Treatment with aliskiren/amlodipine combination in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension: a randomised, double-blind, active comparator trial

Additivity of nebivolol/valsartan single-pill combinations versus other single-pill combinations for hypertension

The single‐pill combination (SPC) comprising nebivolol (5 mg), a vasodilatory β₁‐selective antagonist/β₃‐agonist, and valsartan (80 mg), a renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor, is the only Food and Drug Administration–approved β‐blocker/renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor SPC for hypertension. Additive effects of four nebivolol/valsartan SPC doses (5 mg/80 mg, 5/160 mg, 10/160 mg, 10/320 mg nebivolol/valsartan) were compared with five Food and Drug Administration–approved non–β‐blocker/renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor SPCs (aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide, aliskiren/amlodipine, valsartan/amlodipine, aliskiren/valsartan, and telmisartan/amlodipine). Additivity is the ratio of placebo‐adjusted SPC blood pressure (BP) reduction to the placebo‐adjusted monotherapy component BP reduction sums. A weighted average of comparator scores was calculated and compared vs nebivolol/valsartan. Additivity ratio scores for nebivolol/valsartan SPCs (diastolic BP range: 0.735–0.866; systolic BP range: 0.717–0.822) were similar to the comparator weighted average (diastolic BP: 0.837; systolic BP: 0.825). Among the nebivolol/valsartan SPCs, 5/80 mg had the greatest additivity (diastolic BP: 0.866; systolic BP: 0.822). BP reduction contributions with monotherapy were similar for nebivolol/valsartan 5/80 mg SPC. Additivity scores for nebivolol/valsartan and select non–β‐blocker/renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitor SPCs were comparable.

Renin Inhibition with Aliskiren: A Decade of Clinical Experience

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of arterial hypertension as well as in more complex mechanisms of cardiovascular and renal diseases. RAAS-blocking agents like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, have long been key components in the treatment of essential hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease, showing benefits well beyond blood pressure reduction. Renin blockade as the first step of the RAAS cascade finally became possible in 2007 with the approval of aliskiren, the first orally active direct renin inhibitor available for clinical use and the newest antihypertensive agent on the market. In the last decade, many clinical trials and meta-analyses have been conducted concerning the efficacy and safety of aliskiren in comparison to other antihypertensive agents, as well as the efficacy and potential clinical use of various combinations. Large trials with cardiovascular and renal endpoints attempted to show potential benefits of aliskiren beyond blood pressure lowering, as well as morbidity and mortality outcomes in specific populations such as diabetics, heart failure patients, and post-myocardial infarction individuals. The purpose of this review is to present the currently available data regarding established and future potential clinical uses of aliskiren.

Aliskiren/amlodipine vs. aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide in hypertension: indirect meta-analysis of trials comparing the two combinations vs. monotherapy

BACKGROUND

Aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor, is effective for reducing blood pressure (BP) in patients with hypertension when combined with amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). However, the efficacy and tolerability of the 2 combinations are unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of aliskiren/amlodpine and aliskiren/HCTZ for hypertension.

METHODS

The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, and the Novartis clinical trial database were searched through December 2012 for reports of randomized controlled trials of aliskiren/amlodpine and aliskiren/HCTZ vs. monotherapy in patients with hypertension. The main outcome measures were reduction in systolic BP and diastolic BP from baseline and rates of therapeutic response and BP control. Tolerance of aliskiren/amlodipine and aliskiren/HCTZ was also analyzed. Outcomes were initially pooled by standard random-effects methods, producing a weighted mean difference (WMD) or risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The pooled estimates were then used for adjusted indirect comparisons.

RESULTS

We selected 19 reports of trials involving 13,614 participants. Aliskiren/amlodpine and aliskiren/HCTZ were more effective than monotherapy in controlling BP. Aliskiren/amlodipine was significantly more effective than aliskiren/HCTZ in reducing systolic BP (WMD = -3.36 mm Hg; 95% CI = -4.64 to 2.07 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (WMD = -3.49 mm Hg; 95% CI = -4.34 to 2.63 mm Hg). As compared with aliskiren/HCTZ, alikiren/amlodipine was associated with higher rate of therapeutic response (RR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.14-1.33) and BP control (RR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.11-1.39). Number of adverse events and withdrawals due to adverse events were similar with aliskiren/amlodipine and aliskiren/HCTZ.

CONCLUSIONS

BP control is better with aliskiren combined with amlodipine or HCTZ than with monotherapy, with aliskiren/amlodipine being more effective than aliskiren/HCTZ.

Aliskiren and amlodipine in the management of essential hypertension: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

Aliskiren is a novel renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor, the combination therapy of aliskiren and amlodipine for blood pressure control have been reported recently. The primary objective of this analysis is to review recently reported randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare antihypertensive effects and adverse events between mono (amlodipine or aliskiren alone) and combination therapy of both medicines.

Methods

Databases for the search included Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Revman v5.0 statistical program was used to analyze the data. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for the calculation of continuous data, and relative risk (RR) with a 95% CI was used for dichotomous data.

Results

We analyzed the data from 7 RCTs for a total of 6074 participants in this meta-analysis. We found that the aliskiren/amlodipine combination therapy had a stronger effect in lowering blood pressure as compared with the monotherapy using aliskiren (SBP: WMD = −10.42, 95% CI −13.03∼−7.82, P<0.00001; DBP: WMD = −6.60, 95% CI −7.22∼−5.97, P<0.00001) or amlodipine (SBP: WMD = −4.85, 95% CI −6.88∼−2.81, P<0.00001; DBP: WMD = −2.91, 95% CI −3.85∼−1.97, P<0.00001). No differences were found in terms of adverse events between combination therapy and monotherapy, except for the rates of peripheral edema and hypokalaemia which were significantly lower in the combination therapy than in the amlodipine monotherapy (RR = 0.78, 0.66∼0.92, P = 0.004; RR = 0.51, 0.27∼0.97, P = 0.04). Similar antihypertensive effects were found in both obese (body mass index > = 30 kg/m²) hypertensive and non-obese (body mass index <30 kg/m²) hypertensive patients. Moreover, there was no difference with the blood pressure lowering or adverse effects with regards to the combination therapy in both subgroups.

Conclusion

We found that aliskiren/amlodipine combination therapy provided a more effective blood pressure reduction than monotherapy with either drug without increase in the occurrence of adverse events.