1
|
Baby S, Shinde SD, Kulkarni N, Sahu B. Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Inhibitors: Peptides as an Emerging Class of Therapeutics. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2144-2155. [PMID: 37812385 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the epigenetic regulator lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has been associated with the incidence of many diseases, particularly cancer, and it has evolved as a promising epigenetic target over the years for treatment. The advent of LSD1 inhibitor-based clinical utility began with tranylcypromine, and it is now considered an inevitable scaffold in the search for other irreversible novel LSD1 inhibitors (IMG-7289 or bomedemstat, ORY1001 or iadademstat, ORY-2001 or vafidemstat, GSK2879552, and INCB059872). Moreover, numerous reversible inhibitors for LSD1 have been reported in the literature, including clinical candidates CC-90011 (pulrodemstat) and SP-2577 (seclidemstat). There is parallel mining for peptide-based LSD1 inhibitors, which exploits the opportunities in the LSD1 substrate binding pocket. This Review highlights the research progress on reversible and irreversible peptide/peptide-derived LSD1 inhibitors. For the first time, we comprehensively organized the peptide-based LSD1 inhibitors from the design strategy. Peptide inhibitors of LSD1 are classified as H3 peptide and SNAIL1 peptide derivatives, along with miscellaneous peptides that include naturally occurring LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephin Baby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
| | - Suchita Dattatray Shinde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
| | - Neeraj Kulkarni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
| | - Bichismita Sahu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khomutov MA, Khomutov AR. Synthesis of 2-Methylidene Spermidine and its N1-Acetylated Derivative. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
3
|
Identification and Characterization of Novel Small-Molecule SMOX Inhibitors. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 10:medsci10030047. [PMID: 36135832 PMCID: PMC9504029 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The major intracellular polyamines spermine and spermidine are abundant and ubiquitous compounds that are essential for cellular growth and development. Spermine catabolism is mediated by spermine oxidase (SMOX), a highly inducible flavin-dependent amine oxidase that is upregulated during excitotoxic, ischemic, and inflammatory states. In addition to the loss of radical scavenging capabilities associated with spermine depletion, the catabolism of spermine by SMOX results in the production of toxic byproducts, including H2O2 and acrolein, a highly toxic aldehyde with the ability to form adducts with DNA and inactivate vital cellular proteins. Despite extensive evidence implicating SMOX as a key enzyme contributing to secondary injury associated with multiple pathologic states, the lack of potent and selective inhibitors has significantly impeded the investigation of SMOX as a therapeutic target. In this study, we used a virtual and physical screening approach to identify and characterize a series of hit compounds with inhibitory activity against SMOX. We now report the discovery of potent and highly selective SMOX inhibitors 6 (IC50 0.54 μM, Ki 1.60 μM) and 7 (IC50 0.23 μM, Ki 0.46 μM), which are the most potent SMOX inhibitors reported to date. We hypothesize that these selective SMOX inhibitors will be useful as chemical probes to further elucidate the impact of polyamine catabolism on mechanisms of cellular injury.
Collapse
|
4
|
Structure of human spermine oxidase in complex with a highly selective allosteric inhibitor. Commun Biol 2022; 5:787. [PMID: 35931745 PMCID: PMC9355956 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human spermine oxidase (hSMOX) plays a central role in polyamine catabolism. Due to its association with several pathological processes, including inflammation and cancer, hSMOX has garnered interest as a possible therapeutic target. Therefore, determination of the structure of hSMOX is an important step to enable drug discovery and validate hSMOX as a drug target. Using insights from hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), we engineered a hSMOX construct to obtain the first crystal structure of hSMOX bound to the known polyamine oxidase inhibitor MDL72527 at 2.4 Å resolution. While the overall fold of hSMOX is similar to its homolog, murine N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (mPAOX), the two structures contain significant differences, notably in their substrate-binding domains and active site pockets. Subsequently, we employed a sensitive biochemical assay to conduct a high-throughput screen that identified a potent and selective hSMOX inhibitor, JNJ-1289. The co-crystal structure of hSMOX with JNJ-1289 was determined at 2.1 Å resolution, revealing that JNJ-1289 binds to an allosteric site, providing JNJ-1289 with a high degree of selectivity towards hSMOX. These results provide crucial insights into understanding the substrate specificity and enzymatic mechanism of hSMOX, and for the design of highly selective inhibitors. Rational engineering of human spermine oxidase yields crystallizable structures and the design of an allosteric inhibitor.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Involvement of Polyamines Catabolism in the Crosstalk between Neurons and Astrocytes in Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071756. [PMID: 35885061 PMCID: PMC9312548 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the content of polyamines is tightly regulated. Polyamines, including spermine, spermidine and putrescine, are involved in many cellular processes. Spermine oxidase specifically oxidizes spermine, and its deregulated activity has been reported to be linked to brain pathologies involving neuron damage. Spermine is a neuromodulator of a number of ionotropic glutamate receptors and types of ion channels. In this respect, the Dach-SMOX mouse model overexpressing spermine oxidase in the neocortex neurons was revealed to be a model of chronic oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and neuronal damage. Reactive astrocytosis, chronic oxidative and excitotoxic stress, neuron loss and the susceptibility to seizure in the Dach-SMOX are discussed here. This genetic model would help researchers understand the linkage between polyamine dysregulation and neurodegeneration and unveil the roles of polyamines in the crosstalk between astrocytes and neurons in neuroprotection or neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dmochowska-Boguta M, Kloc Y, Orczyk W. Polyamine Oxidation Is Indispensable for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Oxidative Response and Necrotic Reactions during Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) Infection. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122787. [PMID: 34961257 PMCID: PMC8703351 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is a signal and effector molecule in the plant response to pathogen infection. Wheat resistance to Puccinia triticina Eriks. is associated with necrosis triggered by oxidative burst. We investigated which enzyme system dominated in host oxidative reaction to P. triticina infection. The susceptible Thatcher cultivar and isogenic lines with defined resistance genes were inoculated with P. triticina spores. Using diamine oxidase (DAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) inhibitors, accumulation of H2O2 was analyzed in the infection sites. Both enzymes participated in the oxidative burst during compatible and incompatible interactions. Accumulation of H2O2 in guard cells, i.e., the first phase of the response, depended on DAO and the role of PAO was negligible. During the second phase, the patterns of H2O2 accumulation in the infection sites were more complex. Accumulation of H2O2 during compatible interaction (Thatcher and TcLr34 line) moderately depended on DAO and the reaction of TcLr34 was stronger than that of Thatcher. Accumulation of H2O2 during incompatible interaction of moderately resistant plants (TcLr24, TcLr25 and TcLr29) was DAO-dependent in TcLr29, while the changes in the remaining lines were not statistically significant. A strong oxidative burst in resistant plants (TcLr9, TcLr19, TcLr26) was associated with both enzymes’ activities in TcLr9 and only with DAO in TcLr19 and TcLr26. The results are discussed in relation to other host oxidative systems, necrosis, and resistance level.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dai XJ, Liu Y, Xue LP, Xiong XP, Zhou Y, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Reversible Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Inhibitors: A Promising Wrench to Impair LSD1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2466-2488. [PMID: 33619958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent monoamine oxidase, lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) functions as a transcription coactivator or corepressor to regulate the methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 and 9 (H3K4/9), and it has emerged as a promising epigenetic target for anticancer treatment. To date, numerous inhibitors targeting LSD1 have been developed, some of which are undergoing clinical trials for cancer therapy. Although only two reversible LSD1 inhibitors CC-90011 and SP-2577 are in the clinical stage, the past decade has seen remarkable advances in the development of reversible LSD1 inhibitors. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review about structures, biological evaluation, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of reversible LSD1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lei-Peng Xue
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lulai EC, Olson LL, Fugate KK, Neubauer JD, Campbell LG. Inhibitors of tri- and tetra- polyamine oxidation, but not diamine oxidation, impair the initial stages of wound-induced suberization. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 246-247:153092. [PMID: 32065919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating, and modulating potato wound-healing processes are of great importance in reducing tuber infections, reducing shrinkage and maintaining quality and nutritional value for growers and consumers. Wound-induced changes in tuber polyamine metabolism have been linked to the modulation of wound healing (WH) and in possibly providing the crucial amount of H2O2 required for suberization processes. In this investigation we determined the effect of inhibition of specific steps within the pathway of polyamine metabolism on polyamine content and the initial accumulation of suberin polyphenolics (SPP) during WH. The accumulation of SPP represents a critical part of the beginning or inchoate phase of tuber WH during closing-layer formation because it serves as a barrier to bacterial infection and is a requisite for the accumulation of suberin polyaliphatics which provide the barrier to fungal infection. Results showed that the inhibitor treatments that caused changes in polyamine content generally did not influence wound-induced accumulation of SPP. Such lack of correlation was found for inhibitors involved in metabolism and oxidation of putrescine (arginine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, and diamine oxidase). However, accumulation of SPP was dramatically reduced by treatment with guazatine, a potent inhibitor of polyamine oxidase (PAO), and methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone), a putative inhibitor of S-adenosylmethione decarboxylase which may also cross-react to inhibit PAO. The mode of action of these inhibitors is presumed to be blockage of essential H2O2 production within the WH cell wall. These results are of great importance in understanding the mechanisms modulating WH and ultimately controlling related infections and associated postharvest losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Lulai
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, United States.
| | - Linda L Olson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, United States
| | - Karen K Fugate
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, United States
| | - Jonathan D Neubauer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, United States
| | - Larry G Campbell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sugarbeet and Potato Unit, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Fargo, ND 58102-2765, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun L, Yang J, Qin Y, Wang Y, Wu H, Zhou Y, Cao C. Discovery and antitumor evaluation of novel inhibitors of spermine oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1140-1151. [PMID: 31159606 PMCID: PMC6567099 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1621863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing knowledge of the relationship between cancer and dysregulated polyamine catabolism suggests interfering with aberrant polyamine metabolism for anticancer therapy that will have considerable clinical promise. SMO (spermine oxidase) plays an essential role in regulating the polyamines homeostasis. Therefore, development of SMO inhibitors has increasingly attracted much attention. Previously, we successfully purified and characterised SMO. Here, we presented an in silico drug discovery pipeline by combining pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking for the virtual screening of SMO inhibitors. In vitro evaluation showed that N-(3-{[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]amino}propyl)-8-quinolinecarboxamide (SI-4650) inhibited SMO enzyme activity, increased substrate spermine content and reduced product spermidine content, indicating that SI-4650 can interfere with polyamine metabolism. Furthermore, SI-4650 treatment suppressed cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, SI-4650 caused cell cycle arrest, induced cell apoptosis, and promoted autophagy. These results demonstrated the properties of interfering with polyamine metabolism of SI-4650 as a SMO inhibitor and the potential for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - You Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University Medical College, Yichang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Di Paolo ML, Cervelli M, Mariottini P, Leonetti A, Polticelli F, Rosini M, Milelli A, Basagni F, Venerando R, Agostinelli E, Minarini A. Exploring the activity of polyamine analogues on polyamine and spermine oxidase: methoctramine, a potent and selective inhibitor of polyamine oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:740-752. [PMID: 30829081 PMCID: PMC6407594 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1584620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen polyamine analogues, asymmetric or symmetric substituted spermine (1-9) or methoctramine (10-14) analogues, were evaluated as potential inhibitors or substrates of two enzymes of the polyamine catabolic pathway, spermine oxidase (SMOX) and acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAOX). Compound 2 turned out to be the best substrate for PAOX, having the highest affinity and catalytic efficiency with respect to its physiological substrates. Methoctramine (10), a well-known muscarinic M2 receptor antagonist, emerged as the most potent competitive PAOX inhibitor known so far (Ki = 10 nM), endowed with very good selectivity compared with SMOX (Ki=1.2 μM vs SMOX). The efficacy of methoctramine in inhibiting PAOX activity was confirmed in the HT22 cell line. Methoctramine is a very promising tool in the design of drugs targeting the polyamine catabolism pathway, both to understand the physio-pathological role of PAOX vs SMOX and for pharmacological applications, being the polyamine pathway involved in various pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
- Roma Tre Section, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Rosini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Milelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Science "A. Rossi Fanelli", University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
- International Polyamines Foundation – ONLUS –Via del Forte Tiburtino 98, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Minarini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Syatkin SP, Neborak EV, Khlebnikov AI, Komarova MV, Shevkun NA, Kravtsov EG, Blagonravov ML, Agostinelli E. The investigation of structure-activity relationship of polyamine-targeted synthetic compounds from different chemical groups. Amino Acids 2019; 52:199-211. [PMID: 31520286 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The polyamine (PA) metabolism is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. Increased cellular PA levels are observed in different types of cancers. Products of PA oxidation induce apoptosis in cancer cells. These observations open a perspective to exploit the enzymes of PA catabolism as a target for anticancer drug design. The substances capable to enhance PA oxidation may become potential anticancer agents. The goal of our study was to explore how the mode of ligand binding with a PA catabolic enzyme is associated with its stimulatory or inhibitory effect upon PA oxidation. Murine N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (5LFO) crystalline structure was used for molecular docking with ligands of various chemical structures. In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the action of the tested compounds upon PA oxidative deamination in a cell-free test system from rat liver. Two amino acid residues (Aps211 and Tyr204) in the structure of 5LFO were found to be significant for binding with the tested compounds. 19 out of 51 screened compounds were activators and 17 were inhibitors of oxidative deamination of PA. Taken together, these results enabled to construct a recognition model with characteristic descriptors depicting activators and inhibitors. The general tendency indicated that a strong interaction with Asp211 or Tyr204 was rather typical for activators. The understanding of how the structure determines the binding mode of compounds with PA catabolic enzyme may help in explanation of their structure-activity relationship and thus promote structure-based drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P Syatkin
- Medical Institute, RUDN University (Peoples' Friendship University of Russia), Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, Moscow, 117198, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina V Neborak
- Medical Institute, RUDN University (Peoples' Friendship University of Russia), Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Andrei I Khlebnikov
- Kizhner Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
- Scientific Research Institute of Biological Medicine, Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
| | | | - Natalia A Shevkun
- Drug Product Division, Project Development Department, NEARMEDIC PHARMA LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eduard G Kravtsov
- Medical Institute, RUDN University (Peoples' Friendship University of Russia), Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Mikhail L Blagonravov
- Medical Institute, RUDN University (Peoples' Friendship University of Russia), Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- International Polyamines Foundation, ONLUS, Via del Forte Tiburtino, 98, 00159, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bordenave CD, Granados Mendoza C, Jiménez Bremont JF, Gárriz A, Rodríguez AA. Defining novel plant polyamine oxidase subfamilies through molecular modeling and sequence analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 30665356 PMCID: PMC6341606 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyamine oxidases (PAOs) catabolize the oxidative deamination of the polyamines (PAs) spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd). Most of the phylogenetic studies performed to analyze the plant PAO family took into account only a limited number and/or taxonomic representation of plant PAOs sequences. RESULTS Here, we constructed a plant PAO protein sequence database and identified four subfamilies. Subfamily PAO back conversion 1 (PAObc1) was present on every lineage included in these analyses, suggesting that BC-type PAOs might play an important role in plants, despite its precise function is unknown. Subfamily PAObc2 was exclusively present in vascular plants, suggesting that t-Spm oxidase activity might play an important role in the development of the vascular system. The only terminal catabolism (TC) PAO subfamily (subfamily PAOtc) was lost in Superasterids but it was present in all other land plants. This indicated that the TC-type reactions are fundamental for land plants and that their function could being taken over by other enzymes in Superasterids. Subfamily PAObc3 was the result of a gene duplication event preceding Angiosperm diversification, followed by a gene extinction in Monocots. Differential conserved protein motifs were found for each subfamily of plant PAOs. The automatic assignment using these motifs was found to be comparable to the assignment by rough clustering performed on this work. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this work revealed that plant PAO family is bigger than previously conceived. Also, they delineate important background information for future specific structure-function and evolutionary investigations and lay a foundation for the deeper characterization of each plant PAO subfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Daniel Bordenave
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Estrés Abiótico en Plantas, Unidad de Biotecnología, INTECH - CONICET - UNSAM, Intendente Marino KM 8.2 - B7130IWA Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina Granados Mendoza
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-367, Coyoacán, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Juan Francisco Jiménez Bremont
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Estrés Abiótico en Plantas, Unidad de Biotecnología, INTECH - CONICET - UNSAM, Intendente Marino KM 8.2 - B7130IWA Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Alberto Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Estrés Abiótico en Plantas, Unidad de Biotecnología, INTECH - CONICET - UNSAM, Intendente Marino KM 8.2 - B7130IWA Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu T, Sun D, Zhang J, Xue R, Janssen HLA, Tang W, Dong L. Spermine oxidase is upregulated and promotes tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2018; 48:967-977. [PMID: 29923661 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The polyamine catabolic enzyme, spermine oxidase (SMOX) is upregulated in chronic inflammatory conditions and linked to increased reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in various forms of cancers. The present study aims to explore the expression pattern and biological function of SMOX in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry to examine SMOX expression in four HCC cell lines and 120 HCC clinical samples, and the clinical significance of SMOX was analyzed. The biological function of SMOX on HCC cells was detected both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Results showed that SMOX was overexpressed in HCC cell lines and clinical HCC tissues. Moreover, SMOX expression levels were gradually increased in normal liver, chronic hepatitis, and HCC tissues. Increased SMOX expression was correlated with poor clinical features of HCC. Patients with positive SMOX expression in tumor tissues indicated worse overall survival (P = 0.008) and shorter relapse-free survival (P = 0.002). Knockdown of SMOX inhibited HCC cell proliferation, arrested cell cycle at S phase, and resulted in an increase of apoptosis. The in vivo study showed that inhibition of SMOX in HCC cells significantly repressed tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, we showed that SMOX might exert its function by regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that SMOX upregulation could be a critical oncogene in HCC and might serve as a valuable prognostic marker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dalong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruyi Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Harry L A Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Toronto Center for Liver Disease, Toronto Western and General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wenqing Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Liver Disease, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Umezawa N, Tsuji K, Sato S, Kikuchi M, Watanabe H, Horai Y, Yamaguchi M, Hisamatsu Y, Umehara T, Higuchi T. Inhibition of FAD-dependent lysine-specific demethylases by chiral polyamine analogues. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36895-36902. [PMID: 35558920 PMCID: PMC9088916 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07879c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylases 1 and 2 (LSD1 and LSD2) are flavoenzyme demethylases, and their inhibitors are considered as potential chemical tools and anticancer agents. Here we report polyamine-based inhibitors of LSD1 and LSD2. In the initial screening, partially constrained polyamine 2 which contains three trans-cyclopentane units with a total of six stereogenic centers, showed the most potent LSD1-inhibitory activity. We then prepared a set of optical isomers of 2 and evaluated their inhibitory activities toward LSD1, LSD2, monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B). Optical isomers of 2 showed LSD1-inhibitory activity with K i values of 2.2 to 6.4 μM, and LSD2-inhibitory activity with K i values of 4.4 to 39 μM; there was a general preference for LSD1 to LSD2. All of them showed weak to negligible inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B. This selectivity seemed to reflect the differences in the size and shape of the catalytic cavity of target enzymes, and our strategy of employing a set of optical isomers appears to be an effective approach for exploring the structural features of this family of enzymes. Polyamine 9 showed most potent LSD1-inhibitory activity (K i = 2.2 μM in vitro), and it also inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells (IC50 = 49 μM). On the other hand, 12 was the most potent inhibitors of LSD2 with in vitro K i values of 4.4 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Kasumi Tsuji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Masaki Kikuchi
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Yuhei Horai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Masashi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Takashi Umehara
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takács Z, Poór P, Szepesi Á, Tari I. In vivo inhibition of polyamine oxidase by a spermine analogue, MDL-72527, in tomato exposed to sublethal and lethal salt stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:480-492. [PMID: 32480581 DOI: 10.1071/fp16280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The spermine analogue N1,N4-bis-(2,3-butadienyl)-1,4-butanediamine (MDL-72527), an effective inhibitor of polyamine oxidases (PAOs), triggers a systemic response in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) exposed to sublethal (100mM) and lethal (250mM) NaCl concentrations. The accumulation of free polyamines (PAs), the terminal oxidation of PAs by diamine oxidases (DAOs) and PAOs, and the production of H2O2 by PA oxidases depends on the intensity of salt stress. Spermidine and spermine content increased significantly under sublethal salt concentrations, but remained low under lethal salt stress. Along with increased expression of the selected SlDAO1 and SlPAO1 genes in the leaves and roots, respectively, DAO and PAO activities and their product, H2O2, increased and initiated cell death by irreversible loss of electrolytes at 250mM NaCl. MDL-72527 significantly increased spermine, spermidine and/or putrescine contents as a result of reduced activity of PA oxidases; furthermore, it inhibited H2O2 and NO production during salt treatment. These results indicate that PAO contributed to H2O2 and NO production under salt stress, and the terminal activities of DAO and PAO play a role in cell death induction at 250mM NaCl. However, the inhibition of PAO by MDL-72527 does not increase the salt tolerance of plants, since electrolyte leakage increased significantly in the presence of the inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sjögren T, Wassvik CM, Snijder A, Aagaard A, Kumanomidou T, Barlind L, Kaminski TP, Kashima A, Yokota T, Fjellström O. The Structure of Murine N 1-Acetylspermine Oxidase Reveals Molecular Details of Vertebrate Polyamine Catabolism. Biochemistry 2017; 56:458-467. [PMID: 28029774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
N1-Acetylspermine oxidase (APAO) catalyzes the conversion of N1-acetylspermine or N1-acetylspermidine to spermidine or putrescine, respectively, with concomitant formation of N-acetyl-3-aminopropanal and hydrogen peroxide. Here we present the structure of murine APAO in its oxidized holo form and in complex with substrate. The structures provide a basis for understanding molecular details of substrate interaction in vertebrate APAO, highlighting a key role for an asparagine residue in coordinating the N1-acetyl group of the substrate. We applied computational methods to the crystal structures to rationalize previous observations with regard to the substrate charge state. The analysis suggests that APAO features an active site ideally suited for binding of charged polyamines. We also reveal the structure of APAO in complex with the irreversible inhibitor MDL72527. In addition to the covalent adduct, a second MDL72527 molecule is bound in the active site. Binding of MDL72527 is accompanied by altered conformations in the APAO backbone. On the basis of structures of APAO, we discuss the potential for development of specific inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tove Sjögren
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Carola M Wassvik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Taichi Kumanomidou
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tim P Kaminski
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yokota
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jambhekar A, Anastas JN, Shi Y. Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026484. [PMID: 28049654 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of covalent modifications to histones is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and cell identity and is often compromised in cancer. Aberrant expression of histone lysine demethylases has been documented in many types of blood and solid tumors, and thus demethylases represent promising therapeutic targets. Recent advances in high-throughput chemical screening, structure-based drug design, and structure-activity relationship studies have improved both the specificity and the in vivo efficacy of demethylase inhibitors. This review will briefly outline the connection between demethylases and cancer and will provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, specificity, and utility of currently available demethylase inhibitors. To date, a select group of demethylase inhibitors is being evaluated in clinical trials, and additional compounds may soon follow from the bench to the bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Jambhekar
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jamie N Anastas
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yang Shi
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cervelli M, Leonetti A, Cervoni L, Ohkubo S, Xhani M, Stano P, Federico R, Polticelli F, Mariottini P, Agostinelli E. Stability of spermine oxidase to thermal and chemical denaturation: comparison with bovine serum amine oxidase. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2283-91. [PMID: 27295021 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMOX) is a flavin-containing enzyme that specifically oxidizes spermine to produce spermidine, 3-aminopropanaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. While no crystal structure is available for any mammalian SMOX, X-ray crystallography showed that the yeast Fms1 polyamine oxidase has a dimeric structure. Based on this scenario, we have investigated the quaternary structure of the SMOX protein by native gel electrophoresis, which revealed a composite gel band pattern, suggesting the formation of protein complexes. All high-order protein complexes are sensitive to reducing conditions, showing that disulfide bonds were responsible for protein complexes formation. The major gel band other than the SMOX monomer is the covalent SMOX homodimer, which was disassembled by increasing the reducing conditions, while being resistant to other denaturing conditions. Homodimeric and monomeric SMOXs are catalytically active, as revealed after gel staining for enzymatic activity. An engineered SMOX mutant deprived of all but two cysteine residues was prepared and characterized experimentally, resulting in a monomeric species. High-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry of SMOX was compared with that of bovine serum amine oxidase, to analyse their thermal stability. Furthermore, enzymatic activity assays and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to gain insight into the unfolding process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Leonetti
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cervoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Shinji Ohkubo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marla Xhani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Federico
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zahnow C, Topper M, Stone M, Murray-Stewart T, Li H, Baylin S, Casero R. Inhibitors of DNA Methylation, Histone Deacetylation, and Histone Demethylation: A Perfect Combination for Cancer Therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 130:55-111. [PMID: 27037751 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing and inappropriate activation of gene expression are frequent events during the initiation and progression of cancer. These events involve a complex interplay between the hypermethylation of CpG dinucleotides within gene promoter and enhancer regions, the recruitment of transcriptional corepressors and the deacetylation and/or methylation of histone tails. These epigenetic regulators act in concert to block transcription or interfere with the maintenance of chromatin boundary regions. However, DNA/histone methylation and histone acetylation states are reversible, enzyme-mediated processes and as such, have emerged as promising targets for cancer therapy. This review will focus on the potential benefits and synergistic/additive effects of combining DNA-demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors or lysine-specific demethylase inhibitors together in epigenetic therapy for solid tumors and will highlight what is known regarding the mechanisms of action that contribute to the antitumor response.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cervelli M, Polticelli F, Angelucci E, Di Muzio E, Stano P, Mariottini P. Pacific oyster polyamine oxidase: a protein missing link in invertebrate evolution. Amino Acids 2015; 47:949-61. [PMID: 25655384 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine oxidases catalyse the oxidation of polyamines and acetylpolyamines and are responsible for the polyamine interconversion metabolism in animal cells. Polyamine oxidases from yeast can oxidize spermine, N(1)-acetylspermine, and N(1)-acetylspermidine, while in vertebrates two different enzymes, namely spermine oxidase and acetylpolyamine oxidase, specifically catalyse the oxidation of spermine, and N(1)-acetylspermine/N(1)-acetylspermidine, respectively. In this work we proved that the specialized vertebrate spermine and acetylpolyamine oxidases have arisen from an ancestor invertebrate polyamine oxidase with lower specificity for polyamine substrates, as demonstrated by the enzymatic activity of the mollusc polyamine oxidase characterized here. This is the first report of an invertebrate polyamine oxidase, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgiPAO), overexpressed as a recombinant protein. This enzyme was biochemically characterized and demonstrated to be able to oxidase both N(1)-acetylspermine and spermine, albeit with different efficiency. Circular dichroism analysis gave an estimation of the secondary structure content and modelling of the three-dimensional structure of this protein and docking studies highlighted active site features. The availability of this pluripotent enzyme can have applications in crystallographic studies and pharmaceutical biotechnologies, including anticancer therapy as a source of hydrogen peroxide able to induce cancer cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bonaiuto E, Grancara S, Martinis P, Stringaro A, Colone M, Agostinelli E, Macone A, Stevanato R, Vianello F, Toninello A, Di Paolo ML. A novel enzyme with spermine oxidase properties in bovine liver mitochondria: identification and kinetic characterization. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 81:88-99. [PMID: 25591967 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of spermine into mammalian mitochondria indicated the need to identify its catabolic pathway in these organelles. Bovine liver mitochondria were therefore purified and their capacity for natural polyamine uptake was verified. A kinetic approach was then used to determine the presence of an MDL 72527-sensitive enzyme with spermine oxidase activity in the matrix of bovine liver mitochondria. Western blot analysis of mitochondrial fractions and immunogold electron microscopy observations of purified mitochondria unequivocally confirmed the presence of a protein recognized by anti-spermine oxidase antibodies in the mitochondrial matrix. Preliminary kinetic characterization showed that spermine is the preferred substrate of this enzyme; lower activity was detected with spermidine and acetylated polyamines. Catalytic efficiency comparable to that of spermine was also found for 1-aminododecane. The considerable effect of ionic strength on the Vmax/KM ratio suggested the presence of more than one negatively charged zone inside the active site cavity of this mitochondrial enzyme, which is probably involved in the docking of positively charged substrates. These findings indicate that the bovine liver mitochondrial matrix contains an enzyme belonging to the spermine oxidase class. Because H2O2 is generated by spermine oxidase activity, the possible involvement of the latter as an important signaling transducer under both physiological and pathological conditions should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bonaiuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Grancara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pamela Martinis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- Department of Technology and Health, Italian Institute of Health, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Marisa Colone
- Department of Technology and Health, Italian Institute of Health, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Sapienza University of Rome and Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology, Italian Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli," Sapienza University of Rome and Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology, Italian Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Stevanato
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Polo Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; Regional Centre for Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Toninello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Di Paolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario "Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi," Viale delle medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Thinnes CC, England KS, Kawamura A, Chowdhury R, Schofield CJ, Hopkinson RJ. Targeting histone lysine demethylases - progress, challenges, and the future. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1839:1416-32. [PMID: 24859458 PMCID: PMC4316176 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylation of lysine and arginine residues has emerged as a major mechanism of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. In humans, N(ε)-methyllysine residue demethylation is catalysed by two distinct subfamilies of demethylases (KDMs), the flavin-dependent KDM1 subfamily and the 2-oxoglutarate- (2OG) dependent JmjC subfamily, which both employ oxidative mechanisms. Modulation of histone methylation status is proposed to be important in epigenetic regulation and has substantial medicinal potential for the treatment of diseases including cancer and genetic disorders. This article provides an introduction to the enzymology of the KDMs and the therapeutic possibilities and challenges associated with targeting them, followed by a review of reported KDM inhibitors and their mechanisms of action from kinetic and structural perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille C Thinnes
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Akane Kawamura
- The Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cervelli M, Angelucci E, Stano P, Leboffe L, Federico R, Antonini G, Mariottini P, Polticelli F. The Glu²¹⁶/Ser²¹⁸ pocket is a major determinant of spermine oxidase substrate specificity. Biochem J 2014; 461:453-9. [PMID: 24854736 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SMO (spermine oxidase) and APAO (acetylpolyamine oxidase) are flavoenzymes that play a critical role in the catabolism of polyamines. Polyamines are basic regulators of cell growth and proliferation and their homoeostasis is crucial for cell life since dysregulation of polyamine metabolism has been linked with cancer. In vertebrates SMO specifically catalyses the oxidation of spermine, whereas APAO displays a wider specificity, being able to oxidize both N¹-acetylspermine and N¹-acetylspermidine, but not spermine. The molecular bases of the different substrate specificity of these two enzymes have remained so far elusive. However, previous molecular modelling, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical characterization studies of the SMO enzyme-substrate complex have identified Glu²¹⁶-Ser²¹⁸ as a putative active site hot spot responsible for SMO substrate specificity. On the basis of these analyses, the SMO double mutants E216L/S218A and E216T/S218A have been produced and characterized by CD spectroscopy and steady-state and rapid kinetics experiments. The results obtained demonstrate that mutation E216L/S218A endows SMO with N¹-acetylspermine oxidase activity, uncovering one of the structural determinants that confer the exquisite and exclusive substrate specificity of SMO for spermine. These results provide the theoretical bases for the design of specific inhibitors either for SMO or APAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emanuela Angelucci
- *Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- *Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- *Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Federico
- *Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Battaglia V, Shields CD, Murray-Stewart T, Casero RA. Polyamine catabolism in carcinogenesis: potential targets for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Amino Acids 2014; 46:511-9. [PMID: 23771789 PMCID: PMC3795954 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines, including spermine, spermidine, and the precursor diamine, putrescine, are naturally occurring polycationic alkylamines that are required for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation, and survival. This absolute requirement for polyamines and the need to maintain intracellular levels within specific ranges require a highly regulated metabolic pathway primed for rapid changes in response to cellular growth signals, environmental changes, and stress. Although the polyamine metabolic pathway is strictly regulated in normal cells, dysregulation of polyamine metabolism is a frequent event in cancer. Recent studies suggest that the polyamine catabolic pathway may be involved in the etiology of some epithelial cancers. The catabolism of spermine to spermidine utilizes either the one-step enzymatic reaction of spermine oxidase (SMO) or the two-step process of spermidine/spermine N (1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) coupled with the peroxisomal enzyme N (1)-acetylpolyamine oxidase. Both catabolic pathways produce hydrogen peroxide and a reactive aldehyde that are capable of damaging DNA and other critical cellular components. The catabolic pathway also depletes the intracellular concentrations of spermidine and spermine, which are free radical scavengers. Consequently, the polyamine catabolic pathway in general and specifically SMO and SSAT provide exciting new targets for chemoprevention and/or chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Battaglia
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Christina DeStefano Shields
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Program in Molecular and Translational Toxicology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Robert A. Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous and essential components of mammalian cells. They have multiple functions including critical roles in nucleic acid and protein synthesis, gene expression, protein function, protection from oxidative damage, the regulation of ion channels, and maintenance of the structure of cellular macromolecules. It is essential to maintain a correct level of polyamines, and this amount is tightly regulated at the levels of transport, synthesis, and degradation. Catabolic pathways generate reactive aldehydes including acrolein and hydrogen peroxide via a number of oxidases. These metabolites, particularly those from spermine, can cause significant toxicity with damage to proteins, DNA, and other cellular components. Their production can be increased as a result of infection or cell damage that releases free polyamines and activates the oxidative catabolic pathways. Since polyamines also have an important physiological role in protection from oxidative damage, the reduction in polyamine content may exacerbate the toxic potential of these agents. Increases in polyamine catabolism have been implicated in the development of diseases including stroke, other neurological diseases, renal failure, liver disease, and cancer. These results provide new opportunities for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Inflammation, carcinogenesis and neurodegeneration studies in transgenic animal models for polyamine research. Amino Acids 2013; 46:521-30. [PMID: 23933909 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyamines (PA) are cationic molecules affecting cell growth and proliferation. An association between increased polyamine biosynthesis and inflammation-induced carcinogenesis has been recognised. On the other hand, there are indications that inflammatory stimuli can up-regulate polyamine catabolism and that altered polyamine metabolism could affect pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Since the polyamine content is strictly related to cell growth, a consistent number of evidences relate polyamine metabolism dysfunction with cancer. The increase of polyamine levels in malignant and proliferating cells attracted the interest of scientists during last decades, addressing polyamine depletion as a new strategy to inhibit carcinogenesis. Several studies suggest that PA also play an important role in neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms by which they participate in neuronal death are still unclear. Furthermore, the role of endogenous PA in normal brain functioning is yet to be elucidated. The consequences of an alteration of polyamine metabolism have also been approached in vivo with the use of transgenic animals overexpressing or devoid of some enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism. In the present work we review the experimental investigation carried out on inflammation, cancerogenesis and neurodegeneration using transgenic animals engineered as models for polyamine research.
Collapse
|
27
|
Cervelli M, Salvi D, Polticelli F, Amendola R, Mariottini P. Structure-function relationships in the evolutionary framework of spermine oxidase. J Mol Evol 2013; 76:365-70. [PMID: 23828398 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase is a FAD-dependent enzyme that specifically oxidizes spermine, and plays a central role in the highly regulated catabolism of polyamines in vertebrates. The spermine oxidase substrate is specifically spermine, a tetramine that plays mandatory roles in several cell functions, such as DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, modulation of ion channels function, cellular signalling, nitric oxide synthesis and inhibition of immune responses. The oxidative products of spermine oxidase activity are spermidine, H2O2 and the aldehyde 3-aminopropanal that spontaneously turns into acrolein. In this study the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships among spermine oxidase proteins from different vertebrate taxa allowed to infer their molecular evolutionary history, and assisted in elucidating the conservation of structural and functional properties of this enzyme family. The amino acid residues, which have been hypothesized or demonstrated to play a pivotal role in the enzymatic activity, and substrate specificity are here analysed to obtain a comprehensive and updated view of the structure-function relationships in the evolution of spermine oxidase.
Collapse
|
28
|
Cervelli M, Polticelli F, Fiorucci L, Angelucci E, Federico R, Mariottini P. Inhibition of acetylpolyamine and spermine oxidases by the polyamine analogue chlorhexidine. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 28:463-7. [PMID: 22299575 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.650691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylpolyamine and spermine oxidases are involved in the catabolism of polyamines. The discovery of selective inhibitors of these enzymes represents an important tool for the development of novel anti-neoplastic drugs. Here, a comparative study on acetylpolyamine and spermine oxidases inhibition by the polyamine analogue chlorhexidine is reported. Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic diamide, commonly used as a bactericidal and bacteriostatic agent. Docking simulations indicate that chlorhexidine binding to these enzymes is compatible with the stereochemical properties of both acetylpolyamine oxidase and spermine oxidase active sites. In fact, chlorhexidine is predicted to establish several polar and hydrophobic interactions with the active site residues of both enzymes, with binding energy values ranging from -7.6 to -10.6 kcal/mol. In agreement with this hypothesis, inhibition studies indicate that chlorhexidine behaves as a strong competitive inhibitor of both enzymes, values of Ki being 0.10 μM and 0.55 μM for acetylpolyamine oxidase and spermine oxidase, respectively.
Collapse
|
29
|
Murray-Stewart T, Woster PM, Casero RA. The re-expression of the epigenetically silenced e-cadherin gene by a polyamine analogue lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) inhibitor in human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Amino Acids 2013; 46:585-94. [PMID: 23508577 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a common feature observed during the transformation process of many cancers, including those of hematologic origin. Histone modifications, including acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation, collaborate with DNA CpG island methylation to regulate gene expression. The dynamic process of histone methylation is the latest of these epigenetic modifications to be described, and the identification and characterization of LSD1 as a demethylase of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4) has confirmed that both the enzyme and the modified histone play important roles as regulators of gene expression. LSD1 activity contributes to the suppression of gene expression by demethylating promoter-region mono- and dimethyl-H3K4 histone marks that are associated with active gene expression. As most post-translational modifications are reversible, the enzymes involved in the modification of histones have become targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. In this study, we examined the effects of the polyamine analogue LSD1 inhibitor 2d (1,15-bis{N (5)-[3,3-(diphenyl)propyl]-N(1)-biguanido}-4,12-diazapentadecane) in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines. In each line studied, 2d evoked cytotoxicity and inhibited LSD1 activity, as evidenced by increases in the global levels of mono- and di-methylated H3K4 proteins. Global increases in other chromatin modifications were also observed following exposure to 2d, suggesting a broad response to this compound with respect to chromatin regulation. On a gene-specific level, treatment with 2d resulted in the re-expression of e-cadherin, a tumor suppressor gene frequently silenced by epigenetic modification in AML. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the e-cadherin promoter further confirmed that this re-expression was concurrent with changes in both active and repressive histone marks that were consistent with LSD1 inhibition. As hematologic malignancies have demonstrated promising clinical responses to agents targeting epigenetic silencing, this polyamine analogue LSD1 inhibitor presents an exciting new avenue for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Murray-Stewart
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Bunting Blaustein Bldg, Room 551, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Polyamines and cancer: implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013; 15:e3. [PMID: 23432971 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are small organic cations that are essential for normal cell growth and development in eukaryotes. Under normal physiological conditions, intracellular polyamine concentrations are tightly regulated through a dynamic network of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes, and a poorly characterised transport system. This precise regulation ensures that the intracellular concentration of polyamines is maintained within strictly controlled limits. It has frequently been observed that the metabolism of, and the requirement for, polyamines in tumours is frequently dysregulated. Elevated levels of polyamines have been associated with breast, colon, lung, prostate and skin cancers, and altered levels of rate-limiting enzymes in both biosynthesis and catabolism have been observed. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumour growth, the polyamine pathway is a rational target for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. Here we describe the recent advances made in the polyamine field and focus on the roles of polyamines and polyamine metabolism in neoplasia through a discussion of the current animal models for the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic strategies that target the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic clinical trials for polyamine pathway-specific drugs and ongoing clinical trials targeting polyamine biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Polticelli F, Salvi D, Mariottini P, Amendola R, Cervelli M. Molecular evolution of the polyamine oxidase gene family in Metazoa. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:90. [PMID: 22716069 PMCID: PMC3517346 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamine oxidase enzymes catalyze the oxidation of polyamines and acetylpolyamines. Since polyamines are basic regulators of cell growth and proliferation, their homeostasis is crucial for cell life. Members of the polyamine oxidase gene family have been identified in a wide variety of animals, including vertebrates, arthropodes, nematodes, placozoa, as well as in plants and fungi. Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) from yeast can oxidize spermine, N1-acetylspermine, and N1-acetylspermidine, however, in vertebrates two different enzymes, namely spermine oxidase (SMO) and acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO), specifically catalyze the oxidation of spermine, and N1-acetylspermine/N1-acetylspermidine, respectively. Little is known about the molecular evolutionary history of these enzymes. However, since the yeast PAO is able to catalyze the oxidation of both acetylated and non acetylated polyamines, and in vertebrates these functions are addressed by two specialized polyamine oxidase subfamilies (APAO and SMO), it can be hypothesized an ancestral reference for the former enzyme from which the latter would have been derived. RESULTS We analysed 36 SMO, 26 APAO, and 14 PAO homologue protein sequences from 54 taxa including various vertebrates and invertebrates. The analysis of the full-length sequences and the principal domains of vertebrate and invertebrate PAOs yielded consensus primary protein sequences for vertebrate SMOs and APAOs, and invertebrate PAOs. This analysis, coupled to molecular modeling techniques, also unveiled sequence regions that confer specific structural and functional properties, including substrate specificity, by the different PAO subfamilies. Molecular phylogenetic trees revealed a basal position of all the invertebrates PAO enzymes relative to vertebrate SMOs and APAOs. PAOs from insects constitute a monophyletic clade. Two PAO variants sampled in the amphioxus are basal to the dichotomy between two well supported monophyletic clades including, respectively, all the SMOs and APAOs from vertebrates. The two vertebrate monophyletic clades clustered strictly mirroring the organismal phylogeny of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Evidences from comparative genomic analysis, structural evolution and functional divergence in a phylogenetic framework across Metazoa suggested an evolutionary scenario where the ancestor PAO coding sequence, present in invertebrates as an orthologous gene, has been duplicated in the vertebrate branch to originate the paralogous SMO and APAO genes. A further genome evolution event concerns the SMO gene of placental, but not marsupial and monotremate, mammals which increased its functional variation following an alternative splicing (AS) mechanism. CONCLUSIONS In this study the explicit integration in a phylogenomic framework of phylogenetic tree construction, structure prediction, and biochemical function data/prediction, allowed inferring the molecular evolutionary history of the PAO gene family and to disambiguate paralogous genes related by duplication event (SMO and APAO) and orthologous genes related by speciation events (PAOs, SMOs/APAOs). Further, while in vertebrates experimental data corroborate SMO and APAO molecular function predictions, in invertebrates the finding of a supported phylogenetic clusters of insect PAOs and the co-occurrence of two PAO variants in the amphioxus urgently claim the need for future structure-function studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Polticelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università “Roma Tre”, I-00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Salvi
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università “Roma Tre”, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Cervelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università “Roma Tre”, I-00146, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cervelli M, Amendola R, Polticelli F, Mariottini P. Spermine oxidase: ten years after. Amino Acids 2012; 42:441-50. [PMID: 21809080 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMO) was discovered much more recently than other enzymes involved in polyamine metabolism; this review summarizes 10 years of researches on this enzyme. Spermine oxidase (SMO) is a FAD-dependent enzyme that specifically oxidizes spermine (Spm) and plays a dominant role in the highly regulated mammalian polyamines catabolism. SMO participates in drug response, apoptosis, response to stressful stimuli and etiology of several pathological conditions, including cancer. SMO is a highly inducible enzyme, its deregulation can alter polyamine homeostasis, and dysregulation of polyamine catabolism is often associated with several disease states. The oxidative products of SMO activity are spermidine, and the reactive oxygen species H(2)O(2) and the aldehyde 3-aminopropanal each with the potential to produce cellular damages and pathologies. The SMO substrate Spm is a tetramine that plays mandatory roles in several cell functions, such as DNA synthesis, cellular proliferation, modulation of ion channels function, cellular signaling, nitric oxide synthesis and inhibition of immune responses. The goal of this review is to cover the main biochemical, cellular and physiological processes in which SMO is involved.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gaweska H, Fitzpatrick PF. Structures and Mechanism of the Monoamine Oxidase Family. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:365-377. [PMID: 22022344 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the monoamine oxidase family of flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of primary and secondary amines, polyamines, amino acids, and methylated lysine side chains in proteins. The enzymes have similar overall structures, with conserved FAD-binding domains and varied substrate-binding sites. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the catalytic reactions of these enzymes. The present review compares the structures of different members of the family and the various mechanistic proposals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Gaweska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Synthetic polyamines as potential amine oxidase inhibitors: a preliminary study. Amino Acids 2011; 42:913-28. [PMID: 21858471 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1006-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, medicinal chemists have carried out extensive research on synthetic polyamines for use as anticancer drugs and multitarget-directed ligands in neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of some synthetic polyamines as inhibitors of two new potential targets, human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) and monoamine oxidases B (MAO B), enzymes involved in various multi-factorial diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. N,N'-Dibenzyl-dodecane-1,12-diamine (Bis-Bza-Diado), a newly synthesised compound, and ELP 12, a muscarinic cholinergic M(2) receptor antagonist, were found to behave as reversible and mixed non-competitive inhibitors of both amine oxidases (dissociation constants of about 100 μM). ELP 12 was found to be more selective for SSAO/VAP-1. Combining kinetic and structural approaches, the binding mode of ELP 12 to SSAO/VAP-1 was investigated. ELP 12 may bind at the entrance of the active site channel by ionic interactions with ASP446 and/or ASP180; one end of the polyamine may be accommodated inside the channel, reaching the TPQ cofactor area. The binding of ELP 12 induces rearrangement of the secondary structure of the enzyme and impedes substrate entry and/or product release and catalysis. These structural data reveal that the entrance and the first part of the SSAO/VAP-1 channel may be considered as a new target area, or a "secondary binding site", for modulators of human SSAO/VAP-1 activity. These results indicate ELP 12 and Bis-Bza-Diado as new "skeletons" for the development of novel SSAO/VAP-1 and MAO B inhibitors.
Collapse
|
35
|
Tavladoraki P, Cervelli M, Antonangeli F, Minervini G, Stano P, Federico R, Mariottini P, Polticelli F. Probing mammalian spermine oxidase enzyme-substrate complex through molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical characterization. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1115-26. [PMID: 20839014 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMO) and acetylpolyamine oxidase (APAO) are FAD-dependent enzymes that are involved in the highly regulated pathways of polyamine biosynthesis and degradation. Polyamine content is strictly related to cell growth, and dysfunctions in polyamine metabolism have been linked with cancer. Specific inhibitors of SMO and APAO would allow analyzing the precise role of these enzymes in polyamine metabolism and related pathologies. However, none of the available polyamine oxidase inhibitors displays the desired characteristics of selective affinity and specificity. In addition, repeated efforts to obtain structural details at the atomic level on these two enzymes have all failed. In the present study, in an effort to better understand structure-function relationships, SMO enzyme-substrate complex has been probed through a combination of molecular modeling, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical studies. Results obtained indicate that SMO binds spermine in a similar conformation as that observed in the yeast polyamine oxidase FMS1-spermine complex and demonstrate a major role for residues His82 and Lys367 in substrate binding and catalysis. In addition, the SMO enzyme-substrate complex highlights the presence of an active site pocket with highly polar characteristics, which may explain the different substrate specificity of SMO with respect to APAO and provide the basis for the design of specific inhibitors for SMO and APAO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Tavladoraki
- Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cervelli M, Bellavia G, Fratini E, Amendola R, Polticelli F, Barba M, Federico R, Signore F, Gucciardo G, Grillo R, Woster PM, Casero RA, Mariottini P. Spermine oxidase (SMO) activity in breast tumor tissues and biochemical analysis of the anticancer spermine analogues BENSpm and CPENSpm. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:555. [PMID: 20946629 PMCID: PMC3027604 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyamine metabolism has a critical role in cell death and proliferation representing a potential target for intervention in breast cancer (BC). This study investigates the expression of spermine oxidase (SMO) and its prognostic significance in BC. Biochemical analysis of Spm analogues BENSpm and CPENSpm, utilized in anticancer therapy, was also carried out to test their property in silico and in vitro on the recombinant SMO enzyme. METHODS BC tissue samples were analyzed for SMO transcript level and SMO activity. Student's t test was applied to evaluate the significance of the differences in value observed in T and NT samples. The structure modeling analysis of BENSpm and CPENSpm complexes formed with the SMO enzyme and their inhibitory activity, assayed by in vitro experiments, were examined. RESULTS Both the expression level of SMO mRNA and SMO enzyme activity were significantly lower in BC samples compared to NT samples. The modeling of BENSpm and CPENSpm complexes formed with SMO and their inhibition properties showed that both were good inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that underexpression of SMO is a negative marker in BC. The SMO induction is a remarkable chemotherapeutical target. The BENSpm and CPENSpm are efficient SMO inhibitors. The inhibition properties shown by these analogues could explain their poor positive outcomes in Phases I and II of clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emiliano Fratini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento BAS-BiotecMed, ENEA, CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Barba
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Gynaecology, Breast Surgery and Pathology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Gucciardo
- Department of Gynaecology, Breast Surgery and Pathology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Grillo
- Department of Gynaecology, Breast Surgery and Pathology, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Robert A Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mosammaparast N, Shi Y. Reversal of histone methylation: biochemical and molecular mechanisms of histone demethylases. Annu Rev Biochem 2010; 79:155-79. [PMID: 20373914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.070907.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The importance of histone methylation in gene regulation was suggested over 40 years ago. Yet, the dynamic nature of this histone modification was recognized only recently, with the discovery of the first histone demethylase nearly five years ago. Since then, our insight into the mechanisms, structures, and macromolecular complexes of these enzymes has grown exponentially. Overall, the evidence strongly supports a key role for histone demethylases in eukaryotic transcription and other chromatin-dependent processes. Here, we examine these and related facets of histone demethylases discovered to date, focusing on their biochemistry, structure, and enzymology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Mosammaparast
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bonaiuto E, Lunelli M, Scarpa M, Vettor R, Milan G, Di Paolo ML. A structure-activity study to identify novel and efficient substrates of the human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/VAP-1 enzyme. Biochimie 2010; 92:858-68. [PMID: 20298739 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies were performed with various alkanamines as "substrate probes" of the properties of the active site of the human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1). We found that the enzyme-substrate recognition step is mainly controlled by apolar interactions and that a "good" substrate has a molecular structure containing a long aliphatic chain and a second positive charge at a distance greater than 12 A from the reactive amino group. In this context, we identified a novel substrate for the human SSAO/VAP-1, 1,12-diaminododecane (DIADO), which is characterised by the highest catalytic efficiency reported to date in comparison to the prototypic substrate benzylamine. Computational docking studies revealed the structural basis of this behaviour, highlighting the key role played by Lys393 in hindering substrate docking. Maximum SSAO/VAP-1 activity is reached at relatively low concentrations of DIADO (10-30 microM), and, in these conditions, it has good selectivity: it is a good substrate of SSAO/VAP-1 but not of human adipocyte monoamine oxidases or pig kidney diamine oxidase. From these findings, it appears that DIADO can be used as a new substrate for human SSAO/VAP-1 to elicit glucose transport into adipocytes, and may consequently have potential pharmacological applications in the design of anti-diabetic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bonaiuto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Enzymes in the biosynthetic and catabolic polyamine pathway have long been considered targets for drug development, and early drug discovery efforts in the polyamine area focused on the design and development of specific inhibitors of the biosynthetic pathway, or polyamine analogues that specifically bind DNA. More recently, it has become clear that the natural polyamines are involved in numerous known and unknown cellular processes, and disruption of polyamine functions at their effector sites can potentially produce beneficial therapeutic effects. As new targets for polyamine drug discovery continue to evolve, the rational design of polyamine analogues will result in more structurally diverse agents. In addition, the physical linkage of polyamine-like structures to putative drug molecules can have beneficial effects resulting from increases in DNA affinity and selective cellular uptake. The present chapter will summarize recent advances in the development of alkylpolyamine analogues as antitumour agents, and describe subsequent advances that have resulted from incorporating polyamine character into more diverse drug molecules. Specifically, new polyamine analogues, and the role of polyamine fragments in the design of antiparasitic agents, antitumour metal complexes, histone deacetylase inhibitors and lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors, will be described.
Collapse
|
40
|
Casero RA, Woster PM. Recent advances in the development of polyamine analogues as antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4551-73. [PMID: 19534534 DOI: 10.1021/jm900187v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Manetti F, Cona A, Angeli L, Mugnaini C, Raffi F, Capone C, Dreassi E, Zizzari AT, Tisi A, Federico R, Botta M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of guanidino compounds endowed with subnanomolar affinity as competitive inhibitors of maize polyamine oxidase. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4774-85. [PMID: 19591488 DOI: 10.1021/jm900371z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on agmatine and its derivatives suggested that the presence of hydrophobic groups on the guanidine moiety was a crucial key for inhibitory activity of maize polyamine oxidase. Accordingly, new lipophilic agmatine and iminoctadine derivatives were synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit this enzyme. Several compounds showed an affinity in the nanomolar range, while a cyclopropylmethyl derivative of iminoctadine was found to be the most potent inhibitor of maize polyamine oxidase reported so far (Ki = 0.08 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Alcide de Gasperi 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
In addition to polyamine homoeostasis, it has become increasingly clear that polyamine catabolism can play a dominant role in drug response, apoptosis and the response to stressful stimuli, and contribute to the aetiology of several pathological states, including cancer. The highly inducible enzymes SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) and SMO (spermine oxidase) and the generally constitutively expressed APAO (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase) appear to play critical roles in many normal and disease processes. The dysregulation of polyamine catabolism frequently accompanies several disease states and suggests that such dysregulation may both provide useful insight into disease mechanism and provide unique druggable targets that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Each of these enzymes has the potential to alter polyamine homoeostasis in response to multiple cell signals and the two oxidases produce the reactive oxygen species H2O2 and aldehydes, each with the potential to produce pathological states. The activity of SSAT provides substrates for APAO or substrates for the polyamine exporter, thus reducing the intracellular polyamine concentration, the net effect of which depends on the magnitude and rate of any increase in SSAT. SSAT may also influence cellular metabolism via interaction with other proteins and by perturbing the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. The goal of the present review is to cover those aspects of polyamine catabolism that have an impact on disease aetiology or treatment and to provide a solid background in this ever more exciting aspect of polyamine biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ulanov A, Lygin A, Duncan D, Widholm J, Lozovaya V. Metabolic effects of glyphosate change the capacity of maize culture to regenerate plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:978-87. [PMID: 19110340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the presence of glyphosate in maize tissue cultures of proprietary line L2 was very detrimental to plant regeneration, we determined metabolic changes associated with the glyphosate effects on plant regeneration in maize cultures. The polar fraction composition and soluble and cell-wall-bound phenolics were analyzed in the regenerable (R) and non-regenerable (NR) calluses of maize line L2. The tissues with high regeneration capacity had low sugar and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations and increased concentrations of most amino acids, polyamines and indole-3-butenol in the soluble polar fraction and higher ferulic acid/coumaric acid and ferulic acid/diferulic acid ratios and higher levels of the predominant G (guaiacyl) units in the cell wall fraction compared with NR calluses as was found before with H99 and HiII maize R and NR tissues, indicating an association of these metabolites with the capacity of maize cultured tissue to regenerate plants. We also found that di-coumaroyl spermidine and coumaroyl-feruoyl spermidine are present in the soluble fraction of L2 R tissues and are practically absent in NR tissues. However, we did not see such differences in HiII and H99 samples, which indicate that these are genotypic features not related to the capacity to regenerate plants in maize tissue cultures. Glyphosate treatment caused the accumulation of shikimic and quinic acids (not detected in untreated samples) in R and NR calluses (with higher levels found in R tissues) and also decreased the FA/diFA ratio in cell wall phenolics, polyamine and amino acid levels, and increased sugar concentrations in the R L2 tissues, indicating a metabolic shift of R callus to NR tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ulanov
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mitsuya Y, Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Miyazaki A, Matsumura H, Takahashi H, Terauchi R, Kusano T. Spermine signaling plays a significant role in the defense response of Arabidopsis thaliana to cucumber mosaic virus. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:626-43. [PMID: 18922600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed that the polyamine spermine (Spm) functions as a signaling molecule to evoke defense reactions/cell death in avirulent pathogen-attacked tobacco plants. To understand its molecular basis in depth, Spm-responsive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana were identified by SuperSAGE analysis. Close to 90% of the Spm-responsive genes also responded during cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-elicited hypersensitive response. Spm modulated the expression of genes of redox components, and genes involved in protein folding and secretion, protein degradation and defense. Two other prominent changes, the coordinately enhanced expression of members of the photorespiration pathway and a diversion in electron flow from the primary electron transfer chain of respiration to an alternative oxidase pathway, occurred in response to Spm. Spm activated the expression of 6 transcription factor genes including ZAT7, ZAT12, AtWRKY40 and AtbZIP60, of which the former three genes' products are currently assigned as components of H(2)O(2) signaling pathway, suggesting the involvement of H(2)O(2) in Spm-triggered responses. Since AtbZIP60 plays a proven master role in the unfolded protein response in Arabidopsis thaliana, it may function to control the expression of genes participating in protein folding and secretion, which were mentioned above. Spm induction and CMV-triggered up-regulation of the genes described mainly coincided and their induction was suppressed by inhibitors of Spm oxidation. Furthermore, treatment with those inhibitors prior to CMV inoculation allowed higher viral multiplication in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These results support the existence of a Spm-signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana and its significant role in defense against CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Mitsuya
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bianchi M, Bellini A, Cervelli M, Degan P, Marcocci L, Martini F, Scatteia M, Mariottini P, Amendola R. Chronic sub-lethal oxidative stress by spermine oxidase overactivity induces continuous DNA repair and hypersensitivity to radiation exposure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2007; 1773:774-83. [PMID: 17363080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the aging process and in most degenerative diseases, the oxidant by-products of cellular metabolism lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in switching from cell proliferation to its opposite outcome, cell death. The metabolic pathways in charge of the interconversion and degradation of the polyamines are responsible for oxidant by-products. In the past few years, spermine metabolism has been found closely related to DNA oxidation and apoptosis. Moreover, that the ectopical expression of murine spermine oxidase induced DNA damage in the neuroblastoma cell line, and this was uncoupled with any increase in cell mortality, thus suggests an activation of DNA repair. In this work, we provide new evidence showing that only spermine oxidase overactivity can deliver sub-lethal chronic DNA damage and repair without affecting transcriptional and enzymatic levels of the PA key regulatory enzymes ODC and SSAT. Chronic sub-lethal DNA damage is below the cell cycle arrest induction threshold, but is able to activate apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease protein (APE1) and gamma H2AX. Of therapeutic interest, the chronic sub-lethal DNA damage and activation of the repair processes are in turn responsible for inducing hypersensitivity after exposure to radiation with no induction of adaptive response to damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bianchi
- ENEA, ION IRP, CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00060 Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Huang Y, Greene E, Murray Stewart T, Goodwin AC, Baylin SB, Woster PM, Casero RA. Inhibition of lysine-specific demethylase 1 by polyamine analogues results in reexpression of aberrantly silenced genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8023-8. [PMID: 17463086 PMCID: PMC1857229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700720104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic chromatin modification is a major regulator of eukaryotic gene expression, and aberrant epigenetic silencing of gene expression contributes to tumorigenesis. Histone modifications include acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation, resulting in a combination of histone marks known collectively as the histone code. The chromatin marks at a given promoter determine, in part, whether specific promoters are in an open/active conformation or closed/repressed conformation. Dimethyl-lysine 4 histone H3 (H3K4me2) is a transcription-activating chromatin mark at gene promoters, and demethylation of this mark by the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), a homologue of polyamine oxidases, may broadly repress gene expression. We now report that novel biguanide and bisguanidine polyamine analogues are potent inhibitors of LSD1. These analogues inhibit LSD1 in human colon carcinoma cells and affect a reexpression of multiple, aberrantly silenced genes important in the development of colon cancer, including members of the secreted frizzle-related proteins (SFRPs) and the GATA family of transcription factors. Furthermore, we demonstrate by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis that the reexpression is concurrent with increased H3K4me2 and acetyl-H3K9 marks, decreased H3K9me1 and H3K9me2 repressive marks. We thus define important new agents for reversing aberrant repression of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- *The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231; and
| | - Eriko Greene
- *The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231; and
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- *The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231; and
| | - Andrew C. Goodwin
- *The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231; and
| | - Stephen B. Baylin
- *The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231; and
| | - Patrick M. Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Robert A. Casero
- *The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Bunting–Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Room 551, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sebela M, Tylichová M, Pec P. Inhibition of diamine oxidases and polyamine oxidases by diamine-based compounds. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2007; 114:793-8. [PMID: 17385064 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review reports on inhibitors of copper-containing amine oxidases and flavoprotein polyamine oxidases, which are structurally based on diamines. In the introduction, basic characteristics and classification of amine oxidases are described together with the significance of their synthetic inhibitors. The following text is divided into several chapters, which deal with diaminoketones, aza-diamines, unsaturated diamine analogs and diamines with heterocyclic substituents. Then it continues with diamine- and agmatine-based inhibitors of polyamine oxidases. Each chapter gives detailed information on the inhibition mode, potency and structural relationships. The conclusion points out possible roles of mechanism-based inhibitors of amine oxidases in physiological and medicinal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sebela
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tavladoraki P, Rossi MN, Saccuti G, Perez-Amador MA, Polticelli F, Angelini R, Federico R. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of a polyamine oxidase from Arabidopsis involved in polyamine back conversion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:1519-32. [PMID: 16778015 PMCID: PMC1533960 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.080911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine oxidase (PAO) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzyme involved in polyamine catabolism. Animal PAOs oxidize spermine (Spm), spermidine (Spd), and/or their acetyl derivatives to produce H2O2, an aminoaldehyde, and Spd or putrescine, respectively, thus being involved in a polyamine back-conversion pathway. On the contrary, plant PAOs that have been characterized to date oxidize Spm and Spd to produce 1,3-diaminopropane, H2O2, and an aminoaldehyde and are therefore involved in the terminal catabolism of polyamines. A database search within the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome sequence showed the presence of a gene (AtPAO1) encoding for a putative PAO with 45% amino acid sequence identity with maize (Zea mays) PAO. The AtPAO1 cDNA was isolated and cloned in a vector for heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography on guazatine-Sepharose 4B and was shown to be a flavoprotein able to oxidize Spm, norspermine, and N1-acetylspermine with a pH optimum at 8.0. Analysis of the reaction products showed that AtPAO1 produces Spd from Spm and norspermidine from norspermine, demonstrating a substrate oxidation mode similar to that of animal PAOs. To our knowledge, AtPAO1 is the first plant PAO reported to be involved in a polyamine back-conversion pathway.
Collapse
|