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Böhm J, Muenzner JK, Caliskan A, Ndreshkjana B, Erlenbach-Wünsch K, Merkel S, Croner R, Rau TT, Geppert CI, Hartmann A, Roehe AV, Schneider-Stock R. Loss of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) at tumor invasion front is correlated with higher aggressiveness in colorectal cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2227-2240. [PMID: 31317325 PMCID: PMC6708512 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is associated with epigenetic gene silencing and aggressiveness in many tumor types. However, the prognostic impact of high EZH2 expression is controversially discussed for colorectal cancer. For this reason, we immunohistochemically analyzed EZH2 expression in 105 specimens from colon cancer patients separately for tumor center and invasion front. METHODS All sections from tissue microarrays were evaluated manually and digitally using Definiens Tissue Studio software (TSS). To mirror-image the EZH2 status at the tumor invasion front, we treated HCT116 colon cancer cells with the EZH2 inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) and studied the growth of in ovo xenografts in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. RESULTS We showed a significant decrease in EZH2 expression and the repressive H3K27me3 code at the tumor invasion front as supported by the TSS-constructed heatmaps. Loss of EZH2 at tumor invasion front, but not in tumor center was correlated with unfavorable prognosis and more advanced tumor stages. The observed cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo was associated with higher tumor aggressiveness. Xenografts formed by DZNep-treated HCT116 cells showed loosely packed tumor masses, infiltrative growth into the CAM, and high vessel density. CONCLUSION The differences in EZH2 expression between tumor center and invasion front as well as different scoring and cutoff values can most likely explain controversial literature data concerning the prognostic value of EZH2. Epigenetic therapies using EZH2 inhibitors have to be carefully evaluated for each specific tumor type, since alterations in cell differentiation might lead to unfavorable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Böhm
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julienne Kathrin Muenzner
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aylin Caliskan
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benardina Ndreshkjana
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Erlenbach-Wünsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Merkel
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Croner
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tilman T Rau
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Bern, Murtenstr. 31, 3008, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carol Immanuel Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adriana Vial Roehe
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), R. Sarmento Leite, 245-Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 22, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8-10, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Age-related gene expression in luminal epithelial cells is driven by a microenvironment made from myoepithelial cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:2026-2051. [PMID: 29016359 PMCID: PMC5680554 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Luminal epithelial cells in the breast gradually alter gene and protein expression with age, appearing to lose lineage-specificity by acquiring myoepithelial-like characteristics. We hypothesize that the luminal lineage is particularly sensitive to microenvironment changes, and age-related microenvironment changes cause altered luminal cell phenotypes. To evaluate the effects of different microenvironments on the fidelity of epigenetically regulated luminal and myoepithelial gene expression, we generated a set of lineage-specific probes for genes that are controlled through DNA methylation. Culturing primary luminal cells under conditions that favor myoepithelial propogation led to their reprogramming at the level of gene methylation, and to a more myoepithelial-like expression profile. Primary luminal cells' lineage-specific gene expression could be maintained when they were cultured as bilayers with primary myoepithelial cells. Isogenic stromal fibroblast co-cultures were unable to maintain the luminal phenotype. Mixed-age luminal-myoepithelial bilayers revealed that luminal cells adopt transcription and methylation patterns consistent with the chronological age of the myoepithelial cells. We provide evidence that the luminal epithelial phenotype is exquisitely sensitive to microenvironment conditions, and that states of aging are cell non-autonomously communicated through microenvironment cues over at least one cell diameter.
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LaBarge MA, Mora-Blanco EL, Samson S, Miyano M. Breast Cancer beyond the Age of Mutation. Gerontology 2015; 62:434-42. [PMID: 26539838 DOI: 10.1159/000441030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the greatest risk factor for breast cancer, but the reasons underlying this association are unclear. While there is undeniably a genetic component to all cancers, the accumulation of mutations with age is insufficient to explain the age-dependent increase in breast cancer incidence. In this viewpoint, we propose a multilevel framework to better understand the respective roles played by somatic mutation, microenvironment, and epigenetics making women more susceptible to breast cancer with age. The process of aging is associated with gradual breast tissue changes that not only corrupt the tumor-suppressive activity of normal tissue but also impose age-specific epigenetic changes that alter gene expression, thus reinforcing cellular phenotypes that are associated with a continuum of age-related tissue microenvironments. The evidence discussed here suggests that while the riddle of whether epigenetics drives microenvironmental changes, or whether changes in the microenvironment alter heritable cellular memory has not been solved, a path has been cleared enabling functional analysis leading to the prediction of key nodes in the network that link the microenvironment with the epigenome. The hypothesis that the accumulation of somatic mutations with age drives the age-related increase in breast cancer incidence, if correct, has a somewhat nihilistic conclusion, namely that cancers will be impossible to avoid. Alternatively, if microenvironment-driven epigenetic changes are the key to explaining susceptibility to age-related breast cancers, then there is hope that primary prevention is possible because epigenomes are relatively malleable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A LaBarge
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif., USA
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Stewart CJR, Crook ML. Fascin and cyclin D1 immunoreactivity in non-neoplastic vulvar squamous epithelium, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous carcinoma: correlation with Ki67 and p16 protein expression. J Clin Pathol 2013; 67:319-25. [PMID: 24218024 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-201920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate cyclin D1 and fascin immunoreactivity in normal, reactive and neoplastic vulvar skin correlating the findings with p16 protein and Ki67 expression. METHODS 66 vulvar biopsy or resection specimens demonstrating normal appearances, reactive epidermal changes, usual-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN), differentiated-type VIN (dVIN), p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and p16-negative SCC were examined immunohistochemically for cyclin D1, fascin, Ki67 and p16 protein. Where applicable, expression patterns were compared in microanatomically distinct areas, particularly at the invasive front (deep tumour margin) of SCC. RESULTS Normal epidermis showed parabasal Ki67 and cyclin D1 staining while fascin labelled cells in the lower one-third of the epithelium. Reactive and dVIN specimens demonstrated mildly increased Ki67 and cyclin D1 expression that maintained parabasal polarity, whereas uVIN and p16-positive SCC were characterised by loss of cyclin D1 staining. However, in 14 of 20 p16-positive SCC small infiltrative tumour groups and single infiltrating cells at the invasive front showed a cyclin D1-positive/ Ki67-negative phenotype. In contrast, p16-negative SCC generally showed diffuse and concordant cyclin D1 and Ki67 labelling, including at the invasive margin. Fascin expression was increased in all VIN and SCC lesions. CONCLUSIONS Variations in cyclin D1 and Ki67 expression between p16-positive and p16-negative vulvar SCCs suggest different mechanisms of invasion in these tumour subgroups. Fascin is upregulated in vulvar squamous neoplasia but immunostaining does not discriminate in situ from invasive lesions nor putative human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated and HPV-independent SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J R Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, , Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Miranda E, Bianchi P, Destro A, Morenghi E, Malesci A, Santoro A, Laghi L, Roncalli M. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in primary colorectal cancers and related lymph node and liver metastases. Cancer 2012; 119:266-76. [PMID: 22786759 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis and survival are strictly related to the development of distant metastases. New targeted therapies have increased patient survival, but the objective response rate is still very limited, partially because of a traditional focus on designing treatment according to the molecular profile of the primary tumor regardless the diversity between the primary tumor and metastases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of molecular heterogeneity during metastatic progression and its potential impact on clinical treatment. METHODS The authors analyzed v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) codon 12 mutations, the v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) thymine to adenine substitution at codon 1788, and tumor protein 53 (p53) mutations and investigated promoter methylation of Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain family member 1 protein (RASSF1a), E-cadherin, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4a) in 101 primary CRCs (67 stage III and 34 stage IV) and related lymph node and liver metastases. RESULTS Lymph node metastases were characterized by fewer alterations compared with primary tumors and liver metastases, especially KRAS (P = .03) and p16INK4a (P = .05). Genetic changes, when detectable in metastases, mostly were retained from the primary tumor, whereas epigenetic changes more frequently were acquired de novo. Overall, 31 distinct CRC molecular profiles were detected, none of which characterized a particular tumor stage. When the metastatic lesions also were included in the profiles, there were 53 distinct molecular profiles in 67 patients with stage III disease and 34 distinct molecular profiles in 34 patients with stage IV disease. CONCLUSIONS Lymph node and liver metastases appear to originate in clonally different processes, with more molecular alterations occurring in distant metastases than in lymph node metastases and with elevated heterogeneity of the primary tumor. Thus, potential prognostic targets should be carefully evaluated for their heterogeneity in both primary tumors and distant metastases to avoid erroneous misclassification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Miranda
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Garbe JC, Pepin F, Pelissier FA, Sputova K, Fridriksdottir AJ, Guo DE, Villadsen R, Park M, Petersen OW, Borowsky AD, Stampfer MR, Labarge MA. Accumulation of multipotent progenitors with a basal differentiation bias during aging of human mammary epithelia. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3687-701. [PMID: 22552289 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Women older than 50 years account for 75% of new breast cancer diagnoses, and the majority of these tumors are of a luminal subtype. Although age-associated changes, including endocrine profiles and alterations within the breast microenvironment, increase cancer risk, an understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlies these observations is lacking. In this study, we generated a large collection of normal human mammary epithelial cell strains from women ages 16 to 91 years, derived from primary tissues, to investigate the molecular changes that occur in aging breast cells. We found that in finite lifespan cultured and uncultured epithelial cells, aging is associated with a reduction of myoepithelial cells and an increase in luminal cells that express keratin 14 and integrin-α6, a phenotype that is usually expressed exclusively in myoepithelial cells in women younger than 30 years. Changes to the luminal lineage resulted from age-dependent expansion of defective multipotent progenitors that gave rise to incompletely differentiated luminal or myoepithelial cells. The aging process therefore results in both a shift in the balance of luminal/myoepithelial lineages and to changes in the functional spectrum of multipotent progenitors, which together increase the potential for malignant transformation. Together, our findings provide a cellular basis to explain the observed vulnerability to breast cancer that increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Garbe
- Life Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Sameer AS, Abdullah S, Nissar S, Rasool R, Shah ZA, Afroze D, Chowdri NA, Siddiqi MA. The blues of P(16)INK(4a): aberrant promoter methylation and association with colorectal cancer in the Kashmir valley. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5:1053-7. [PMID: 22218684 PMCID: PMC3493103 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the p16INK4a (p16) gene plays a significant role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the present study was to establish the role of the methylation status of the p16 gene in 114 CRC cases and to correlate it with the various clinicopathological parameters. Analysis of p16 promoter methylation was performed by methylation-specific PCR. Forty-eight (42.1%) of the CRC cases were found to be methylated for the p16 gene in our population. The methylation status was found to be associated with the gender, lymph node status, tumour stage, smoking status and tumour grade of the CRC patients. p16 plays a pivotal role in tumour development and progression to advanced stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Syed Sameer
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Kashmir 190011, India
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Stewart CJR, Crook ML, Doherty DA. Micro-anatomical variation in cellular proliferation in endometrial adenocarcinoma, and inverse correlation between Ki67 and cytokeratin 7 expression. Histopathology 2010; 57:46-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lonergan KM, Chari R, Coe BP, Wilson IM, Tsao MS, Ng RT, MacAulay C, Lam S, Lam WL. Transcriptome profiles of carcinoma-in-situ and invasive non-small cell lung cancer as revealed by SAGE. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9162. [PMID: 20161782 PMCID: PMC2820080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents as a progressive disease spanning precancerous, preinvasive, locally invasive, and metastatic lesions. Identification of biological pathways reflective of these progressive stages, and aberrantly expressed genes associated with these pathways, would conceivably enhance therapeutic approaches to this devastating disease. Methodology/Principal Findings Through the construction and analysis of SAGE libraries, we have determined transcriptome profiles for preinvasive carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) and invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung, and compared these with expression profiles generated from both bronchial epithelium, and precancerous metaplastic and dysplastic lesions using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Expression of genes associated with epidermal development, and loss of expression of genes associated with mucociliary biology, are predominant features of CIS, largely shared with precancerous lesions. Additionally, expression of genes associated with xenobiotic metabolism/detoxification is a notable feature of CIS, and is largely maintained in invasive cancer. Genes related to tissue fibrosis and acute phase immune response are characteristic of the invasive SCC phenotype. Moreover, the data presented here suggests that tissue remodeling/fibrosis is initiated at the early stages of CIS. Additionally, this study indicates that alteration in copy-number status represents a plausible mechanism for differential gene expression in CIS and invasive SCC. Conclusions/Significance This study is the first report of large-scale expression profiling of CIS of the lung. Unbiased expression profiling of these preinvasive and invasive lesions provides a platform for further investigations into the molecular genetic events relevant to early stages of squamous NSCLC development. Additionally, up-regulated genes detected at extreme differences between CIS and invasive cancer may have potential to serve as biomarkers for early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M. Lonergan
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Raj Chari
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bradley P. Coe
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian M. Wilson
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond T. Ng
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Computer Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Calum MacAulay
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen Lam
- Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Genetics Unit, Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kondou M, Nagayasu T, Hidaka S, Tsuchiya T, Takeshita H, Yasutake T, Yano H, Minami H, Iwasaki K. Correlation between angiogenesis and p53 expression in lung adenocarcinoma of young patients. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2009; 217:101-7. [PMID: 19212102 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.217.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer commonly occurs in individuals who are 60 years of age or older. Lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years of age is rare and is often advanced when discovered. However, the biological features of lung cancer in young adults have not yet been fully elucidated. This study was conducted to determine the role of p53 expression and neoangiogenesis in lung adenocarcinomas of young patients. Lung adenocarcinomas, which were surgically resected from 20 patients younger than 40 years of age between 1977 and 1996, were compared with lung adenocarcinomas selected with random sampling from 45 patients older than 60 years of age. The expression of p53, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34, a marker for vascular endothelial cells, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were studied immunohistochemically in both young and elderly patient groups. Lung adenocarcinomas with p53-positive staining showed higher expression of VEGF protein than p53-negative tumors in both the young and the elderly groups. However, the intratumoral microvessel count was significantly higher in the p53-positive young group than in the elderly group. The percentage of VEGF-positive cells correlated significantly with intratumoral microvessel counts in the young group. The survival rate tended to be poorer in patients with a high VEGF labeling index and p53-positive staining than in other young patients. Lung adenocarcinoma occurring in young patients tends to have a poorer prognosis, and angiogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma in young patients is more closely correlated with p53 expression than in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Kondou
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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Stewart CJR, Crook ML, Leung YC, Platten M. Expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in endometrial adenocarcinoma: variations in conventional tumor areas and in microcystic, elongated and fragmented glands. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:725-33. [PMID: 19270644 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial adenocarcinomas may show a distinctive pattern of invasion characterized by the presence of microcystic, elongated and fragmented glands, often most evident along the advancing tumor margin. Earlier, we have shown that these changes appear restricted to low-grade endometrioid carcinomas, many of which show focal mucinous differentiation and lymphovascular space invasion. However, the molecular alterations associated with this morphological alteration are not known. In this study, we have examined immunoreactivity for the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D1, p16 and beta-catenin in 22 endometrial carcinomas, specifically comparing the results in conventional tumor areas and in foci in which the glands exhibited microcystic, elongated and fragmented appearances. The conventional neoplastic glands exhibited cyclin D1 and p16 expression in most cases, with >50% tumor cells positive in 8 cases and 11 tumors, respectively. Membranous expression of beta-catenin was usually preserved, with variable cytoplasmic and nuclear staining. Cyclin D1 and beta-catenin predominantly stained cells at the peripheral or basal aspect of the conventional glands, whereas p16 was more uniformly expressed centrally. Tumor foci composed of microcystic, fragmented and elongated glands showed strong expression of cyclin D1 and p16, sometimes in contrast to unstained contiguous or adjacent conventional neoplastic elements, and there was also loss or fragmentation of membranous beta-catenin staining. Intravascular tumor cells also expressed cyclin D1 and p16 and therefore the immunostains often highlighted subtle foci of lymphovascular invasion. The heterogeneous expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins within endometrial adenocarcinoma illustrates the importance of assessing microanatomical variations in immunoreactivity, particularly at the advancing margin of tumors. The upregulation of cyclin D1 and p16, together with loss of membranous beta-catenin expression in microcystic, fragmented and elongated glands, is similar to epithelial-mesenchymal transitions observed in other malignancies and suggests that this pattern of invasion represents an active rather than a degenerative cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J R Stewart
- Department of Histopathology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Liu T, Niu Y, Feng Y, Niu R, Yu Y, Lv A, Yang Y. Methylation of CpG islands of p16(INK4a) and cyclinD1 overexpression associated with progression of intraductal proliferative lesions of the breast. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1637-46. [PMID: 18657295 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
P16(INK4a) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently inactivated by aberrant promoter hypermethylation. In this study, p16(INK4a) methylation was evaluated in intraductal proliferative lesions of the breast, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MethyLight) and methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was performed to compare and validate the methylation analysis. P16(INK4a) methylation associated with oncogene cyclinD1 expression, detected through the use of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, was likewise characterized. P16(INK4a) methylation displayed varying significance among different types of intraductal proliferative lesions. Both the positive rate and the median quantitative methylation value increased with the evolution of intraductal proliferative lesions through the use of quantitative and qualitative assays. P16(INK4a) methylation was positively correlated to cyclinD1 overexpression. This study demonstrated that p16(INK4a) methylation served as the silencing mechanism of p16(INK4a) protein expression and played a crucial role in the intraductal proliferative lesions' progression. In the differential diagnosis of intraductal proliferative lesions, quantitative DNA methylation analysis of p16(INK4a) by MethyLight may be used as a surrogate, especially to distinguish atypical ductal hyperplasia from usual ductal hyperplasia and low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ. Furthermore, this study discovered that flat epithelial atypia do not share similar molecular profiles of p16(INK4a) epigenetic modification with atypical ductal hyperplasia and low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieju Liu
- Breast Cancer Research Key Laboratory of National (Education Ministry), Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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