitment and data collection were documented. Plaque index, denture cleanliness and salivary levels of several pathogens were measured at three time points: baseline (T0 ), day 22 (T1 ) and day 45 (T2 ). RESULTS Eighteen participants completed the study. Several problems were encountered during recruitment and execution of the study protocol. No significant differences in clinical or microbiological measures were found between the test group and controls at three time points (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This pilot study shows that, if sufficient logistical and financial resources are available, it is feasible to conduct randomised clinical trials in a seniors' facility. The use of an AF-EOMW to improve oral hygiene in seniors was not found to be superior to tap water. However, larger controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Chalhoub
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elham Emami
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Freijé
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Kandelman
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Annie St-Georges
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - René Voyer
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Rompré
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Barbeau
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Annie Leduc
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Durand
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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