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Khatri K, O'Malley A, Linn C, Kowal K, Chruszcz M. Role of Small Molecule Ligands in IgE-Mediated Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:497-508. [PMID: 37351723 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A significant fraction of allergens bind small molecular ligands, and many of these compounds are classified as lipids. However, in most cases, we do not know the role that is played by the ligands in the allergic sensitization or allergic effector phases. RECENT FINDINGS More effort is dedicated toward identification of allergens' ligands. This resulted in identification of some lipidic compounds that can play active immunomodulatory roles or impact allergens' molecular and allergic properties. Four allergen families (lipocalins, NPC2, nsLTP, and PR-10) are among the best characterized in terms of their ligand-binding properties. Allergens from these four families are able to bind many chemically diverse molecules. These molecules can directly interact with human immune system and/or affect conformation and stability of allergens. While there is more data on the allergens and their small molecular ligands, we are just starting to understand their role in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Andrea O'Malley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Christina Linn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Krzysztof Kowal
- Department of Experimental Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Feng Y, Ren Y, Zhang H, Heng Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Halostachys caspica pathogenesis-related protein 10 acts as a cytokinin reservoir to regulate plant growth and development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1116985. [PMID: 37180382 PMCID: PMC10169677 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) proteins play a role in plant growth and development, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we isolated a salt-induced PR-10 gene from the halophyte Halostachys caspica and named it HcPR10. HcPR10 was constitutively expressed during development and HcPR10 localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. HcPR10-mediated phenotypes including bolting, earlier flowering, increased branch number and siliques per plant are highly correlated with increased cytokinin levels in transgenic Arabidopsis. Meanwhile, increased levels of cytokinin in plants is temporally correlated with HcPR10 expression patterns. Although the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis genes validated was not upregulated, cytokinin-related genes including chloroplast-related genes, cytokinin metabolism and cytokinin responses genes and flowering-related genes were significantly upregulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis compared to the wild type by transcriptome deep sequencing. Analysis of the crystal structure of HcPR10 revealed a trans-zeatin riboside (a type of cytokinin) located deep in its cavity, with a conserved conformation and protein-ligand interactions, supporting HcRP10 acts as a cytokinin reservoir. Moreover, HcPR10 in Halostachys caspica predominantly accumulated in vascular tissue, the site of long-distance translocation of plant hormones. Collectively, we draw that HcPR10 as a cytokinin reservoir induces cytokinin-related signal transduction in plants, thereby promoting plant growth and development. These findings could provide intriguing insights into the role of HcPR10 proteins in phytohormone regulation in plants and advance our understanding of cytokinin-mediated plant development and could facilitate the breeding of transgenic crops with earlier mature, higher yielding agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Feng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yanpeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Youqiang Heng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
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3
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Fujita K, Yoshihara R, Hirota M, Goto J, Sonoda C, Inui H. A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins positively regulate major latex-like proteins, transporting factors toward dioxin-like compounds in Cucurbita pepo. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135536. [PMID: 35772518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Cucurbitaceae family accumulates dioxin-like compounds in its fruits. We previously showed that A20/AN1 zinc finger protein (ZFP) genes were highly expressed in the zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) subspecies pepo, which accumulates dioxin-like compounds at high concentrations. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants overexpressing A20/AN1 ZFP genes show accumulation of dioxin-like compounds in their upper parts. However, the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of dioxin-like compounds regulated by the A20/AN1 ZFPs remain unclear. Here, we show that A20/AN1 ZFPs positively regulate the expression of the major latex-like protein (MLP) and its homolog genes in N. tabacum and C. pepo. MLPs are involved in the transport of dioxin-like compounds from the roots to the upper parts of C. pepo. Overexpression of A20/AN1 ZFP genes in N. tabacum leads to the upregulation of pathogenesis-related protein class-10 genes with the binding ability toward dioxin-like compounds. Our results demonstrated that A20/AN1 ZFPs upregulate MLP and its homolog genes in N. tabacum and C. pepo, resulting in the accumulation of dioxin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Fujita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryouhei Yoshihara
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Matashi Hirota
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Goto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sonoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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4
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Arisawa M, Mizuno T, Nozawa-Kumada K, Itto-Nakama K, Furuta M, Tanii S. Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Unsymmetric Di(heteroaryl)ureas Involving an Equilibrium Shift. Org Lett 2021; 23:9382-9386. [PMID: 34851119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetric di(heteroaryl)ureas such as HetAr1-NHCONH-HetAr2 are efficiently synthesized from two symmetric ureas, HetAr1-NHCONH-HetAr1 and HetAr2-NHCONH-HetAr2, by rhodium-catalyzed exchange reactions. The equilibrium in some of the reactions can be shifted to the formation of unsymmetric ureas by the aggregation of the dimers formed by inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Arisawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Taro Mizuno
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kaori Itto-Nakama
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Miyu Furuta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Saori Tanii
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Fujita K, Asuke S, Isono E, Yoshihara R, Uno Y, Inui H. MLP-PG1, a major latex-like protein identified in Cucurbita pepo, confers resistance through the induction of pathogenesis-related genes. PLANTA 2021; 255:10. [PMID: 34850294 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION MLP-PG1, identified in Cucurbita pepo, plays a crucial role in resistance against fungal pathogens through the induction of pathogenesis-related genes. ASTRACT MLP-PG1, a major latex-like protein (MLP) from zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), was identified as a transporting factor for hydrophobic organic pollutants. MLPs are members of the Bet v 1 family, similar to pathogenesis-related class 10 proteins (PR-10s). However, the biological functions of MLPs remain unclear. Herein, we show that MLP-PG1 induces the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and indirectly promotes resistance against pathogens. The activity of the MLP-PG1 promoter in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants was significantly enhanced by inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. However, MLP-PG1 did not induce direct resistance through RNase activity. Therefore, we examined the possibility that MLP-PG1 is indirectly involved in resistance; indeed, we found that MLP-PG1 induced the expression of defense-related genes. Overexpression of MLP-PG1 highly upregulated PR-2 and PR-5 and decreased the area of lesions caused by Botrytis cinerea in the leaves of transgenic tobacco plants. Our results demonstrate that MLP-PG1 is involved in indirect resistance against plant diseases, especially caused by fungal pathogens, through the induction of PR genes. This study is the first report to show the induction of PR genes by the expression of MLP from the RNA sequencing analysis and the involvement of MLP-PG1 in the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Fujita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Soichiro Asuke
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Erika Isono
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Ryouhei Yoshihara
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Ohkubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yuichi Uno
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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Dastmalchi M. Elusive partners: a review of the auxiliary proteins guiding metabolic flux in flavonoid biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:314-329. [PMID: 34318549 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are specialized metabolites widely distributed across the plant kingdom. They are involved in the growth and survival of plants, conferring the ability to filter ultra-violet rays, conduct symbiotic partnerships, and respond to stress. While many branches of flavonoid biosynthesis have been resolved, recent discoveries suggest missing auxiliary components. These overlooked elements can guide metabolic flux, enhance production, mediate stereoselectivity, transport intermediates, and exert regulatory functions. This review describes several families of auxiliary proteins from across the plant kingdom, including examples from specialized metabolism. In flavonoid biosynthesis, we discuss the example of chalcone isomerase-like (CHIL) proteins and their non-catalytic role. CHILs mediate the cyclization of tetraketides, forming the chalcone scaffold by interacting with chalcone synthase (CHS). Loss of CHIL activity leads to derailment of the CHS-catalyzed reaction and a loss of pigmentation in fruits and flowers. Similarly, members of the pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) protein family have been found to differentially bind flavonoid intermediates, guiding the composition of anthocyanins. This role comes within a larger body of PR10 involvement in specialized metabolism, from outright catalysis (e.g., (S)-norcoclaurine synthesis) to controlling stereochemistry (e.g., enhancing cis-trans cyclization in catnip). Both CHILs and PR10s hail from larger families of ligand-binding proteins with a spectrum of activity, complicating the characterization of their enigmatic roles. Strategies for the discovery of auxiliary proteins are discussed, as well as mechanistic models for their function. Targeting such unanticipated components will be crucial in manipulating plants or engineering microbial systems for natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dastmalchi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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7
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Fujita K, Inui H. Review: Biological functions of major latex-like proteins in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 306:110856. [PMID: 33775363 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Major latex-like proteins (MLPs) have been identified in dicots and monocots. They are members of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 family as well as pathogenesis-related proteins class 10. MLPs have two main features. One is binding affinity toward various hydrophobic compounds, such as long-chain fatty acids, steroids, and systemic acquired resistance signals, via its internal hydrophobic cavity or hydrophobic residues on its surface. MLPs transport such compounds to other organs via phloem and xylem vessels and contribute to the expression of physiologically important ligands' activity in the particular organs. The second feature is responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. MLPs are involved in drought and salt tolerance through the mediation of plant hormone signaling pathways. MLPs generate resistance against pathogens by the induction of pathogenesis-related protein genes. Therefore, MLPs play crucial roles in drought and salt tolerance and resistance against pathogens. However, knowledge of MLPs is fragmented, and an overview of them is needed. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of the biological functions of MLPs, which to our knowledge, is the first review about MLPs that has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Fujita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Inui
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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8
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Morris JS, Caldo KMP, Liang S, Facchini PJ. PR10/Bet v1-like Proteins as Novel Contributors to Plant Biochemical Diversity. Chembiochem 2020; 22:264-287. [PMID: 32700448 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins constitute a broad class of plant proteins with analogues found throughout nature from bacteria to higher eukaryotes. PR proteins were first noted in plants as part of the hypersensitive response, but have since been assigned an array of biological roles. The PR10/Bet v1-like proteins are a subset of PR proteins characterized by an ability to bind a wide range of lipophilic ligands, uniquely positioning them as contributors to specialized biosynthetic pathways. PR10/Bet v1-like proteins participate in the production of plant alkaloids and phenolics including flavonoids, both as general binding proteins and in special cases as catalysts. Owing initially to the perceived allergenic properties of PR10/Bet v1-like proteins, many were studied at the structural level to elucidate the basis for ligand binding. These studies provided a foundation for more recent efforts to understand higher-level structural order and how PR10/Bet v1-like proteins catalyse key reactions in plant pathways. Synthetic biology aimed at reconstituting plant-specialized metabolism in microorganisms uses knowledge of these proteins to fine-tune performance in new systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Kristian Mark P Caldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Siyu Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N N4, Canada
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Smietanska J, Sliwiak J, Gilski M, Dauter Z, Strzalka R, Wolny J, Jaskolski M. A new modulated crystal structure of the ANS complex of the St John's wort Hyp-1 protein with 36 protein molecules in the asymmetric unit of the supercell. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:653-667. [PMID: 32627738 PMCID: PMC7336385 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320006841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Superstructure modulation, with violation of the strict short-range periodic order of consecutive crystal unit cells, is well known in small-molecule crystallography but is rarely reported for macromolecular crystals. To date, one modulated macromolecular crystal structure has been successfully determined and refined for a pathogenesis-related class 10 protein from Hypericum perforatum (Hyp-1) crystallized as a complex with 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate (ANS) [Sliwiak et al. (2015), Acta Cryst. D71, 829-843]. The commensurate modulation in that case was interpreted in a supercell with sevenfold expansion along c. When crystallized in the additional presence of melatonin, the Hyp-1-ANS complex formed crystals with a different pattern of structure modulation, in which the supercell shows a ninefold expansion of c, manifested in the diffraction pattern by a wave of reflection-intensity modulation with crests at l = 9n and l = 9n ± 4. Despite complicated tetartohedral twinning, the structure has been successfully determined and refined to 2.3 Å resolution using a description in a ninefold-expanded supercell, with 36 independent Hyp-1 chains and 156 ANS ligands populating the three internal (95 ligands) and five interstitial (61 ligands) binding sites. The commensurate superstructures and ligand-binding sites of the two crystal structures are compared, with a discussion of the effect of melatonin on the co-crystallization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smietanska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Sliwiak
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Gilski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, National Cancer Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Radoslaw Strzalka
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Wolny
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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10
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Catalytic microwave synthesis of biphenyl urea over mesoporous ZrO2-Al2O3. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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11
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Inui H, Katte N, Goto J, Iwabuchi A. High temperatures promote the uptake of hydrophobic pollutants by Cucurbita pepo via altered gene expression levels of major latex-like proteins. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:75-80. [PMID: 32508513 PMCID: PMC7251200 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d19-065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbitaceae family members are accumulators of hydrophobic pollutants. Such pollutants have been detected in cucurbits at levels above the maximum residue limit. Since major latex-like proteins (MLPs) are involved in hydrophobic pollutant uptake, changes in MLP expression can increase or decrease contamination. MLP expression levels were altered in the roots of Cucurbita pepo 'Magda,' and MLP-PG1 was detected in the xylem sap of Magda when cultivated at a high temperature (35°C). Day length also influenced MLP expression levels but only induced minor changes in the amount of MLPs. The concentration of pyrene, a hydrophobic pollutant, significantly increased with increasing MLP levels in the xylem sap of Magda when cultivated at 35°C. Thus, high temperatures promote the pollution of cucurbits by hydrophobic pollutants. These results can be used to develop novel techniques to reduce crop contamination and establish efficient phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Inui
- Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1–1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657–8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1–1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657–8501, Japan
| | - Nonoka Katte
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1–1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657–8501, Japan
| | - Junya Goto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1–1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657–8501, Japan
| | - Aya Iwabuchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1–1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657–8501, Japan
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12
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Aglas L, Soh WT, Kraiem A, Wenger M, Brandstetter H, Ferreira F. Ligand Binding of PR-10 Proteins with a Particular Focus on the Bet v 1 Allergen Family. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:25. [PMID: 32430735 PMCID: PMC7237532 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00918-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) proteins are highly conserved plant proteins, which are induced in response to abiotic and biotic stress factors. To date, no unique biological function could be assigned to them. Rather a more general role of PR-10 in plant development and defense mechanisms has been proposed. In addition, some PR-10 proteins act as allergens by triggering allergic symptoms in sensitized individuals. Regardless of the diversity of reported activities, all PR-10 proteins share a common fold characterized by a solvent-accessible hydrophobic cavity, which serves as a binding site for a myriad of small-molecule ligands, mostly phytohormones and flavonoids. Recent Findings Most of available data relate to the ligand binding activity of allergenic PR-10, particularly for those belonging to Bet v 1 family of allergens. Bet v 1 and its homologues were shown to bind flavonoids with high affinity, but the specificity appears to differ between homologues from different species. The flavonoid Q3O-(Glc)-Gal was shown to specifically bind to hazelnut Cor a 1 but not to Bet v 1. Similarly, Q3OS bound only to the major isoform Bet v 1.0101 and not to other closely related isoforms. In contrast, Bet v 1 and hazelnut Cor a 1 showed very similar binding behavior towards other flavonoids such as quercetin, genistein, apigenin, daidzein, and resveratrol. Summary Recent research findings highlighted the importance of more precise knowledge of ligand binding for understanding the functional diversification of PR-10 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wai Tuck Soh
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Laboratory of Immunochemistry, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Amin Kraiem
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Wenger
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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13
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Purification and Characterization of Pathogenesis Related Class 10 Panallergens. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120609. [PMID: 31771108 PMCID: PMC6963334 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral allergy syndrome (OAS) describes an allergic reaction where an individual sensitized by pollen allergens develops symptoms after eating certain foods. OAS is caused by cross-reactivity among a class of proteins ubiquitous in plants called pathogenesis related class 10 (PR-10) proteins. The best characterized PR-10 protein is Bet v 1 from birch pollen and its putative function is binding hydrophobic ligands. We cloned a subset of seven recombinant PR-10 proteins from pollens, peanuts, and hazelnuts and developed a standard purification method for them. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding of purified PR-10 proteins was analyzed by ImmunoCAP ISAC microarray and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with sera from allergic patients. We investigated the binding activities of PR10s by testing 16 different ligands with each protein and compared their secondary structures using circular dichroism (CD). The PR-10s in this study had very similar CD spectra, but bound IgE with very different affinities. All seven proteins showed a similar pattern of binding to the polyphenol ligands (resveratrol, flavonoids, and isoflavones) and variable binding to other potential ligands (fatty acids, sterols, and plant hormones). We suggest our protocol has the potential to be a near-universal method for PR-10 purification that will facilitate further research into this important class of panallergens.
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Sliwiak J, Sikorski M, Jaskolski M. PR-10 proteins as potential mediators of melatonin-cytokinin cross-talk in plants: crystallographic studies of LlPR-10.2B isoform from yellow lupine. FEBS J 2018; 285:1907-1922. [PMID: 29630775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LlPR-10.2B, a Pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) protein from yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus) was crystallized in complex with melatonin, an emerging important plant regulator and antioxidant. The structure reveals two molecules of melatonin bound in the internal cavity of the protein, plus a very well-defined electron density near the cavity entrance, corresponding to an unknown ligand molecule comprised of two flat rings, which is most likely a product of melatonin transformation. In a separate LlPR-10.2B co-crystallization experiment with an equimolar mixture of melatonin and trans-zeatin, which is a cytokinin phytohormone well recognized as a PR-10-binding partner, a quaternary 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 complex was formed, in which one of the melatonin-binding sites has been substituted with trans-zeatin, whereas the binding of melatonin at the second binding site and binding of the unknown ligand are undisturbed. This unusual complex, when compared with the previously described PR-10/trans-zeatin complexes and with the emerging structural information about melatonin binding by PR-10 proteins, provides intriguing insights into the role of PR-10 proteins in phytohormone regulation in plants, especially with the involvement of melatonin, and implicates the PR-10 proteins as low-affinity melatonin binders under the conditions of elevated melatonin concentration. DATABASES Atomic coordinates and processed structure factors corresponding to the final models of the LlPR-10.2B/melatonin and LlPR-10.2B/melatonin + trans-zeatin complexes have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank (PDB) under the accession codes 5MXB and 5MXW. The corresponding raw X-ray diffraction images have been deposited in the RepOD Repository at the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling (ICM) of the University of Warsaw, Poland, and are available for download with the following Digital Object Identifiers (DOI): https://doi.org/10.18150/repod.9923638 and https://doi.org/10.18150/repod.6621013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sliwiak
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Sikorski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Sliwiak J, Dauter Z, Jaskolski M. Crystal Structure of Hyp-1, a Hypericum perforatum PR-10 Protein, in Complex with Melatonin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:668. [PMID: 27242869 PMCID: PMC4870859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyp-1, a PR-10-fold protein from Hypericum perforatum, was crystallized in complex with melatonin (MEL). The structure confirms the conserved protein fold and the presence of three unusual ligand binding sites, two of which are internal chambers (1,2), while the third one (3) is formed as an invagination of the protein surface. The MEL ligand in site 1 is well defined while that in site 3 seems to be rotating between the side chains of Lys33 and Tyr150 that act as a molecular vise. The patch of electron density in site 2 does not allow unambiguous modeling of a melatonin molecule but suggests a possible presence of its degradation product. This pattern of ligand occupation is reproducible in repeated crystallization/structure determination experiments. Although the binding of melatonin by Hyp-1 does not appear to be very strong (for example, MEL cannot displace the artificial fluorescence probe ANS), it is strong enough to suggest a physiological role of this interaction. For example, trans-zeatin, which is a common ligand of PR-10 proteins, does not overcompete melatonin for binding to Hyp-1 as it does not affect the crystallization process of the Hyp-1/MEL complex, and among a number of potential natural mediators tested, melatonin was the only one to form a crystalline complex with Hyp-1 with the use of standard crystallization screens. Hyp-1 is the second protein in the Protein Data Bank for which melatonin binding has been demonstrated crystallographically, the first one being human quinone reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sliwiak
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, National Cancer Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, ArgonneIL, USA
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of SciencesPoznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznańPoznań, Poland
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Karppinen K, Derzsó E, Jaakola L, Hohtola A. Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of hyp-1 Type PR-10 Family Genes in Hypericum perforatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:526. [PMID: 27148343 PMCID: PMC4838893 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. is an important medicinal plant for the treatment of depression. The plant contains bioactive hypericins that accumulate in dark glands present especially in reproductive parts of the plant. In this study, pathogenesis-related class 10 (PR-10) family genes were identified in H. perforatum, including three previously unidentified members with sequence homology to hyp-1, a phenolic coupling protein that has earlier been suggested to participate in biosynthesis and binding/transportation of hypericin. The PR-10 genes showed constitutive but variable expression patterns in different H. perforatum tissues. They were all expressed at relatively high levels in leaves, variably in roots and low levels in stem and reproductive parts of the plant with no specific association with dark glands. The gene expression was up-regulated in leaves after salicylic acid, abscisic acid and wounding treatments but with variable levels. To study exact location of the gene expression, in situ hybridization of hyp-1 transcripts was performed and the accumulation of the Hyp-1 protein was examined in various tissues. The presence of Hyp-1 protein in H. perforatum tissues mostly paralleled with the mRNA levels. In situ RNA hybridization localized the hyp-1 transcripts predominantly in vascular tissues in root and stem, while in leaf the mRNA levels were high also in mesophyll cells in addition to vasculature. Our results indicate that the studied PR-10 genes are likely to contribute to the defense responses in H. perforatum. Furthermore, despite the location of the hyp-1 transcripts in vasculature, no support for the transportation of the Hyp-1 protein to dark glands was found in the current study. The present results together with earlier data question the role of the hyp-1 as a key gene responsible for the hypericin biosynthesis in dark glands of H. perforatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Karppinen
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Emese Derzsó
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅs, Norway
| | - Anja Hohtola
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of OuluOulu, Finland
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Agarwal P, Dabi M, More P, Patel K, Jana K, Agarwal PK. Improved Shoot Regeneration, Salinity Tolerance and Reduced Fungal Susceptibility in Transgenic Tobacco Constitutively Expressing PR-10a Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:217. [PMID: 26973666 PMCID: PMC4770195 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants in ecosystems are simultaneously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses, which restrict plant growth and development. The complex responses to these stresses are largely regulated by plant hormones, which in turn, orchestrate the different biochemical and molecular pathways to maneuver stress tolerance. The PR-10 protein family is reported to be involved in defense regulation, stress response and plant growth and development. The JcPR-10a overexpression resulted in increased number of shoot buds in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), which could be due to high cytokinin to auxin ratio in the transgenics. The docking analysis shows the binding of three BAP molecules at the active sites of JcPR-10a protein. JcPR-10a transgenics showed enhanced salt tolerance, as was evident by increased germination rate, shoot and root length, relative water content, proline, soluble sugar and amino acid content under salinity. Interestingly, the transgenics also showed enhanced endogenous cytokinin level as compared to WT, which, further increased with salinity. Exposure of gradual salinity resulted in increased stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, photosynthesis rate and reduced transpiration rate. Furthermore, the transgenics also showed enhanced resistance against Macrophomina fungus. Thus, JcPR-10a might be working in co-ordination with cytokinin signaling in mitigating the stress induced damage by regulating different stress signaling pathways, leading to enhanced stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinita Agarwal
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Mitali Dabi
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Prashant More
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Khantika Patel
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Kalyanashis Jana
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
| | - Pradeep K. Agarwal
- Division of Wasteland Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchBhavnagar, India
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18
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Crystallographic and CD probing of ligand-induced conformational changes in a plant PR-10 protein. J Struct Biol 2016; 193:55-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Han JH, Lee JH, Lee OR. Leaf-specific pathogenesis-related 10 homolog, PgPR-10.3, shows in silico binding affinity with several biologically important molecules. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:406-13. [PMID: 26869835 PMCID: PMC4593852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) proteins are small, cytosolic proteins with a similar three-dimensional structure. Crystal structures for several PR-10 homologs have similar overall folding patterns, with an unusually large internal cavity that is a binding site for biologically important molecules. Although structural information on PR-10 proteins is substantial, understanding of their biological function remains limited. Here, we showed that one of the PgPR-10 homologs, PgPR-10.3, shares binding properties with flavonoids, kinetin, emodin, deoxycholic acid, and ginsenoside Re (1 of the steroid glycosides). METHODS Gene expression patterns of PgPR-10.3 were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The three-dimensional structure of PgPR-10 proteins was visualized by homology modeling, and docking to retrieve biologically active molecules was performed using AutoDock4 program. RESULTS Transcript levels of PgPR-10.3 expressed in leaves, stems, and roots of 3-wk-old ginseng plantlets were on average 86-fold lower than those of PgPR-10.2. In mature 2-yr-old ginseng plants, the mRNA of PgPR-10.3 is restricted to leaves. Ginsenoside Re production is especially prominent in leaves of Panax ginseng Meyer, and the binding property of PgPR-10.3 with ginsenoside Re suggests that this protein has an important role in the control of secondary metabolism. CONCLUSION Although ginseng PR-10.3 gene is expressed in all organs of 3-wk-old plantlets, its expression is restricted to leaves in mature 2-yr-old ginseng plants. The putative binding property of PgPR-10.3 with Re is intriguing. Further verification of binding affinity with other biologically important molecules in the large hydrophobic cavity of PgPR-10.3 may provide an insight into the biological features of PR-10 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Haeng Han
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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20
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Ruszkowski M, Sliwiak J, Ciesielska A, Barciszewski J, Sikorski M, Jaskolski M. Specific binding of gibberellic acid by cytokinin-specific binding proteins: a new aspect of plant hormone-binding proteins with the PR-10 fold. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:2032-41. [PMID: 25004979 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related proteins of class 10 (PR-10) are a family of plant proteins with the same fold characterized by a large hydrophobic cavity that allows them to bind various ligands, such as phytohormones. A subfamily with only ~20% sequence identity but with a conserved canonical PR-10 fold have previously been recognized as Cytokinin-Specific Binding Proteins (CSBPs), although structurally the binding mode of trans-zeatin (a cytokinin phytohormone) was found to be quite diversified. Here, it is shown that two CSBP orthologues from Medicago truncatula and Vigna radiata bind gibberellic acid (GA3), which is an entirely different phytohormone, in a conserved and highly specific manner. In both cases a single GA3 molecule is found in the internal cavity of the protein. The structural data derived from high-resolution crystal structures are corroborated by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), which reveals a much stronger interaction with GA3 than with trans-zeatin and pH dependence of the binding profile. As a conclusion, it is postulated that the CSBP subfamily of plant PR-10 proteins should be more properly linked with general phytohormone-binding properties and termed phytohormone-binding proteins (PhBP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milosz Ruszkowski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Sliwiak
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ciesielska
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jakub Barciszewski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Sikorski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Chruszcz M, Ciardiello MA, Osinski T, Majorek KA, Giangrieco I, Font J, Breiteneder H, Thalassinos K, Minor W. Structural and bioinformatic analysis of the kiwifruit allergen Act d 11, a member of the family of ripening-related proteins. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:794-803. [PMID: 23969108 PMCID: PMC3783527 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The allergen Act d 11, also known as kirola, is a 17 kDa protein expressed in large amounts in ripe green and yellow-fleshed kiwifruit. Ten percent of all kiwifruit-allergic individuals produce IgE specific for the protein. Using X-ray crystallography, we determined the first three-dimensional structures of Act d 11, produced from both recombinant expression in Escherichia coli and from the natural source (kiwifruit). While Act d 11 is immunologically correlated with the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and other members of the pathogenesis-related protein family 10 (PR-10), it has low sequence similarity to PR-10 proteins. By sequence Act d 11 appears instead to belong to the major latex/ripening-related (MLP/RRP) family, but analysis of the crystal structures shows that Act d 11 has a fold very similar to that of Bet v 1 and other PR-10 related allergens regardless of the low sequence identity. The structures of both the natural and recombinant protein include an unidentified ligand, which is relatively small (about 250 Da by mass spectrometry experiments) and most likely contains an aromatic ring. The ligand-binding cavity in Act d 11 is also significantly smaller than those in PR-10 proteins. The binding of the ligand, which we were not able to unambiguously identify, results in conformational changes in the protein that may have physiological and immunological implications. Interestingly, the residue corresponding to Glu45 in Bet v 1 (Glu46), which is important for IgE binding to the birch pollen allergen, is conserved in Act d 11, even though it is not in other allergens with significantly higher sequence identity to Bet v 1. We suggest that the so-called Gly-rich loop (or P-loop), which is conserved in all PR-10 allergens, may be responsible for IgE cross-reactivity between Bet v 1 and Act d 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Chruszcz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Corresponding authors: Maksymilian Chruszcz (), Wladek Minor (), MC: Phone: +1-803-777-7399; Fax +1-803-777-9521, WM: Phone: +1-434-243-6865; Fax: +1-434-982-1616
| | | | - Tomasz Osinski
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Karolina A. Majorek
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ivana Giangrieco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, C.N.R., Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jose Font
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH-EBO-3Q, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA,Corresponding authors: Maksymilian Chruszcz (), Wladek Minor (), MC: Phone: +1-803-777-7399; Fax +1-803-777-9521, WM: Phone: +1-434-243-6865; Fax: +1-434-982-1616
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Hurlburt BK, Offermann LR, McBride JK, Majorek KA, Maleki SJ, Chruszcz M. Structure and function of the peanut panallergen Ara h 8. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36890-901. [PMID: 24253038 PMCID: PMC3873548 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.517797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of peanut allergy continues to rise in the United States and Europe. Whereas exposure to the major allergens Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6 can cause fatal anaphylaxis, exposure to the minor allergens usually does not. Ara h 8 is a minor allergen. Importantly, it is the minor food allergens that are thought to be responsible for oral allergy syndrome (OAS), in which sensitization to airborne allergens causes a Type 2 allergic reaction to ingested foods. Furthermore, it is believed that similar protein structure rather than a similar linear sequence is the cause of OAS. Bet v 1 from birch pollen is a common sensitizing agent, and OAS results when patients consume certain fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, and peanuts. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of Ara h 8, a Bet v 1 homolog. The overall fold is very similar to that of Bet v 1, Api g 1 (celery), Gly m 4 (soy), and Pru av 1 (cherry). Ara h 8 binds the isoflavones quercetin and apigenin as well as resveratrol avidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry K. Hurlburt
- From the Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124
| | - Lesa R. Offermann
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, and
| | - Jane K. McBride
- From the Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124
| | - Karolina A. Majorek
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Soheila J. Maleki
- From the Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124
| | - Maksymilian Chruszcz
- the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, and
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Pathogenesis related-10 proteins are small, structurally similar but with diverse role in stress signaling. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:599-611. [PMID: 24343423 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis related-10 proteins are small proteins with cytosolic localization, conserved three dimensional structures and single intron at 185 bp position. These proteins have a broad spectrum of roles significantly in biotic and abiotic stresses. The RNase activity, ligand binding activity, posttranslational modification (phosphorylation) and phytohormone signaling provide some information into the mechanism of the regulation of PR-10 proteins, however the presence of isoforms makes it difficult to decipher its exact mode of function. The involvement of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events in its activation is interesting and provides unique and unbiased insights into the complexity of its regulation. Studies on upstream region of different PR-10 genes indicate the presence of cis-acting elements for WRKY, RAVI, bZ1P, ERF, SEBF and Pti4 transcription factors indicating their role in regulating PR-10 promoter. In this review, we discuss in detail the structure and mechanism of regulation of PR-10 proteins.
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Casañal A, Zander U, Muñoz C, Dupeux F, Luque I, Botella MA, Schwab W, Valpuesta V, Marquez JA. The strawberry pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) Fra a proteins control flavonoid biosynthesis by binding to metabolic intermediates. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35322-32. [PMID: 24133217 PMCID: PMC3853281 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.501528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related 10 (PR-10) proteins are involved in many aspects of plant biology but their molecular function is still unclear. They are related by sequence and structural homology to mammalian lipid transport and plant abscisic acid receptor proteins and are predicted to have cavities for ligand binding. Recently, three new members of the PR-10 family, the Fra a proteins, have been identified in strawberry, where they are required for the activity of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, which is essential for the development of color and flavor in fruits. Here, we show that Fra a proteins bind natural flavonoids with different selectivity and affinities in the low μm range. The structural analysis of Fra a 1 E and a Fra a 3-catechin complex indicates that loops L3, L5, and L7 surrounding the ligand-binding cavity show significant flexibility in the apo forms but close over the ligand in the Fra a 3-catechin complex. Our findings provide mechanistic insight on the function of Fra a proteins and suggest that PR-10 proteins, which are widespread in plants, may play a role in the control of secondary metabolic pathways by binding to metabolic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Casañal
- From the Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM-UMA-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ulrich Zander
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
- the Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Cristina Muñoz
- From the Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM-UMA-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Florine Dupeux
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
- the Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Irene Luque
- the Department of Physical Chemistry and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain, and
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- From the Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM-UMA-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- From the Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM-UMA-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José A. Marquez
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
- the Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, Université Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRS, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France
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Chwastyk M, Jaskolski M, Cieplak M. Structure-based analysis of thermodynamic and mechanical properties of cavity-containing proteins - case study of plant pathogenesis-related proteins of class 10. FEBS J 2013; 281:416-29. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznan Poland
- Department of Crystallography; Faculty of Chemistry; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Marek Cieplak
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
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26
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Ruszkowski M, Szpotkowski K, Sikorski M, Jaskolski M. The landscape of cytokinin binding by a plant nodulin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:2365-80. [PMID: 24311578 PMCID: PMC3852650 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913021975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nodulation is an extraordinary symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (rhizobia) that assimilate atmospheric nitrogen (in root nodules) and convert it into compounds suitable for the plant host. A class of plant hormones called cytokinins are involved in the nodulation process. In the model legume Medicago truncatula, nodulin 13 (MtN13), which belongs to the pathogenesis-related proteins of class 10 (PR-10), is expressed in the outer cortex of the nodules. In general, PR-10 proteins are small and monomeric and have a characteristic fold with an internal hydrophobic cavity formed between a seven-stranded antiparallel β-sheet and a C-terminal α-helix. Previously, some PR-10 proteins not related to nodulation were found to bind cytokinins such as trans-zeatin. Here, four crystal structures of the MtN13 protein are reported in complexes with several cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin, N6-isopentenyladenine, kinetin and N6-benzyladenine. All four phytohormones are bound in the hydrophobic cavity in the same manner and have excellent definition in the electron-density maps. The binding of the cytokinins appears to be strong and specific and is reinforced by several hydrogen bonds. Although the binding stoichiometry is 1:1, the complex is actually dimeric, with a cytokinin molecule bound in each subunit. The ligand-binding site in each cavity is formed with the participation of a loop element from the other subunit, which plugs the only entrance to the cavity. Interestingly, a homodimer of MtN13 is also formed in solution, as confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ruszkowski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - K. Szpotkowski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M. Sikorski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - M. Jaskolski
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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Inui H, Sawada M, Goto J, Yamazaki K, Kodama N, Tsuruta H, Eun H. A major latex-like protein is a key factor in crop contamination by persistent organic pollutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:2128-35. [PMID: 23404917 PMCID: PMC3613481 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.213645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report, to our knowledge, to reveal important factors by which members of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), melon (Cucumis melo), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), squash (C. pepo), and zucchini (C. pepo), are selectively polluted with highly toxic hydrophobic contaminants, including organochlorine insecticides and dioxins. Xylem sap of C. pepo ssp. pepo, which is a high accumulator of hydrophobic compounds, solubilized the hydrophobic compound pyrene into the aqueous phase via some protein(s). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of xylem sap of two C. pepo subspecies revealed that the amount of 17-kD proteins in C. pepo ssp. pepo was larger than that in C. pepo ssp. ovifera, a low accumulator, suggesting that these proteins may be related to the translocation of hydrophobic compounds. The protein bands at 17 kD contained major latex-like proteins (MLPs), and the corresponding genes MLP-PG1, MLP-GR1, and MLP-GR3 were cloned from the C. pepo cultivars Patty Green and Gold Rush. Expression of the MLP-GR3 gene in C. pepo cultivars was positively correlated with the band intensity of 17-kD proteins and bioconcentration factors toward dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Recombinant MLP-GR3 bound polychlorinated biphenyls immobilized on magnetic beads, whereas recombinant MLP-PG1 and MLP-GR1 did not. These results indicate that the high expression of MLP-GR3 in C. pepo ssp. pepo plants and the existence of MLP-GR3 in their xylem sap are related to the efficient translocation of hydrophobic contaminants. These findings should be useful for decreasing the contamination of fruit of the Cucurbitaceae family as well as the phytoremediation of hydrophobic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Inui
- Research Center for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
The PR10 family protein Fra a 1E from strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is down-regulated in white strawberry mutants, and transient RNAi (RNA interference)-mediated silencing experiments confirmed that Fra a 1 is involved in fruit pigment synthesis. In the present study, we determined the solution structure of Fra a 1E. The protein fold is identical with that of other members of the PR10 protein family and consists of a seven-stranded antiparallel β-sheet, two short V-shaped α-helices and a long C-terminal α-helix that encompass a hydrophobic pocket. Whereas Fra a 1E contains the glycine-rich loop that is highly conserved throughout the protein family, the volume of the hydrophobic pocket and the size of its entrance are much larger than expected. The three-dimensional structure may shed some light on its physiological function and may help to further understand the role of PR10 proteins in plants.
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29
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Fernandes H, Michalska K, Sikorski M, Jaskolski M. Structural and functional aspects of PR-10 proteins. FEBS J 2013; 280:1169-99. [PMID: 23289796 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Physical, chemical and biological stress factors, such as microbial infection, upregulate the transcription levels of a number of plant genes, coding for the so-called pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. For PR proteins of class-10 (PR-10), the biological function remains unclear, despite two decades of scientific research. PR-10 proteins have a wide distribution throughout the plant kingdom and the class members share size and secondary structure organization. Throughout the years, we and other groups have determined the structures of a number of PR-10 proteins, both in the crystalline state by X-ray diffraction and in solution by NMR spectroscopy. Despite the accumulating structural information, our understanding of PR-10 function is still limited. PR-10 proteins are rather small (~ 160 amino acids) with a fold consisting of three α helices and seven antiparallel β strands. These structural elements enclose a large hydrophobic cavity that is most probably the key to their functional relevance. Also, the outer surface of these proteins is of extreme interest, as epitopes from a PR-10 subclass cause allergic reactions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Fernandes
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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30
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He M, Xu Y, Cao J, Zhu Z, Jiao Y, Wang Y, Guan X, Yang Y, Xu W, Fu Z. Subcellular localization and functional analyses of a PR10 protein gene from Vitis pseudoreticulata in response to Plasmopara viticola infection. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:129-40. [PMID: 22327469 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a serious fungal disease in the cultivated European grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). The class 10 of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in grapevine leaves was reported to be accumulated at mRNA level in response to P. viticola infection. To elucidate the functional roles of PR10 genes during plant-pathogen interactions, a PR10 gene from a fungal-resistant accession of Chinese wild Vitis pseudoreticulata (designated VpPR10.2) was isolated and showed high homology to PR10.2 from susceptible V. vinifera (designated VvPR10.2). Comparative analysis displayed that there were significant differences in the patterns of gene expression between the PR10 genes from the two host species. VpPR10.2 was induced with high level in leaves infected by P. viticola, while VvPR10.2 showed a low response to this inoculation. Recombinant VpPR10.2 protein showed DNase activity against host genomic DNA and RNase activity against yeast total RNA in vitro. Meanwhile, recombinant VpPR10.2 protein inhibited the growth of tobacco fungus Alternaria alternata and over-expression of VpPR10.2 in susceptible V. vinifera enhanced the host resistance to P. viticola. The results from subcellular localization analysis showed that VpPR10.2 proteins were distributed dynamically inside or outside of host cell. Moreover, they were found in haustorium of P. viticola and nucleus of host cell which was associated with a nucleus collapse at 10 days post-inoculation. Taken together, these results suggested that VpPR10.2 might play an important role in host plant defense against P. viticola infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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31
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Kofler S, Asam C, Eckhard U, Wallner M, Ferreira F, Brandstetter H. Crystallographically mapped ligand binding differs in high and low IgE binding isoforms of birch pollen allergen bet v 1. J Mol Biol 2012; 422:109-23. [PMID: 22634284 PMCID: PMC3422537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of pathogenesis-related proteins of family 10 to bind a broad spectrum of ligands is considered to play a key role for their physiological and pathological functions. In particular, Bet v 1, an archetypical allergen from birch pollen, is described as a highly promiscuous ligand acceptor. However, the detailed recognition mechanisms, including specificity factors discriminating binding properties of naturally occurring Bet v 1 variants, are poorly understood. Here, we report crystal structures of Bet v 1 variants in complex with an array of ligands at a resolution of up to 1.2 Å. Residue 30 within the hydrophobic pocket not only discriminates in high and low IgE binding Bet v 1 isoforms but also induces a drastic change in the binding mode of the model ligand deoxycholate. Ternary crystal structure complexes of Bet v 1 with several ligands together with the fluorogenic reporter 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate explain anomalous fluorescence binding curves obtained from 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate displacement assays. The structures reveal key interaction residues such as Tyr83 and rationalize both the binding specificity and promiscuity of the so-called hydrophobic pocket in Bet v 1. The intermolecular interactions of Bet v 1 reveal an unexpected complexity that will be indispensable to fully understand its roles within the physiological and allergenic context.
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Key Words
- ans, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate
- bra, brassinolide
- dxc, deoxycholate
- idxc, inner deoxycholate
- odxc, outer deoxycholate
- lps, lipopolysaccharide
- mpd, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol
- ndsb-256, non-detergent sulfobetaine 256
- pr-10, pathogenesis-related protein 10
- pdb, protein data bank
- molecular allergenicity
- ans displacement assay
- structure–allergenicity relationship
- binding specificity and promiscuity
- dressed allergens
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kofler
- Structural Biology Group, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudia Asam
- CD Laboratory for Allergy Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Structural Biology Group, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Wallner
- CD Laboratory for Allergy Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fátima Ferreira
- CD Laboratory for Allergy Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Brandstetter
- Structural Biology Group, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Menezes SP, dos Santos JL, Cardoso THS, Pirovani CP, Micheli F, Noronha FSM, Alves AC, Faria AMC, da Silva Gesteira A. Evaluation of the allergenicity potential of TcPR-10 protein from Theobroma cacao. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37969. [PMID: 22768037 PMCID: PMC3387164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis related protein PR10 (TcPR-10), obtained from the Theobroma cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction library, presents antifungal activity against M. perniciosa and acts in vitro as a ribonuclease. However, despite its biotechnological potential, the TcPR-10 has the P-loop motif similar to those of some allergenic proteins such as Bet v 1 (Betula verrucosa) and Pru av 1 (Prunus avium). The insertion of mutations in this motif can produce proteins with reduced allergenic power. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the allergenic potential of the wild type and mutant recombinant TcPR-10 using bioinformatics tools and immunological assays. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mutant substitutions (T10P, I30V, H45S) were inserted in the TcPR-10 gene by site-directed mutagenesis, cloned into pET28a and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells. Changes in molecular surface caused by the mutant substitutions was evaluated by comparative protein modeling using the three-dimensional structure of the major cherry allergen, Pru av 1 as a template. The immunological assays were carried out in 8-12 week old female BALB/c mice. The mice were sensitized with the proteins (wild type and mutants) via subcutaneous and challenged intranasal for induction of allergic airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We showed that the wild TcPR-10 protein has allergenic potential, whereas the insertion of mutations produced proteins with reduced capacity of IgE production and cellular infiltration in the lungs. On the other hand, in vitro assays show that the TcPR-10 mutants still present antifungal and ribonuclease activity against M. perniciosa RNA. In conclusion, the mutant proteins present less allergenic potential than the wild TcPR-10, without the loss of interesting biotechnological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabienne Micheli
- UESC, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- CIRAD, UMAR AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Andréa Catão Alves
- UFMG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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The Y-segment of novel cold dehydrin genes is conserved and codons in the PR-10 genes are under positive selection in Oxytropis (Fabaceae) from contrasting climates. Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 287:123-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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34
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Krishnaswamy S, Baral PK, James MNG, Kav NNV. Site-directed mutagenesis of histidine 69 and glutamic acid 148 alters the ribonuclease activity of pea ABR17 (PR10.4). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:958-62. [PMID: 21600779 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pea abscisic acid responsive (ABR17) protein is a member of the pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) family of proteins and its ribonuclease (RNase) activity has been reported previously. In order to investigate the amino acids important for the demonstrated ribonuclease activity of ABR17, site-directed mutants H69L and E148A were generated, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. These mutations affected RNase activity differently; the H69L mutant exhibited a decreased RNase activity whereas E148A exhibited an elevated activity. A structural model for pea ABR17 has been generated using the three dimensional structure of Lupinus luteus PR10 protein in order to explain the possible effects of the H69L and the E148A mutations on substrate binding and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Krishnaswamy
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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35
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Bahramnejad B, Goodwin PH, Zhang J, Atnaseo C, Erickson LR. A comparison of two class 10 pathogenesis-related genes from alfalfa and their activation by multiple stresses and stress-related signaling molecules. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1235-50. [PMID: 20703880 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0909-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A collection of 29 pathogenesis-related 10 (PR10) genes of Medicago sativa and Medicago truncatula showed that they were almost all obtained from cDNA libraries of tissues undergoing abiotic or biotic stresses. The predicted proteins could be divided into two subclasses, PR10.1 and PR10.2, but in silico predicted models of their three-dimensional structures revealed that they could be further divided based on size of the hydrophobic internal cavity and number of β-bulges. A comparison of the expression of two highly similar M. sativa subclass PR10.1 genes, MsPR10.1A and MsPR10.1B, predicted to have similar sized hydrophobic internal cavities, but a different number of β-bulges revealed differences in their expression patterns. MsPR10.1A was induced faster than MsPR10.1B by ABA, ethylene, and X. campestris pv. alfalfae, but slower than MsPR10.1B by harvesting and wounding. Unlike MsPR10.1A, MsPR10.1B expression was induced in non-harvested tissues following harvesting, but was not induced by heat treatment. Histochemical observations of Nicotiana benthamiana transformed with 657 bp of the MsPR10.1A promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene showed that GUS expression was wound-inducible in leaves, which was consistent with MsPR10.1A expression in alfalfa leaves. GUS expression in stems and leaves was mostly in vascular tissue. The MsPR10.1A promoter may be valuable in controlling the expression in vascular tissues and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bahramnejad
- Department of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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36
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Bujacz G, Wrzesniewska B, Bujacz A. Cryoprotection properties of salts of organic acids: a case study for a tetragonal crystal of HEW lysozyme. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2010; 66:789-96. [DOI: 10.1107/s0907444910015416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the great majority of the data that are used for solving macromolecular structures by X-ray crystallography are collected at cryogenic temperatures. Selection of a suitable cryoprotectant, which ensures crystal stability at low temperatures, is critical for the success of a particular diffraction experiment. The effectiveness of salts of organic acids as potential cryoprotective agents is presented in the following work. Sodium formate, acetate, malonate and citrate were tested, as were sodium potassium tartrate and acetate in the form of potassium and ammonium salts. For each salt investigated, the minimal concentration that was required for successful cryoprotection was determined over the pH range 4.5–9.5. The cryoprotective ability of these organic salts depends upon the number of carboxylic groups; the lowest concentration required for cryoprotection was observed at neutral pH. Case-study experiments conducted using the tetragonal form of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) confirmed that salts of organic acids can successfully act as cryoprotective agents of protein crystals grown from high concentrations of inorganic salts. When crystals are grown from solutions containing a sufficient concentration of organic acid salts no additional cryoprotection is needed as the crystals can safely be frozen directly from the crystallizing buffers.
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37
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Structural insights into the mechanism of abscisic acid signaling by PYL proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 16:1230-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Schenkluhn L, Hohnjec N, Niehaus K, Schmitz U, Colditz F. Differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) to quantitatively monitor early symbiosis- and pathogenesis-induced changes of the Medicago truncatula root proteome. J Proteomics 2009; 73:753-68. [PMID: 19895911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Symbiosis- and pathogenesis-related early protein induction patterns in the model legume Medicago truncatula were analysed with two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. Two symbiotic soil microorganisms (Glomus intraradices, Sinorhizobium meliloti) were used in single infections and in combination with a secondary pathogenic infection by the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches. Proteomic analyses performed 6 and 24h after inoculations led to identification of 87 differentially induced proteins which likely represent the M. truncatula root 'interactome'. A set of proteins involved in a primary antioxidant defense reaction was detected during all associations investigated. Symbiosis-related protein induction includes a typical factor of early symbiosis-specific signalling (CaM-2), two Ran-binding proteins of nucleocytoplasmic signalling, and a set of energy-related enzymes together with proteins involved in symbiosis-initiated C- and N-fixation. Pathogen-associated protein induction consists of mainly PR proteins, Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors, a lectin, and proteins related to primary carbohydrate metabolism and phytoalexin synthesis. Absence of PR proteins and decreased pathogen-induced protein patterns during mixed symbiotic and pathogenic infections indicate bioprotective effects due to symbiotic co-infection. Several 14-3-3 proteins were found as predominant proteins during mixed infections. With respect to hormone-regulation, A. euteiches infection led to induction of ABA-related pathways, while auxin-related pathways are induced during symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Schenkluhn
- University of Bielefeld, Dept. 7, Proteome and Metabolome Research, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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39
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Zubini P, Zambelli B, Musiani F, Ciurli S, Bertolini P, Baraldi E. The RNA hydrolysis and the cytokinin binding activities of PR-10 proteins are differently performed by two isoforms of the Pru p 1 peach major allergen and are possibly functionally related. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1235-47. [PMID: 19474212 PMCID: PMC2705045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.139543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PR-10 proteins are a family of pathogenesis-related (PR) allergenic proteins playing multifunctional roles. The peach (Prunus persica) major allergen, Pru p 1.01, and its isoform, Pru p 1.06D, were found highly expressed in the fruit skin at the pit hardening stage, when fruits transiently lose their susceptibility to the fungal pathogen Monilinia spp. To investigate the possible role of the two Pru p 1 isoforms in plant defense, the recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Light scattering experiments and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that both proteins are monomers in solution with secondary structures typical of PR-10 proteins. Even though the proteins do not display direct antimicrobial activity, they both act as RNases, a function possibly related to defense. The RNase activity is different for the two proteins, and only that of Pru p 1.01 is affected in the presence of the cytokinin zeatin, suggesting a physiological correlation between Pru p 1.01 ligand binding and enzymatic activity. The binding of zeatin to Pru p 1.01 was evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry, which provided information on the stoichiometry and on the thermodynamic parameters of the interaction. The structural architecture of Pru p 1.01 and Pru p 1.06D was obtained by homology modeling, and the differences in the binding pockets, possibly accounting for the observed difference in binding activity, were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zubini
- Department of Agri-Food Protection and Improvement, CRIOF , University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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