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Wang Z, Zhang X. Adenovirus vector-attributed hepatotoxicity blocks clinical application in gene therapy. Cytotherapy 2021; 23:1045-1052. [PMID: 34548241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads), common self-limiting pathogens in humans and animals, usually cause conjunctivitis, mild upper respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis in humans and hepatotoxicity syndrome in chickens and dogs, posing great threats to public health and livestock husbandry. Artificially modified Ads, which wipe out virulence-determining genes, are the most frequently used viral vectors in gene therapy, and some Ad vector (AdV)-related medicines and vaccines have been licensed and applied. Inherent liver tropism enables AdVs to specifically deliver drugs/genes to the liver; however, AdVs are closely associated with acute hepatotoxicity in immunocompromised individuals, and the side effects of AdVs, which stimulate a strong inflammatory reaction in the liver and cause acute hepatotoxicity, have largely limited clinical application. Therefore, this review systematically elucidates the intimate relationship between AdVs and hepatotoxicity in terms of virus and host and precisely illustrates the accumulated understanding in this field over the past decades. This review demonstrates the liver tropism of AdVs and molecular mechanism of AdV-induced hepatotoxicity and looks at the studies on AdV-mediated animal hepatotoxicity, which will undoubtedly deepen the understanding of AdV-caused liver injury and be of benefit in the further safe development of AdVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
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2
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Mendonça SA, Lorincz R, Boucher P, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vector vaccine platforms in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:97. [PMID: 34354082 PMCID: PMC8342436 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been explored as vaccine agents for a range of infectious diseases, and their ability to induce a potent and balanced immune response made them logical candidates to apply to the COVID-19 pandemic. The unique molecular characteristics of these vectors enabled the rapid development of vaccines with advanced designs capable of overcoming the biological challenges faced by early adenoviral vector systems. These successes and the urgency of the COVID-19 situation have resulted in a flurry of candidate adenoviral vector vaccines for COVID-19 from both academia and industry. These vaccines represent some of the lead candidates currently supported by Operation Warp Speed and other government agencies for rapid translational development. This review details adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines currently in human clinical trials and provides an overview of the new technologies employed in their design. As these vaccines have formed a cornerstone of the COVID-19 global vaccination campaign, this review provides a full consideration of the impact and development of this emerging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reka Lorincz
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Boucher
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Tahmasebi R, da Costa AC, Tardy K, J. Tinker R, de Padua Milagres FA, Brustulin R, Rodrigues Teles MDA, Togisaki das Chagas R, de Deus Alves Soares CV, Sakurada Aranha Watanabe A, Salete Alencar C, Villanova F, Deng X, Delwart E, Luchs A, Leal É, Cerdeira Sabino E. Genomic Analyses of Potential Novel Recombinant Human Adenovirus C in Brazil. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050508. [PMID: 32375411 PMCID: PMC7290489 DOI: 10.3390/v12050508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Adenovirus species C (HAdV-C) is the most common etiologic agent of respiratory disease. In the present study, we characterized the nearly full-length genome of one potential new HAdV-C recombinant strain constituted by Penton and Fiber proteins belonging to type 89 and a chimeric Hexon protein of types 1 and 89. By using viral metagenomics techniques, we screened out, in the states of Tocantins and Pará, Northern and North regions of Brazil, from 2010 to 2016, 251 fecal samples of children between 0.5 to 2.5 years old. These children were presenting acute diarrhea not associated with common pathogens (i.e., rotavirus, norovirus). We identified two HAdV-C strains in two distinct patients. Phylogenetic analysis performed using all complete genomes available at GenBank database indicated that one strain (HAdV-C BR-245) belonged to type 1. The phylogenetic analysis also indicated that the second strain (HAdV-C BR-211) was located at the base of the clade formed by the newly HAdV-C strains type 89. Recombination analysis revealed that strain HAdV-C BR-211 is a chimera in which the variable regions of Hexon gene combined HAdV-C1 and HAdV-C89 sequences. Therefore, HAdV-C BR-211 strain possesses a genomic backbone of type HAdV-C89 and a unique insertion of HAdV-C1 in the Hexon sequence. Recombination may play an important driving force in HAdV-C diversity and evolution. Studies employing complete genomic sequencing on circulating HAdV-C strains in Brazil are needed to understand the clinical significance of the presented data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Tahmasebi
- Polytechnic School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (A.C.d.C.); (É.L.)
| | - Antonio Charlys da Costa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (A.C.d.C.); (É.L.)
| | - Kaelan Tardy
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
| | - Rory J. Tinker
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Flavio Augusto de Padua Milagres
- LIM/46, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil; (F.A.d.P.M.); (R.B.)
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins 77453-000, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.T.); (R.T.d.C.); (C.V.d.D.A.S.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Tocantins, Tocantins 77001-090, Brazil
- Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins 77016-330, Brazil
| | - Rafael Brustulin
- LIM/46, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil; (F.A.d.P.M.); (R.B.)
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins 77453-000, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.T.); (R.T.d.C.); (C.V.d.D.A.S.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Tocantins, Tocantins 77001-090, Brazil
| | - Maria da Aparecida Rodrigues Teles
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins 77453-000, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.T.); (R.T.d.C.); (C.V.d.D.A.S.)
- Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins 77016-330, Brazil
| | - Rogério Togisaki das Chagas
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins 77453-000, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.T.); (R.T.d.C.); (C.V.d.D.A.S.)
- Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins 77016-330, Brazil
| | - Cassia Vitória de Deus Alves Soares
- Secretary of Health of Tocantins, Tocantins 77453-000, Brazil; (M.d.A.R.T.); (R.T.d.C.); (C.V.d.D.A.S.)
- Public Health Laboratory of Tocantins State (LACEN/TO), Tocantins 77016-330, Brazil
| | | | - Cecilia Salete Alencar
- Central Laboratory Division-DLC-HCSP, Clinical Laboratory and LIM 03-Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Fabiola Villanova
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para 66075-000, Brazil;
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118-4417, USA; (X.D.); (E.D.)
- Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118-4417, USA; (X.D.); (E.D.)
- Department Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Disease Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Élcio Leal
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Para 66075-000, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.T.); (A.C.d.C.); (É.L.)
| | - Ester Cerdeira Sabino
- Polytechnic School of University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil;
- LIM/46, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil; (F.A.d.P.M.); (R.B.)
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Xu C, Xu J, Liu J, Chen Y, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM, Qian G. Human adenovirus penton base and encapsidation sequences detected in Pelodiscus sinensis by next generation sequencing. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis) has become one of the leading cultured organisms in China and South East Asia. The objectives of the present study were to use next generation sequencing to identify viral genomes present in liver tissues from Chinese soft-shelled turtle in China. BLAST analysis of viral sequences from liver samples showed high homology with the human adenovirus (HAdV) penton base and encapsidation proteins. This homology points to possible existence of HAdV in freshwater environments used for the culture of soft-shelled turtles. Therefore, our findings merit further investigations to determine possible contamination of HAdV in aquaculture environments and the possible role of the Chinese soft-shelled turtle in transmitting HAdV to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences & Aquatic Medicine, PO Box 369, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jiehao Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Jiating Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences & Aquatic Medicine, PO Box 369, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences & Aquatic Medicine, PO Box 369, 0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guoying Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline of Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, PR China
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Selection Pressure in the Human Adenovirus Fiber Knob Drives Cell Specificity in Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis. J Virol 2016; 90:9598-9607. [PMID: 27512073 PMCID: PMC5068513 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01010-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) contain seven species (HAdV-A to -G), each associated with specific disease conditions. Among these, HAdV-D includes those viruses associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), a severe ocular surface infection. The reasons for corneal tropism for some but not all HAdV-Ds are not known. The fiber protein is a major capsid protein; its C-terminal "knob" mediates binding with host cell receptors to facilitate subsequent viral entry. In a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of HAdV-D capsid genes, fiber knob gene sequences of HAdV-D types associated with EKC formed a unique clade. By proteotyping analysis, EKC virus-associated fiber knobs were uniquely shared. Comparative structural modeling showed no distinct variations in fiber knobs of EKC types but did show variation among HAdV-Ds in a region overlapping with the known CD46 binding site in HAdV-B. We also found signature amino acid positions that distinguish EKC from non-EKC types, and by in vitro studies we showed that corneal epithelial cell tropism can be predicted by the presence of a lysine or alanine at residue 240. This same amino acid residue in EKC viruses shows evidence for positive selection, suggesting that evolutionary pressure enhances fitness in corneal infection, and may be a molecular determinant in EKC pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Viruses adapt various survival strategies to gain entry into target host cells. Human adenovirus (HAdV) types are associated with distinct disease conditions, yet evidence for connections between genotype and cellular tropism is generally lacking. Here, we provide a structural and evolutionary basis for the association between specific genotypes within HAdV species D and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, a severe ocular surface infection. We find that HAdV-D fiber genes of major EKC pathogens, specifically the fiber knob gene region, share a distinct phylogenetic clade. Deeper analysis of the fiber gene revealed that evolutionary pressure at crucial amino acid sites has a significant impact on its structural conformation, which is likely important in host cell binding and entry. Specific amino acids in hot spot residues provide a link to ocular cell tropism and possibly to corneal pathogenesis.
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6
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Bobkov SA, Teslyuk AB, Kurta RP, Gorobtsov OY, Yefanov OM, Ilyin VA, Senin RA, Vartanyants IA. Sorting algorithms for single-particle imaging experiments at X-ray free-electron lasers. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:1345-52. [PMID: 26524297 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515017348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Modern X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) operating at high repetition rates produce a tremendous amount of data. It is a great challenge to classify this information and reduce the initial data set to a manageable size for further analysis. Here an approach for classification of diffraction patterns measured in prototypical diffract-and-destroy single-particle imaging experiments at XFELs is presented. It is proposed that the data are classified on the basis of a set of parameters that take into account the underlying diffraction physics and specific relations between the real-space structure of a particle and its reciprocal-space intensity distribution. The approach is demonstrated by applying principal component analysis and support vector machine algorithms to the simulated and measured X-ray data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bobkov
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - A B Teslyuk
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - R P Kurta
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - O Yu Gorobtsov
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - O M Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V A Ilyin
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Senin
- National Research Centre `Kurchatov Institute', Akademika Kurchatova pl. 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Gorobtsov OY, Lorenz U, Kabachnik NM, Vartanyants IA. Theoretical study of electronic damage in single-particle imaging experiments at x-ray free-electron lasers for pulse durations from 0.1 to 10 fs. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:062712. [PMID: 26172741 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.062712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) may allow us to employ the single-particle imaging (SPI) method to determine the structure of macromolecules that do not form stable crystals. Ultrashort pulses of 10 fs and less allow us to outrun complete disintegration by Coulomb explosion and minimize radiation damage due to nuclear motion, but electronic damage is still present. The major contribution to the electronic damage comes from the plasma generated in the sample that is strongly dependent on the amount of Auger ionization. Since the Auger process has a characteristic time scale on the order of femtoseconds, one may expect that its contribution will be significantly reduced for attosecond pulses. Here we study the effect of electronic damage on the SPI at pulse durations from 0.1 to 10 fs and in a large range of XFEL fluences to determine optimal conditions for imaging of biological samples. We analyzed the contribution of different electronic excitation processes and found that at fluences higher than 10(13)-10(15) photons/μm(2) (depending on the photon energy and pulse duration) the diffracted signal saturates and does not increase further. A significant gain in the signal is obtained by reducing the pulse duration from 10 to 1 fs. Pulses below a duration of 1 fs do not give a significant gain in the scattering signal in comparison with 1-fs pulses. We also study the limits imposed on SPI by Compton scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Yu Gorobtsov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Akademika Kurchatova pl., 1, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - U Lorenz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - N M Kabachnik
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- European XFEL GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - I A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
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Mechanisms of human adenovirus inactivation by sunlight and UVC light as examined by quantitative PCR and quantitative proteomics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:1325-32. [PMID: 23241978 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03457-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are important pathogens in both industrialized and developing nations. HAdV has been shown to be relatively resistant to monochromatic UVC light. Polychromatic UVC light, in contrast, is a more effective means of disinfection, presumably due to the involvement of viral proteins in the inactivation mechanism. Solar disinfection of HAdV, finally, is only poorly understood. In this paper, the kinetics and mechanism of HAdV inactivation by UVC light and direct and indirect solar disinfection are elucidated. PCR and mass spectrometry were employed to quantify the extent of genome and protein degradation and to localize the affected regions in the HAdV proteins. For this purpose, we used for the first time an approach involving stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) of a human virus. Inactivation by UVC light and the full sunlight spectrum were found to efficiently inactivate HAdV, whereas UVA-visible light only caused inactivation in the presence of external sensitizers (indirect solar disinfection). Genome damage was significant for UVC but was less important for solar disinfection. In contrast, indirect solar disinfection exhibited extensive protein degradation. In particular, the fiber protein and the amino acids responsible for host binding within the fiber protein were shown to degrade. In addition, the central domain of the penton protein was damaged, which may inhibit interactions with the fiber protein and lead to a disruption of the initial stages of infection. Damage to the hexon protein, however, appeared to affect only regions not directly involved in the infectious cycle.
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9
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Lorenz U, Kabachnik NM, Weckert E, Vartanyants IA. Impact of ultrafast electronic damage in single-particle x-ray imaging experiments. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:051911. [PMID: 23214818 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.051911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In single-particle coherent x-ray diffraction imaging experiments, performed at x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), samples are exposed to intense x-ray pulses to obtain single-shot diffraction patterns. The high intensity induces electronic dynamics on the femtosecond time scale in the system, which can reduce the contrast of the obtained diffraction patterns and adds an isotropic background. We quantify the degradation of the diffraction pattern from ultrafast electronic damage by performing simulations on a biological sample exposed to x-ray pulses with different parameters. We find that the contrast is substantially reduced and the background is considerably strong only if almost all electrons are removed from their parent atoms. This happens at fluences of at least one order of magnitude larger than provided at currently available XFEL sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lorenz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
"Sputnik" is a dsDNA virus, referred to as a virophage, that is coassembled with Mimivirus in the host amoeba. We have used cryo-EM to produce an electron density map of the icosahedral Sputnik virus at 3.5-Å resolution, sufficient to verify the identity of most amino acids in the capsid proteins and to establish the identity of the pentameric protein forming the fivefold vertices. It was also shown that the virus lacks an internal membrane. The capsid is organized into a T = 27 lattice in which there are 260 trimeric capsomers and 12 pentameric capsomers. The trimeric capsomers consist of three double "jelly-roll" major capsid proteins creating pseudohexameric capsomer symmetry. The pentameric capsomers consist of five single jelly-roll proteins. The release of the genome by displacing one or more of the pentameric capsomers may be the result of a low-pH environment. These results suggest a mechanism of Sputnik DNA ejection that probably also occurs in other big icosahedral double jelly-roll viruses such as Adenovirus. In this study, the near-atomic resolution structure of a virus has been established where crystallization for X-ray crystallography was not feasible.
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11
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San Martín C. Latest insights on adenovirus structure and assembly. Viruses 2012; 4:847-77. [PMID: 22754652 PMCID: PMC3386624 DOI: 10.3390/v4050847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) capsid organization is considerably complex, not only because of its large size (~950 Å) and triangulation number (pseudo T = 25), but also because it contains four types of minor proteins in specialized locations modulating the quasi-equivalent icosahedral interactions. Up until 2009, only its major components (hexon, penton, and fiber) had separately been described in atomic detail. Their relationships within the virion, and the location of minor coat proteins, were inferred from combining the known crystal structures with increasingly more detailed cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) maps. There was no structural information on assembly intermediates. Later on that year, two reports described the structural differences between the mature and immature adenoviral particle, starting to shed light on the different stages of viral assembly, and giving further insights into the roles of core and minor coat proteins during morphogenesis [1,2]. Finally, in 2010, two papers describing the atomic resolution structure of the complete virion appeared [3,4]. These reports represent a veritable tour de force for two structural biology techniques: X-ray crystallography and cryoEM, as this is the largest macromolecular complex solved at high resolution by either of them. In particular, the cryoEM analysis provided an unprecedented clear picture of the complex protein networks shaping the icosahedral shell. Here I review these latest developments in the field of AdV structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Abstract
Of the 53 different human adenovirus (HAdV) serotypes belonging to species A-G, a significant number are associated with acute respiratory, gastrointestinal and ocular infections. Replication-defective HAdV-5-based vectors also continue to play a significant role in gene transfer trials and in vaccine delivery efforts in the clinic. Although significant progress has been made from studies of AdV biology, we still have an incomplete understanding of AdV's structure as well as its multifactorial interactions with the host. Continuing efforts to improve knowledge in these areas, as discussed in this chapter, will be crucial for revealing the mechanisms of AdV pathogenesis and for allowing optimal use of AdV vectors for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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13
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Franqueville L, Henning P, Magnusson M, Vigne E, Schoehn G, Blair-Zajdel ME, Habib N, Lindholm L, Blair GE, Hong SS, Boulanger P. Protein crystals in Adenovirus type 5-infected cells: requirements for intranuclear crystallogenesis, structural and functional analysis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2894. [PMID: 18682854 PMCID: PMC2488365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranuclear crystalline inclusions have been observed in the nucleus of epithelial cells infected with Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) at late steps of the virus life cycle. Using immuno-electron microscopy and confocal microscopy of cells infected with various Ad5 recombinants modified in their penton base or fiber domains, we found that these inclusions represented crystals of penton capsomers, the heteromeric capsid protein formed of penton base and fiber subunits. The occurrence of protein crystals within the nucleus of infected cells required the integrity of the fiber knob and part of the shaft domain. In the knob domain, the region overlapping residues 489-492 in the FG loop was found to be essential for crystal formation. In the shaft, a large deletion of repeats 4 to 16 had no detrimental effect on crystal inclusions, whereas deletion of repeats 8 to 21 abolished crystal formation without altering the level of fiber protein expression. This suggested a crucial role of the five penultimate repeats in the crystallisation process. Chimeric pentons made of Ad5 penton base and fiber domains from different serotypes were analyzed with respect to crystal formation. No crystal was found when fiber consisted of shaft (S) from Ad5 and knob (K) from Ad3 (heterotypic S5-K3 fiber), but occurred with homotypic S3K3 fiber. However, less regular crystals were observed with homotypic S35-K35 fiber. TB5, a monoclonal antibody directed against the Ad5 fiber knob was found by immunofluorescence microscopy to react with high efficiency with the intranuclear protein crystals in situ. Data obtained with Ad fiber mutants indicated that the absence of crystalline inclusions correlated with a lower infectivity and/or lower yields of virus progeny, suggesting that the protein crystals might be involved in virion assembly. Thus, we propose that TB5 staining of Ad-infected 293 cells can be used as a prognostic assay for the viability and productivity of fiber-modified Ad5 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Franqueville
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS-FRE-3011, Lyon, France
| | - Petra Henning
- Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
| | - Maria Magnusson
- Institute for Biomedicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
| | - Emmanuelle Vigne
- Sanofi-Avantis, Centre de Recherches de Vitry, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Université de Grenoble Joseph Fourier (UJF), Unit for Virus-Host Cell Interactions, UMR-5233 UJF-EMBL-CNRS, and Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR-5075 CEA-CNRS-UJF, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Technology, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Lindholm
- Got-A-Gene AB, Östra Kyviksvägen 18, Kullavik, Sweden
| | - G. Eric Blair
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Saw See Hong
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS-FRE-3011, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine Laënnec, Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine, CNRS-FRE-3011, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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