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Zubrzycki M, Schramm R, Costard-Jäckle A, Morshuis M, Gummert JF, Zubrzycka M. Pathogenesis and Surgical Treatment of Dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (D-TGA): Part II. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4823. [PMID: 39200964 PMCID: PMC11355351 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13164823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dextro-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) is the second most common cyanotic heart disease, accounting for 5-7% of all congenital heart defects (CHDs). It is characterized by ventriculoarterial (VA) connection discordance, atrioventricular (AV) concordance, and a parallel relationship with D-TGA. As a result, the pulmonary and systemic circulations are separated [the morphological right ventricle (RV) is connected to the aorta and the morphological left ventricle (LV) is connected to the pulmonary artery]. This anomaly is included in the group of developmental disorders of embryonic heart conotruncal irregularities, and their pathogenesis is multifactorial. The anomaly's development is influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. It can occur either as an isolated anomaly, or in association with other cardiac defects. The typical concomitant cardiac anomalies that may occur in patients with D-TGA include ventriculoseptal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO), mitral and tricuspid valve abnormalities, and coronary artery variations. Correction of the defect during infancy is the preferred treatment for D-TGA. Balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) is necessary prior to the operation. The recommended surgical correction methods include arterial switch operation (ASO) and atrial switch operation (AtrSR), as well as the Rastelli and Nikaidoh procedures. The most common postoperative complications include coronary artery stenosis, neoaortic root dilation, neoaortic insufficiency and neopulmonic stenosis, right ventricular (RV) outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO), left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Early diagnosis and treatment of D-TGA is paramount to the prognosis of the patient. Improved surgical techniques have made it possible for patients with D-TGA to survive into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zubrzycki
- Department of Surgery for Congenital Heart Defects, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany;
| | - Rene Schramm
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (M.M.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Angelika Costard-Jäckle
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (M.M.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Michiel Morshuis
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (M.M.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Jan F. Gummert
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Georgstr. 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (R.S.); (A.C.-J.); (M.M.); (J.F.G.)
| | - Maria Zubrzycka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Kurotaki T, Tomonari Y, Sato J, Kanno T, Tsuchitani M. A case report of ventricular septal defect in an adult Sprague Dawley rat. J Toxicol Pathol 2017; 30:327-332. [PMID: 29097843 PMCID: PMC5660955 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2016-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 20-week-old male Sprague Dawley rat noted with decreased body weight, dyspnea, and anorexia beginning 2 days before death was necropsied in the recovery period of a sub-chronic toxicity study. The heart was severely enlarged (30 × 20 × 20 mm), 3–4 times larger than normal, with an approximately 6 mm wide defect in the upper, membranous portion of the ventricular septum. Both ventricles measured 4 mm in thickness, and the right ventricle was 4 times thicker than normal. According to a microscopic examination, the myocardial fibers were severely hypertrophic in the right ventricle and mildly hypertrophic in the left ventricle and septum. Myocardial vacuolation, focal hemorrhages with hemosiderin-laden macrophages, myocardial necrosis, focal fibrosis, hyalinized myocardial fibers, and multifocal adhesive pericarditis were also present. This is the first report concerning severe ventricular septal defects in an adult Sprague Dawley rat with a detailed histopathological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kurotaki
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Yuki Tomonari
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Junko Sato
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuchitani
- Pathology Department, Nonclinical Research Center, LSI Medience Corporation, 14-1 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan
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Animasahun BA, Madise-Wobo AD, Gbelee HO, Omokhodion SI. Children with transposition of the great arteries: Should they actually be born in Nigeria? World J Cardiol 2017; 9:277-282. [PMID: 28400925 PMCID: PMC5368678 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To describe the clinical and echocardiographic features of Nigerian children with transposition of the great arteries and emphasize the need for collaboration with cardiac centres in the developed countries to be able to salvage the children.
METHODS Prospective and cross sectional involving consecutive patients diagnosed with transposition of the great arteries using clinical evaluation and echocardiography at the Paediatric Department of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria as part of a large study between January 2007 and December 2015.
RESULTS There were 51 cases of transposition of the great arteries within the study period with a male to female ratio of 2:1 and a prevalence of 1.55 per 10000 among population of children who presented to centre during the study. Its proportion amongst children with congenital heart disease was 4.9%, while it was 15.4% among those with cyanotic congenital heart disease. The mean age ± SD of the subjects was 10.3 ± 21.8 mo. Up to 70% of the patients were less than 6 mo of age at initial presentation. The most common mode of presentation was cyanosis. The most common associated intracardiac anomaly was ventricular septal defect which occurred in 56% of the patients.
CONCLUSION Transposition of the great arteries is as common in Nigeria as in the other parts of the world. The most common mode of presentation was cyanosis. There is an urgent need to establish paediatric cardiac centres in Nigeria if these children are to be salvaged.
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Lei L, Lin H, Zhong S, Zhang Z, Chen J, Yu X, Liu X, Zhang C, Nie Z, Zhuang J. DNA methyltransferase 1 rs16999593 genetic polymorphism decreases risk in patients with transposition of great arteries. Gene 2017; 615:50-56. [PMID: 28323001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is the most frequent cyanotic heart defect diagnosed in neonates. However, the exact etiology of TGA is unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the association of TGA pathogenesis with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs)-1 and 3a- in Chinese children. We genotyped 5 SNPs (rs16999593, rs16999358, and rs2228611 in DNMT1; and rs2276599 and rs2276598 in DNMT3A) in 206 patients with complete TGA and 252 healthy children. Statistical analysis was performed to explore the association of the 5 SNPs with complete TGA susceptibility. Compared with the T/T and C/C genotypes, the heterozygous genotype C/T of rs16999593 correlated with a decreased risk for complete TGA under codominant (OR=0.46; 95% CI=0.29-0.72), dominant (OR=0.58; 95% CI=0.38-0.88), and overdominant (OR=0.44; 95% CI=0.28-0.68) models. In contrast, the genotype C/C of rs16999593 correlated with a higher risk for TGA under a recessive model (OR=3.15; 95% CI=1.14-8.68) compared with the T/T and C/T genotypes. Furthermore, the TGC, TGT, CGC, and CGT haplotypes of DNMT1 did not differ significantly between the two groups, whereas the frequency of the TAC haplotype was lower in the case group (OR<1; P=0.002). No significant differences in the frequencies of the TC, CC, TT, and CT haplotypes of DNMT3A were found between the two groups. Furthermore, logistic regression showed that sex and the rs16999358 SNP were two independent risk factors for complete TGA. Overall, the C/T genotype of the rs16999593 SNP in DNMT1 might decrease the risk of complete TGA pathogenesis in the Southern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Lei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haoming Lin
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiyong Yu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Grewal DS, Khanna V, Saxena S, Chamoli SC. Sonographic diagnosis of transposition of great arteries in mid trimester: Our experience. Med J Armed Forces India 2016; 72:386-388. [PMID: 27843189 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D S Grewal
- Classified Specialist (Radiodiagnosis), Military Hospital, Allahabad, India
| | - Vikram Khanna
- Senior Advisor (Radiodiagnosis), Military Hospital, Jabalpur, India
| | - Sudhir Saxena
- Consultant (Radiodiagnosis), Command Hospital (Central Command), Lucknow, India
| | - S C Chamoli
- Classified Specialist, 166 Military Hospital, C/o 56 APO, India
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Takano M, Ogawa E, Saitou T, Yamaguchi Y, Asano Y, Serikawa T, Kuramoto T. Morphological features of adult rats of IS/Kyo and IS-Tlk/Kyo strains with lumbar and caudal vertebral anomalies. Exp Anim 2014; 63:269-75. [PMID: 25077756 PMCID: PMC4206730 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IS-Tlk/Kyo, a mutant derived from IS/Kyo strain,
exhibits a kinked and/or short tail, in addition to the congenital lumbar vertebral
anomaly. Homozygotes of Tlk dominant gene are known to die during
embryonic development. We previously reported the morphological features of the skeleton
in IS/Kyo and IS-Tlk/Kyo fetuses and of the heart in
IS/Kyo fetuses [19]. This study was conducted to
clarify the morphological features of the skeleton in both adult rats and of the heart in
adult IS/Kyo rats. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) was observed in 3 out of 10 IS/Kyo
rats. Neither splitting of lumbar vertebra and supernumerary rib (in both strains) nor
fused or absent caudal cartilage (in IS-Tlk/Kyo strain) was detected in
adult rats. Fusion of lumbar vertebrae was observed in almost all specimens together with
lumbarization of sacral vertebrae in a few specimens in both adult rats as well as fusion
of sacral and caudal vertebrae only in adult IS-Tlk/Kyo rats. In
addition, a severe reduction in the ossified sacral and caudal vertebrae was noted in
adult IS-Tlk/Kyo rats (mean number: 20.6) and IS/Kyo
rats (31.8), and the difference was similar to that in the length of sacral and caudal
vertebrae. These results suggest that the Tlk gene may be involved in
both the congenital and acquired abnormal formation of the lower vertebral centra as well
as the persistent occurrence of VSD by the background gene in IS/Kyo strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Takano
- Gotemba Laboratory, Bozo Research Center Inc., 1284 Kamado, Gotemba-shi, Shizuoka 412-0039, Japan
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Ahir BK, Pratten MK. Developmental cardiotoxicity effects of four commonly used antiepileptic drugs in embryonic chick heart micromass culture and embryonic stem cell culture systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:948-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lei L, Lin H, Zhong S, Zhang Z, Chen J, Li XX, Yu X, Liu X, Zhuang J. Analysis of mutations in 7 candidate genes for dextro-Transposition of the great arteries in Chinese population. J Thorac Dis 2014; 6:491-6. [PMID: 24822108 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.03.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transposition of great arteries (TGA) represents the most frequent cyanotic heart defect diagnosed in the neonatal period. Several genes had been identified to be associated with the pathogenesis of dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). These genes are located in different chromosomes and their mutations can only explain few clinical cases. Besides, no genetic scan for TGA has been implemented in China. METHODS To evaluate whether aberrations in any of the 13 reported mutations in seven genes (MED13L, ZIC3, CFC1, NODAL, FOXH1, GDF1 and NKX2-5) could completely or in part be the genetic component involved in TGA in Chinese population, we screened 102 Chinese patients with d-TGA by direct sequencing for mutations within the seven genes. RESULTS We found none of the reported 13 mutations in those 102 Chinese d-TGA patients. CONCLUSIONS These reported 13 mutations may not be a common cause of d-TGA in Chinese population due to racial variation and genetic heterogeneity of TGA. New approaches including the whole exome sequencing technology are required to effectively identify genetic variants in TGA patients in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Lei
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haoming Lin
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shilong Zhong
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jimei Chen
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiyong Yu
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xaioqing Liu
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Zhuang
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 2 Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 3 Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China ; 4 Department of Pediatrics of Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Martins P, Castela E. Transposition of the great arteries. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2008; 3:27. [PMID: 18851735 PMCID: PMC2577629 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), also referred to as complete transposition, is a congenital cardiac malformation characterised by atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial (VA) discordance. The incidence is estimated at 1 in 3,500–5,000 live births, with a male-to-female ratio 1.5 to 3.2:1. In 50% of cases, the VA discordance is an isolated finding. In 10% of cases, TGA is associated with noncardiac malformations. The association with other cardiac malformations such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is frequent and dictates timing and clinical presentation, which consists of cyanosis with or without congestive heart failure. The onset and severity depend on anatomical and functional variants that influence the degree of mixing between the two circulations. If no obstructive lesions are present and there is a large VSD, cyanosis may go undetected and only be perceived during episodes of crying or agitation. In these cases, signs of congestive heart failure prevail. The exact aetiology remains unknown. Some associated risk factors (gestational diabetes mellitus, maternal exposure to rodenticides and herbicides, maternal use of antiepileptic drugs) have been postulated. Mutations in growth differentiation factor-1 gene, the thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein-2 gene and the gene encoding the cryptic protein have been shown implicated in discordant VA connections, but they explain only a small minority of TGA cases. The diagnosis is confirmed by echocardiography, which also provides the morphological details required for future surgical management. Prenatal diagnosis by foetal echocardiography is possible and desirable, as it may improve the early neonatal management and reduce morbidity and mortality. Differential diagnosis includes other causes of central neonatal cyanosis. Palliative treatment with prostaglandin E1 and balloon atrial septostomy are usually required soon after birth. Surgical correction is performed at a later stage. Usually, the Jatene arterial switch operation is the procedure of choice. Whenever this operation is not feasible, adequate alternative surgical approach should be implemented. With the advent of newer and improved surgical techniques and post operative intensive care, the long-term survival is approximately 90% at 15 years of age. However, the exercise performance, cognitive function and quality of life may be impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martins
- Serviço de Cardiologia Pediátrica, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Okuda H, Takeuchi T, Senoh H, Arito H, Nagano K, Yamamoto S, Matsushima T. Effects of inhalation exposure to propylene oxide on respiratory tract, reproduction and development in rats. J Occup Health 2007; 48:462-73. [PMID: 17179639 DOI: 10.1539/joh.48.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasal, respiratory, reproductive and developmental toxicities of propylene oxide (PO) were examined by exposing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to PO vapor by inhalation at a concentration of 0 (control), 125, 250, 500 or 1,000 ppm for 6 h/d, 7 d/wk, during a 5- to 6-wk period, including premating, mating and postmating or gestation. The inhalation exposure to 1,000 ppm PO seriously affected parental survival, the upper and lower respiratory tract, male and female reproductive systems, motor function, and fetal survival and development, whereas the exposure to 500 ppm or less primarily caused nasal lesions without any sign of reproductive or developmental toxicity. Because atrophy of the olfactory epithelium in the male rats exposed to 250 ppm was the most sensitive endpoint for PO toxicity, the NOAEL was determined to be 125 ppm for the nasal endpoint. An additional inhalation experiment was carried out to further examine developmental toxicity by exposing pregnant rats to 0, 125, 250, 500, 750 or 1,000 ppm PO during a 2-wk period of gestation, Day 6 through Day 19. The 2-wk inhalation experiment revealed that reduced fetal body weights and delayed ossification occurred in association with significantly reduced body weights of the dams exposed to 750 and 1,000 ppm, whereas neither fetal death nor teratogenicity occurred at those two exposure levels. It was concluded that the developmental toxicity of fetal death was manifested at parentally toxic exposure levels above 500 ppm, a level which seriously affected parental survival, the upper and lower respiratory tracts and reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Okuda
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Kanagawa, Japan.
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