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Geddes JW, Bondada V, Croall DE, Rodgers DW, Gal J. Impaired activity and membrane association of most calpain-5 mutants causal for neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166747. [PMID: 37207905 PMCID: PMC10332796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (NIV) is a rare eye disease that ultimately leads to complete blindness and is caused by mutations in the gene encoding calpain-5 (CAPN5), with six pathogenic mutations identified. In transfected SH-SY5Y cells, five of the mutations resulted in decreased membrane association, diminished S-acylation, and reduced calcium-induced autoproteolysis of CAPN5. CAPN5 proteolysis of the autoimmune regulator AIRE was impacted by several NIV mutations. R243, L244, K250 and the adjacent V249 are on β-strands in the protease core 2 domain. Conformational changes induced by Ca2+binding result in these β-strands forming a β-sheet and a hydrophobic pocket which docks W286 side chain away from the catalytic cleft, enabling calpain activation based on comparison with the Ca2+-bound CAPN1 protease core. The pathologic variants R243L, L244P, K250N, and R289W are predicted to disrupt the β-strands, β-sheet, and hydrophobic pocket, impairing calpain activation. The mechanism by which these variants impair membrane association is unclear. G376S impacts a conserved residue in the CBSW domain and is predicted to disrupt a loop containing acidic residues which may contribute to membrane binding. G267S did not impair membrane association and resulted in a slight but significant increase in autoproteolytic and proteolytic activity. However, G267S is also identified in individuals without NIV. Combined with the autosomal dominant pattern of NIV inheritance and evidence that CAPN5 may dimerize, the results are consistent with a dominant negative mechanism for the five pathogenic variants which resulted in impaired CAPN5 activity and membrane association and a gain-of-function for the G267S variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Vimala Bondada
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Dorothy E Croall
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - David W Rodgers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Jozsef Gal
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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2
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Postma AV, Rapp CK, Knoflach K, Volk AE, Lemke JR, Ackermann M, Regamey N, Latzin P, Celant L, Jansen SM, Bogaard HJ, Ilgun A, Alders M, van Spaendonck-Zwarts KY, Jonigk D, Klein C, Gräf S, Kubisch C, Houweling AC, Griese M. Biallelic variants in the calpain regulatory subunit CAPNS1 cause pulmonary arterial hypertension. GENETICS IN MEDICINE OPEN 2023; 1:100811. [PMID: 38230350 PMCID: PMC10790724 DOI: 10.1016/j.gimo.2023.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to identify the monogenic cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a multifactorial and often fatal disease, in 2 unrelated consanguine families. Methods We performed exome sequencing and validated variant pathogenicity by whole-blood RNA and protein expression analysis in both families. Further RNA sequencing of preserved lung tissue was performed to investigate the consequences on selected genes that are involved in angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis. Results We identified 2 rare biallelic variants in CAPNS1, encoding the regulatory subunit of calpain. The variants cosegregated with PAH in the families. Both variants lead to loss of function (LoF), which is demonstrated by aberrant splicing resulting in the complete absence of the CAPNS1 protein in affected patients. No other LoF CAPNS1 variant was identified in the genome data of more than 1000 patients with unresolved PAH. Conclusion The calpain holoenzyme was previously linked to pulmonary vascular development and progression of PAH in patients. We demonstrated that biallelic LoF variants in CAPNS1 can cause idiopathic PAH by the complete absence of CAPNS1 protein. Screening of this gene in patients who are affected by PAH, especially with suspected autosomal recessive inheritance, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex V. Postma
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina K. Rapp
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Knoflach
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander E. Volk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes R. Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Regamey
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Children’s Hospital, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Division of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Celant
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samara M.A. Jansen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aho Ilgun
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Alders
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR BioResource for Translational Research–Rare Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arjan C. Houweling
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Griese
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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3
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Incebacak Eltemur RD, Nguyen HP, Weber JJ. Calpain-mediated proteolysis as driver and modulator of polyglutamine toxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1020104. [PMID: 36385755 PMCID: PMC9648470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Among posttranslational modifications, directed proteolytic processes have the strongest impact on protein integrity. They are executed by a variety of cellular machineries and lead to a wide range of molecular consequences. Compared to other forms of proteolytic enzymes, the class of calcium-activated calpains is considered as modulator proteases due to their limited proteolytic activity, which changes the structure and function of their target substrates. In the context of neurodegeneration and - in particular - polyglutamine disorders, proteolytic events have been linked to modulatory effects on the molecular pathogenesis by generating harmful breakdown products of disease proteins. These findings led to the formulation of the toxic fragment hypothesis, and calpains appeared to be one of the key players and auspicious therapeutic targets in Huntington disease and Machado Joseph disease. This review provides a current survey of the role of calpains in proteolytic processes found in polyglutamine disorders. Together with insights into general concepts behind toxic fragments and findings in polyglutamine disorders, this work aims to inspire researchers to broaden and deepen the knowledge in this field, which will help to evaluate calpain-mediated proteolysis as a unifying and therapeutically targetable posttranslational mechanism in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Dilara Incebacak Eltemur
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jonasz Jeremiasz Weber
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Funajima E, Ito G, Ishiyama E, Ishida K, Ozaki T. Mitochondrial localization of calpain-13 in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 609:149-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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5
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Ojima K, Hata S, Shinkai-Ouchi F, Oe M, Muroya S, Sorimachi H, Ono Y. Developing fluorescence sensor probe to capture activated muscle-specific calpain-3 (CAPN3) in living muscle cells. Biol Open 2020; 9:bio048975. [PMID: 32801165 PMCID: PMC7489760 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain-3 (CAPN3) is a muscle-specific type of calpain whose protease activity is triggered by Ca2+ Here, we developed CAPN3 sensor probes (SPs) to detect activated-CAPN3 using a fluorescence/Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. In our SPs, partial amino acid sequence of calpastatin, endogenous CAPN inhibitor but CAPN3 substrate, is inserted between two different fluorescence proteins that cause FRET. Biochemical and spectral studies revealed that CAPN3 cleaved SPs and changed emission wavelengths of SPs. Importantly, SPs were scarcely cleaved by CAPN1 and CAPN2. Furthermore, our SP successfully captured the activation of endogenous CAPN3 in living myotubes treated with ouabain. Our SPs would become a promising tool to detect the dynamics of CAPN3 protease activity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ojima
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 305-0901 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoji Hata
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 156-8506 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Shinkai-Ouchi
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 156-8506 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Oe
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 305-0901 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Susumu Muroya
- Muscle Biology Research Unit, Division of Animal Products Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, 305-0901 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sorimachi
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 156-8506 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ono
- Calpain Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 156-8506 Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Kutluer M, Huang L, Marigo V. Targeting molecular pathways for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1784-1791. [PMID: 32246618 PMCID: PMC7513962 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration is a major cause of incurable blindness characterized by loss of retinal photoreceptor cells. Inherited retinal degeneration is characterized by high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity with several genes mutated in patients affected by these genetic diseases. The high genetic heterogeneity of these diseases hampers the development of effective therapeutic interventions for the cure of a large cohort of patients. Common cell demise mechanisms can be envisioned as targets to treat patients regardless the specific mutation. One of these targets is the increase of intracellular calcium ions, that has been detected in several murine models of inherited retinal degeneration. Recently, neurotrophic factors that favor the efflux of calcium ions to concentrations below toxic levels have been identified as promising molecules that should be evaluated as new treatments for retinal degeneration. Here, we discuss therapeutic options for inherited retinal degeneration and we will focus on neuroprotective approaches, such as the neuroprotective activity of the Pigment epithelium-derived factor. The characterization of specific targets for neuroprotection opens new perspectives together with many questions that require deep analyses to take advantage of this knowledge and develop new therapeutic approaches. We believe that minimizing cell demise by neuroprotection may represent a promising treatment strategy for retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Kutluer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valeria Marigo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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7
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McCartney CSE, Ye Q, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Insertion sequence 1 from calpain-3 is functional in calpain-2 as an internal propeptide. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17716-17730. [PMID: 30254072 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular, calcium-activated cysteine proteases. Calpain-3 is abundant in skeletal muscle, where its mutation-induced loss of function causes limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Unlike the small subunit-containing calpain-1 and -2, the calpain-3 isoform homodimerizes through pairing of its C-terminal penta-EF-hand domain. It also has two unique insertion sequences (ISs) not found in the other calpains: IS1 within calpain-3's protease core and IS2 just prior to the penta-EF-hand domain. Production of either native or recombinant full-length calpain-3 to characterize the function of these ISs is challenging. Therefore, here we used recombinant rat calpain-2 as a stable surrogate and inserted IS1 into its equivalent position in the protease core. As it does in calpain-3, IS1 occupied the catalytic cleft and restricted the enzyme's access to substrate and inhibitors. Following activation by Ca2+, IS1 was rapidly cleaved by intramolecular autolysis, permitting the enzyme to freely accept substrate and inhibitors. The surrogate remained functional until extensive intermolecular autoproteolysis inactivated the enzyme, as is typical of calpain-2. Although the small-molecule inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin limited intermolecular autolysis of the surrogate, they did not block the initial intramolecular cleavage of IS1, establishing its role as a propeptide. Surprisingly, the large-molecule calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, completely blocked enzyme activity, even with IS1 intact. We suggest that calpastatin is large enough to oust IS1 from the catalytic cleft and take its place. We propose an explanation for why calpastatin can inhibit calpain-2 bearing the IS1 insertion but cannot inhibit WT calpain-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian-Scott E McCartney
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Qilu Ye
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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8
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Ye Q, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Structures of human calpain-3 protease core with and without bound inhibitor reveal mechanisms of calpain activation. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4056-4070. [PMID: 29382717 PMCID: PMC5857979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2a arises from mutations in the Ca2+-activated intracellular cysteine protease calpain-3. This calpain isoform is abundant in skeletal muscle and differs from the main isoforms, calpain-1 and -2, in being a homodimer and having two short insertion sequences. The first of these, IS1, interrupts the protease core and must be cleaved for activation and substrate binding. Here, to learn how calpain-3 can be regulated and inhibited, we determined the structures of the calpain-3 protease core with IS1 present or proteolytically excised. To prevent intramolecular IS1 autoproteolysis, we converted the active-site Cys to Ala. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis of the C129A mutant suggested that IS1 is disordered and mobile enough to occupy several locations. Surprisingly, this was also true for the apo version of this mutant. We therefore concluded that IS1 might have a binding partner in the sarcomere and is unstructured in its absence. After autoproteolytic IS1 removal from the active Cys129 calpain-3 protease core, we could solve its crystal structures with and without the cysteine protease inhibitors E-64 and leupeptin covalently bound to the active-site cysteine. In each structure, the active state of the protease core was assembled by the cooperative binding of two Ca2+ ions to the equivalent sites used in calpain-1 and -2. These structures of the calpain-3 active site with residual IS1 and with bound E-64 and leupeptin may help guide the design of calpain-3-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Ye
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robert L Campbell
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Peter L Davies
- From the Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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9
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Novel calpain families and novel mechanisms for calpain regulation in Aplysia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186646. [PMID: 29053733 PMCID: PMC5650170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are a family of intracellular proteases defined by a conserved protease domain. In the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, calpains are important for the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity and memory, at least in part by cleaving protein kinase Cs (PKCs) into constitutively active kinases, termed protein kinase Ms (PKMs). We identify 14 genes encoding calpains in Aplysia using bioinformatics, including at least one member of each of the four major calpain families into which metazoan calpains are generally classified, as well as additional truncated and atypical calpains. Six classical calpains containing a penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain are present in Aplysia. Phylogenetic analysis determined that these six calpains come from three separate classical calpain families. One of the classical calpains in Aplysia, AplCCal1, has been implicated in plasticity. We identify three splice cassettes and an alternative transcriptional start site in AplCCal1. We characterize several of the possible isoforms of AplCCal1 in vitro, and demonstrate that AplCCal1 can cleave PKCs into PKMs in a calcium-dependent manner in vitro. We also find that AplCCal1 has a novel mechanism of auto-inactivation through N-terminal cleavage that is modulated through its alternative transcriptional start site.
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10
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Gakhar L, Bassuk AG, Velez G, Khan S, Yang J, Tsang SH, Mahajan VB. Small-angle X-ray scattering of calpain-5 reveals a highly open conformation among calpains. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:309-318. [PMID: 27474374 PMCID: PMC5118095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Calpain-5 is a calcium-activated protease expressed in the retina. Mutations in calpain-5 cause autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV, OMIM#193235). The structure of calpain-5 has not been determined, thus hindering the investigation of its proteolytic targets and pathological role in ADNIV. Herein, we report models of the proteolytic core of calpain-5 (mini-calpain-5) containing two globular domains (termed DIIa-IIb) connected by a short, flexible linker, consistent with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data. Structural modeling in the absence of calcium suggests that mini-calpain-5 adopts a more open conformation when compared to previously determined structures of other calpain cores. This open conformation, achieved by a rotation of DIIa and DIIb with respect to each other, prevents formation of the active site and constrains the enzyme in an inactivated form. The relative domain rotation of 60-100° we found for mini-calpain-5 (a non-classical calpain) is significantly greater than the largest rotation previously observed for a classical calpain (i.e., 55.0° for mini-calpain-9). Together with our prediction that, in the full-length form, a long loop in DIIb (loop C1), a few residues downstream of the inter-domain linker, likely interacts with the shorter, acidic, inactivating loop on domain-III (DIII), these structural insights illuminate the complexity of calpain regulation. Moreover, our studies argue that pursuing higher resolution structural studies are necessary to understand the complex activity regulation prevalent in the calpain family and for the design of specific calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gabriel Velez
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Saif Khan
- Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Protein Crystallography Facility, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Lab, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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11
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Hata S, Kitamura F, Yamaguchi M, Shitara H, Murakami M, Sorimachi H. A Gastrointestinal Calpain Complex, G-calpain, Is a Heterodimer of CAPN8 and CAPN9 Calpain Isoforms, Which Play Catalytic and Regulatory Roles, Respectively. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27313-27322. [PMID: 27881674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains (CAPN) are a family of Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases that regulate various cellular functions by cleaving diverse substrates. Of the 15 mammalian calpains, CAPN8 and CAPN9 are two that are expressed predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract, where they interact to form a protease complex, termed G-calpain. However, because native G-calpain exhibits a highly restricted expression pattern, it has never been purified, and the interactions between CAPN8 and CAPN9 have not been characterized. Here, we clarified the molecular nature of G-calpain by using recombinant proteins and transgenic mice expressing FLAG-tagged CAPN8 (CAPN8-FLAG). Recombinant mouse CAPN8 and CAPN9 co-expressed in eukaryotic expression systems exhibited the same mobility as native mouse G-calpain in Blue Native-PAGE gels, and CAPN8-FLAG immunoprecipitation from stomach homogenates of the transgenic mice showed that CAPN9 was the only protein that associated with CAPN8-FLAG. These results indicated that G-calpain is a heterodimer of CAPN8 and CAPN9. In addition, active recombinant G-calpain was expressed and purified using an in vitro translation system, and the purified protease exhibited enzymatic properties that were comparable with that of calpain-2. We found that an active-site mutant of CAPN8, but not CAPN9, compromised G-calpain's substrate cleavage activity, and that the N-terminal helix region of CAPN8 and the C-terminal EF-hands of CAPN8 and CAPN9 were involved in CAPN8/9 dimerization. Furthermore, CAPN8 protein in Capn9-/- mice was almost completely lost, whereas CAPN9 was only partially lost in Capn8-/- mice. Collectively, these results demonstrated that CAPN8 and CAPN9 function as catalytic and chaperone-like subunits, respectively, in G-calpain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Midori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (IGAKUKEN), 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, and
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12
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An eccentric calpain, CAPN3/p94/calpain-3. Biochimie 2016; 122:169-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Lian T, Wang L, Liu Y. A New Insight into the Role of Calpains in Post-mortem Meat Tenderization in Domestic Animals: A review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:443-54. [PMID: 25049808 PMCID: PMC4093471 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tenderness is the most important meat quality trait, which is determined by intracellular environment and extracellular matrix. Particularly, specific protein degradation and protein modification can disrupt the architecture and integrity of muscle cells so that improves the meat tenderness. Endogenous proteolytic systems are responsible for modifying proteinases as well as the meat tenderization. Abundant evidence has testified that calpains (CAPNs) including calpain I (CAPN1) and calpastatin (CAST) have the closest relationship with tenderness in livestock. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes including muscle growth and differentiation, pathological conditions and post-mortem meat aging. Whereas, Calpain3 (CAPN3) has been established as an important activating enzyme specifically expressed in livestock's skeletal muscle, but its role in domestic animals meat tenderization remains controversial. In this review, we summarize the role of CAPN1, calpain II (CAPN2) and CAST in post-mortem meat tenderization, and analyse the relationship between CAPN3 and tenderness in domestic animals. Besides, the possible mechanism affecting post-mortem meat aging and improving meat tenderization, and current possible causes responsible for divergence (whether CAPN3 contributes to animal meat tenderization or not) are inferred. Only the possible mechanism of CAPN3 in meat tenderization has been confirmed, while its exact role still needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yiping Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
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Partha SK, Ravulapalli R, Allingham JS, Campbell RL, Davies PL. Crystal structure of calpain-3 penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain - a homodimerized PEF family member with calcium bound at the fifth EF-hand. FEBS J 2014; 281:3138-49. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarathy K. Partha
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Ravikiran Ravulapalli
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - John S. Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Robert L. Campbell
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
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15
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Abstract
Calpains are a family of complex multi-domain intracellular enzymes that share a calcium-dependent cysteine protease core. These are not degradative enzymes, but instead carry out limited cleavage of target proteins in response to calcium signalling. Selective cutting of cytoskeletal proteins to facilitate cell migration is one such function. The two most abundant and extensively studied members of this family in mammals, calpains 1 and 2, are heterodimers of an isoform-specific 80 kDa large subunit and a common 28 kDa small subunit. Structures of calpain-2, both Ca2+-free and bound to calpastatin in the activated Ca2+-bound state, have provided a wealth of information about the enzyme's structure-function relationships and activation. The main association between the subunits is the pairing of their C-terminal penta-EF-hand domains through extensive intimate hydrophobic contacts. A lesser contact is made between the N-terminal anchor helix of the large subunit and the penta-EF-hand domain of the small subunit. Up to ten Ca2+ ions are co-operatively bound during activation. The anchor helix is released and individual domains change their positions relative to each other to properly align the active site. Because calpains 1 and 2 require ~30 and ~350 μM Ca2+ ions for half-maximal activation respectively, it has long been argued that autoproteolysis, subunit dissociation, post-translational modifications or auxiliary proteins are needed to activate the enzymes in the cell, where Ca2+ levels are in the nanomolar range. In the absence of robust support for these mechanisms, it is possible that under normal conditions calpains are transiently activated by high Ca2+ concentrations in the microenvironment of a Ca2+ influx, and then return to an inactive state ready for reactivation.
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16
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Lin FH, Sun T, Fletcher GL, Davies PL. Thermolabile antifreeze protein produced in Escherichia coli for structural analysis. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 82:75-82. [PMID: 22155222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The only hyperactive antifreeze protein (AFP) found to date in fishes is an extreme variant of the 3-kDa, alpha-helical, alanine-rich type I AFP, which is referred to here as type Ih. Purification of the 33-kDa homodimeric AFP Ih from a natural source was hampered by its low levels in fish plasma; by the need to remove the more abundant smaller isoforms; and by its extreme thermolability. Moreover, ice affinity as a purification tool was spoiled by the tendency of fish IgM antibodies to bind to ice in the presence of AFPs. In order to produce enough protein for crystallography we expressed AFP Ih as a recombinant protein in the Arctic Express® strain of Escherichia coli at 12 °C, just below the thermal denaturation temperature of 16-18 °C. His-tags were not useful because they compromised the activity and yield of AFP Ih. But in the absence of fish antibodies we were able to recover 10-mg quantities of the antifreeze protein using two cycles of ice affinity purification followed by anion-exchange chromatography to remove contaminating chaperones. The purified recombinant AFP Ih yielded diffraction-quality crystals with an extremely asymmetrical unit cell. By transferring the genes of the chaperones into a methionine auxotroph we were able to grow this host at low temperatures and produce sufficient selenomethionine-labeled AFP Ih for crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hsu Lin
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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17
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Ermolova N, Kudryashova E, DiFranco M, Vergara J, Kramerova I, Spencer MJ. Pathogenity of some limb girdle muscular dystrophy mutations can result from reduced anchorage to myofibrils and altered stability of calpain 3. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3331-45. [PMID: 21624972 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain 3 (CAPN3) is a muscle-specific, calcium-dependent proteinase that is mutated in Limb Girdle Muscle Dystrophy type 2A. Most pathogenic missense mutations in LGMD2A affect CAPN3's proteolytic activity; however, two mutations, D705G and R448H, retain activity but nevertheless cause muscular dystrophy. Previously, we showed that D705G and R448H mutations reduce CAPN3s ability to bind to titin in vitro. In this investigation, we tested the consequence of loss of titin binding in vivo and examined whether this loss can be an underlying pathogenic mechanism in LGMD2A. To address this question, we created transgenic mice that express R448H or D705G in muscles, on wild-type (WT) CAPN3 or knock-out background. Both mutants were readily expressed in insect cells, but when D705G was expressed in skeletal muscle, it was not stable enough to study. Moreover, the D705G mutation had a dominant negative effect on endogenous CAPN3 when expressed on a WT background. The R448H protein was stably expressed in muscles; however, it was more rapidly degraded in muscle extracts compared with WT CAPN3. Increased degradation of R448H was due to non-cysteine, cellular proteases acting on the autolytic sites of CAPN3, rather than autolysis. Fractionation experiments revealed a significant decrease of R448H from the myofibrillar fraction, likely due to the mutant's inability to bind titin. Our data suggest that R448H and D705G mutations affect both CAPN3s anchorage to titin and its stability. These studies reveal a novel mechanism by which mutations that spare enzymatic activity can still lead to calpainopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ermolova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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18
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Lin FH, Davies PL, Graham LA. The Thr- and Ala-rich hyperactive antifreeze protein from inchworm folds as a flat silk-like β-helix. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4467-78. [PMID: 21486083 DOI: 10.1021/bi2003108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inchworm larvae of the pale beauty geometer moth, Campaea perlata, exhibit strong (6.4 °C) freezing point depression activity, indicating the presence of hyperactive antifreeze proteins (AFPs). We have purified two novel Thr- and Ala-rich AFPs from the larvae as small (∼3.5 kDa) and large (∼8.3 kDa) variants and have cloned the cDNA sequences encoding both. They have no homology to known sequences in current BLAST databases. However, these proteins and the newly characterized AFP from the Rhagium inquisitor beetle both contain stretches rich in alternating Thr and Ala residues. On the basis of these repeats, as well as the discontinuities between them, a detailed structural model is proposed for the 8.3 kDa variant. This 88-residue protein is organized into an extended parallel-stranded β-helix with seven strands connected by classic β-turns. The alternating β-strands form two β-sheets with a thin core composed of interdigitating Ala and Ser residues, similar to the thin hydrophobic core proposed for some silks. The putative ice-binding face of the protein has a 4 × 5 regular array of Thr residues and is remarkably flat. In this regard, it resembles the nonhomologous Thr-rich AFPs from other moths and some beetles, which contain two longer rows of Thr in contrast to the five shorter rows in the inchworm protein. Like that of some other hyperactive AFPs, the spacing between these ice-binding Thr residues is a close match to the spacing of oxygen atoms on several planes of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hsu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Garnham CP, Hanna RA, Chou JS, Low KE, Gourlay K, Campbell RL, Beckmann JS, Davies PL. Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2A Can Result from Accelerated Autoproteolytic Inactivation of Calpain 3. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3457-67. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900130u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Garnham
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rachel A. Hanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jordan S. Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristin E. Low
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Keith Gourlay
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques S. Beckmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6, and Service and Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CHUV, and Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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