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Chen W, Yang Q, Hu L, Wang M, Yang Z, Zeng X, Sun Y. Shared diagnostic genes and potential mechanism between PCOS and recurrent implantation failure revealed by integrated transcriptomic analysis and machine learning. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175384. [PMID: 37261354 PMCID: PMC10228695 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine metabolic disorder that affects 5-10% of women of reproductive age. The endometrium of women with PCOS has altered immune cells resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation, which attribute to recurrent implantation failure (RIF). In this study, we obtained three PCOS and RIF datasets respectively from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. By analyzing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and module genes using weighted gene co-expression networks (WGCNA), functional enrichment analysis, and three machine learning algorithms, we identified twelve diseases shared genes, and two diagnostic genes, including GLIPR1 and MAMLD1. PCOS and RIF validation datasets were assessed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and ideal area under the curve (AUC) values were obtained for each disease. Besides, we collected granulosa cells from healthy and PCOS infertile women, and endometrial tissues of healthy and RIF patients. RT-PCR was used to validate the reliability of GLIPR1 and MAMLD1. Furthermore, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune infiltration to explore the underlying mechanism of PCOS and RIF cooccurrence. Through the functional enrichment of twelve shared genes and two diagnostic genes, we found that both PCOS and RIF patients had disturbances in metabolites related to the TCA cycle, which eventually led to the massive activation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengchen Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ziyao Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Zeng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases (Reproductive Medicine) Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Labine LM, Oliveira Pereira EA, Kleywegt S, Jobst KJ, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Comparison of sub-lethal metabolic perturbations of select legacy and novel perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113582. [PMID: 35661729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of pollutants of concern due to their ubiquitous presence, persistence, and toxicity in aquatic environments. Legacy PFAS pollutants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been more widely studied in aquatic environments. However, replacement PFAS, such as ammonium perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate; GenX) are increasingly being detected with little known information surrounding their toxicity. Here, Daphnia magna, a model organism for freshwater ecotoxicology was used to compare the acute sub-lethal toxicity of PFOS, PFOA, GenX, and PFAS mixtures. Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the targeted polar metabolic profile extracted from single Daphnia was quantified to investigate perturbations in the exposure groups versus the unexposed organisms. Multivariate statistical analyses demonstrated significant non-monotonic separation in PFOA, GenX, and PFAS mixture exposures. Sub-lethal exposure to concentrations of PFOS did not lead to significant separation in multivariate analyses. Univariate statistics and pathway analyses were used to elucidate the mode of action of PFAS exposure. Exposure to all individual PFAS led to significant perturbations in many amino acids including cysteine, histidine, tryptophan, glycine, and serine. These perturbations are consistent with biochemical pathway disruptions in the pantothenate and Coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, thiamine metabolism, histidine metabolism, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways. Overall, the collected metabolomic data is consistent with disruptions in energy metabolism and protein synthesis as the primary mode of action of sub-lethal PFAS exposure. Secondary modes of action among individual pollutant exposures demonstrated that the structural properties (carboxylic acid vs. sulfonic acid group) may play a role in the metabolic perturbations observed. Sub-lethal exposure to PFAS mixtures highlighted a mixed response when compared to the individual pollutants (PFOS, PFOA, and GenX). Overall, this study emphasizes the niche capability of environmental metabolomics to differentiate secondary modes of action from metabolic perturbations in both single pollutant and pollutant mixtures within the same chemical class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Labine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Erico A Oliveira Pereira
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Technical Assessment and Standards Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, ON, Canada, M4V 1M2
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X7
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Grabowska E, Czerniecka M, Czyżewska U, Zambrzycka A, Łotowski Z, Tylicki A. Differences in the efficiency of 3-deazathiamine and oxythiamine pyrophosphates as inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and growth of HeLa cells in vitro. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:122-129. [PMID: 33187452 PMCID: PMC7671598 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1844681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxythiamine (OT) and 3-deazathiamine (DAT) are the antimetabolites of thiamine. The aim of study was to compare the effects of OT and DAT pyrophosphates (-PP) on the kinetics of mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and the in vitro culture of HeLa cells. The kinetic study showed that 3-deazathiamine pyrophosphate (DATPP) was a much stronger competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.0026 μM) of PDHC than OTPP (Ki = 0.025 μM). Both Ki values were much lower versus Km for thiamine pyrophosphate (0.06 μM). However, DATPP added to the culture medium for the HeLa cells culture did not hamper the rate of cell growth and showed not significant impact on the viability of the cells, whereas OTPP and OT showed a significant cytostatic effect. The differences between the thiamine antivitamins in their effect on cell growth in vitro may be due to differences in physicochemical properties and difficulty in DAT transport across the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grabowska
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czerniecka
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyżewska
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Zenon Łotowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Park S, Nam EW, Kim Y, Lee S, Kim SI, Yoon H. Transcriptomic Approach for Understanding the Adaptation of Salmonella enterica to Contaminated Produce. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1729-1738. [PMID: 32830190 PMCID: PMC9728351 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a form of gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection. The main transmission route of salmonellosis has been identified as poorly cooked meat and poultry products contaminated with Salmonella. However, in recent years, the number of outbreaks attributed to contaminated raw produce has increased dramatically. To understand how Salmonella adapts to produce, transcriptomic analysis was conducted on Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow exposed to fresh-cut radish greens. Considering the different Salmonella lifestyles in contact with fresh produce, such as motile and sessile lifestyles, total RNA was extracted from planktonic and epiphytic cells separately. Transcriptomic analysis of S. Virchow cells revealed different transcription profiles between lifestyles. During bacterial adaptation to fresh-cut radish greens, planktonic cells were likely to shift toward anaerobic metabolism, exploiting nitrate as an electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration, and utilizing cobalamin as a cofactor for coupled metabolic pathways. Meanwhile, Salmonella cells adhering to plant surfaces showed coordinated upregulation in genes associated with translation and ribosomal biogenesis, indicating dramatic cellular reprogramming in response to environmental changes. In accordance with the extensive translational response, epiphytic cells showed an increase in the transcription of genes that are important for bacterial motility, nucleotide transporter/metabolism, cell envelope biogenesis, and defense mechanisms. Intriguingly, Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2 displayed up- and downregulation, respectively, regardless of lifestyles in contact with the radish greens, suggesting altered Salmonella virulence during adaptation to plant environments. This study provides molecular insights into Salmonella adaptation to plants as an alternative environmental reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon6499, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun woo Nam
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon6499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon6499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyeon Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499 Republic of Korea
| | - Seul I Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon6499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon6499, Republic of Korea,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon16499 Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-31-219-2450 Fax: +82-31-219-1610 E-mail:
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5
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Aleshin VA, Mkrtchyan GV, Bunik VI. Mechanisms of Non-coenzyme Action of Thiamine: Protein Targets and Medical Significance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:829-850. [PMID: 31522667 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919080017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a precursor of the well-known coenzyme of central metabolic pathways thiamine diphosphate (ThDP). Highly intense glucose oxidation in the brain requires ThDP-dependent enzymes, which determines the critical significance of thiamine for neuronal functions. However, thiamine can also act through the non-coenzyme mechanisms. The well-known facilitation of acetylcholinergic neurotransmission upon the thiamine and acetylcholine co-release into the synaptic cleft has been supported by the discovery of thiamine triphosphate (ThTP)-dependent phosphorylation of the acetylcholine receptor-associated protein rapsyn, and thiamine interaction with the TAS2R1 receptor, resulting in the activation of synaptic ion currents. The non-coenzyme regulatory binding of thiamine compounds has been demonstrated for the transcriptional regulator p53, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, prion protein PRNP, and a number of key metabolic enzymes that do not use ThDP as a coenzyme. The accumulated data indicate that the molecular mechanisms of the neurotropic action of thiamine are far broader than it has been originally believed, and closely linked to the metabolism of thiamine and its derivatives in animals. The significance of this topic has been illustrated by the recently established competition between thiamine and the antidiabetic drug metformin for common transporters, which can be the reason for the thiamine deficiency underlying metformin side effects. Here, we also discuss the medical implications of the research on thiamine, including the role of thiaminases in thiamine reutilization and biosynthesis of thiamine antagonists; molecular mechanisms of action of natural and synthetic thiamine antagonists, and biotransformation of pharmacological forms of thiamine. Given the wide medical application of thiamine and its synthetic forms, these aspects are of high importance for medicine and pharmacology, including the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Aleshin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 19991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G V Mkrtchyan
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V I Bunik
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 19991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Thiamine and selected thiamine antivitamins - biological activity and methods of synthesis. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171148. [PMID: 29208764 PMCID: PMC6435462 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamine plays a very important coenzymatic and non-coenzymatic role in the regulation of basic metabolism. Thiamine diphosphate is a coenzyme of many enzymes, most of which occur in prokaryotes. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes as well as transketolase are the examples of thiamine-dependent enzymes present in eukaryotes, including human. Therefore, thiamine is considered as drug or diet supplement which can support the treatment of many pathologies including neurodegenerative and vascular system diseases. On the other hand, thiamine antivitamins, which can interact with thiamine-dependent enzymes impeding their native functions, thiamine transport into the cells or a thiamine diphosphate synthesis, are good propose to drug design. The development of organic chemistry in the last century allowed the synthesis of various thiamine antimetabolites such as amprolium, pyrithiamine, oxythiamine, or 3-deazathiamine. Results of biochemical and theoretical chemistry research show that affinity to thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes of these synthetic molecules exceeds the affinity of native coenzyme. Therefore, some of them have already been used in the treatment of coccidiosis (amprolium), other are extensively studied as cytostatics in the treatment of cancer or fungal infections (oxythiamine and pyrithiamine). This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the synthesis and mechanisms of action of selected thiamine antivitamins and indicates the potential of their practical use.
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He H, Xia H, Xia Q, Ren Y, He H. Design and optimization of N-acylhydrazone pyrimidine derivatives as E. coli PDHc E1 inhibitors: Structure-activity relationship analysis, biological evaluation and molecular docking study. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5652-5661. [PMID: 28866375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
By targeting the thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) binding site of Escherichia coli (E. coli) pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex E1 (PDHc E1), a series of novel 'open-chain' classes of ThDP analogs A, B, and C with N-acylhydrazone moieties was designed and synthesized to explore their activities against E. coli PHDc E1 in vitro and their inhibitory activity against microbial diseases were further evaluated in vivo. As a result, A1-23 exhibited moderate to potent inhibitory activities against E. coli PDHc E1 (IC50=0.15-23.55μM). The potent inhibitors A13, A14, A15, C2, had strong inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.60, 0.15, 0.39 and 0.34μM against E. coli PDHc E1 and with good enzyme-selective inhibition between microorganisms and mammals. Especially, the most powerful inhibitor A14 could 99.37% control Xanthimonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. Furthermore, the binding features of compound A14 within E. coli PDHc E1 were investigated to provide useful insights for the further construction of new inhibitor by molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and enzymatic assays. The results indicated that A14 had most powerful inhibition against E. coli PDHc E1 due to the establishment of stronger interaction with Glu571, Met194, Glu522, Leu264 and Phe602 at active site of E.coli PDHc E1. It could be used as a lead compound for further optimization, and may have potential as a new microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Hongying Xia
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Fenglin Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, PR China
| | - Qin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Yanliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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Bunik V, Aleshin V. Analysis of the Protein Binding Sites for Thiamin and Its Derivatives to Elucidate the Molecular Mechanisms of the Noncoenzyme Action of Thiamin (Vitamin B1). STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63930-1.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Siemieniuk M, Czyzewska U, Strumilo S, Tylicki A. Thiamine antivitamins--an opportunity of therapy of fungal infections caused by Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans. Mycoses 2015; 59:108-16. [PMID: 26691773 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe skin diseases and systemic fungaemia are caused by Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans respectively. Antifungal therapies are less effective because of chronic character of infections and high percentage of relapses. Therefore, there is a great need to develop new strategies of antifungal therapies. We previously found that oxythiamine decreases proliferation of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), therefore we suggest that thiamine antivitamins can be considered as antifungal agents. The aim of this study was the comparison of thiamine antivitamins (oxythiamine, amprolium, thiochrome, tetrahydrothiamine and tetrahydrooxythiamine) inhibitory effect on the growth rate and energetic metabolism efficiency in non-pathogenic S. cerevisiae and two potentially pathogenic species M. pachydermatis and C. albicans. Investigated species were cultured on a Sabouraud medium supplemented with trace elements in the presence (40 mg l(-1)) or absence of each tested antivitamins to estimate their influence on growth rate, enzyme activity and kinetic parameters of pyruvate decarboxylase and malate dehydrogenase of each tested species. Oxythiamine was the only antivitamin with antifungal potential. M. pachydermatis and S. cerevisiae were the most sensitive, whereas C. albicans was the least sensitive to oxythiamine action. Oxythiamine can be considered as supportive agent in superficial mycoses treatment, especially those caused by species from the genus Malassezia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Siemieniuk
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Czyzewska
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.,Laboratory of Tissue Culture, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Strumilo
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Tylicki
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Basiri B, Sutton JM, Hanberry BS, Zastre JA, Bartlett MG. Ion pair liquid chromatography method for the determination of thiamine (vitamin B1) homeostasis. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:35-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Basiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens GA 30602-2352 USA
| | - James Michael Sutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens GA 30602-2352 USA
| | - Bradley S. Hanberry
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens GA 30602-2352 USA
| | - Jason A. Zastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens GA 30602-2352 USA
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy; 250 W. Green Street Athens GA 30602-2352 USA
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11
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Lizana I, Jaña GA, Delgado EJ. New Insights on the Reaction Pathway Leading to Lactyl-ThDP: A Theoretical Approach. J Chem Inf Model 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lizana
- Computational
Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A. Jaña
- Departamento
de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Sede Concepción, Universidad Andrés Bello, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo J. Delgado
- Computational
Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Masini T, Lacy B, Monjas L, Hawksley D, de Voogd AR, Illarionov B, Iqbal A, Leeper FJ, Fischer M, Kontoyianni M, Hirsch AKH. Validation of a homology model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DXS: rationalization of observed activities of thiamine derivatives as potent inhibitors of two orthologues of DXS. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11263-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We present the a homology model ofM. tuberculosisDXS that we validated by identifying thiamine and thiamine diphosphate analogues as potent inhibitors of DXS.
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13
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He JB, Ren YL, Sun QS, You GY, Zhang L, Zou P, Feng LL, Wan J, He HW. Design, synthesis and molecular docking of amide and urea derivatives as Escherichia coli PDHc-E1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3180-6. [PMID: 24800939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
By targeting the ThDP binding site of Escherichia coli PDHc-E1, two new 'open-chain' classes of E. coli PDHc-E1 inhibitors, amide and urea derivatives, were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. The amide derivatives of compound 6d, with 4-NO2 in the benzene ring, showed the most potent inhibition of E. coli PDHc-E1. The urea derivatives displayed more potent inhibitory activity than the corresponding amide derivatives with the same substituent. Molecular docking studies confirmed that the urea derivatives have more potency due to the two hydrogen bonds formed by two NH of urea with Glu522. The docking results also indicate it might help us to design more efficient PDHc-E1 inhibitors that could interact with Glu522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yan-Liang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Ge-Yun You
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Ling-Ling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Hong-Wu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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14
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Feng L, He J, He H, Zhao L, Deng L, Zhang L, Zhang L, Ren Y, Wan J, He H. The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiamin diphosphate analog inhibitors against the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex E1 from Escherichia coli. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8911-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimal binding mode for the novel potent inhibitor 4j against PDHc-E1 from E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Junbo He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Haifeng He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lingfu Deng
- College of Life Science
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yanliang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwu He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU)
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079, China
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15
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Bunik VI, Tylicki A, Lukashev NV. Thiamin diphosphate-dependent enzymes: from enzymology to metabolic regulation, drug design and disease models. FEBS J 2013; 280:6412-42. [PMID: 24004353 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bringing a knowledge of enzymology into research in vivo and in situ is of great importance in understanding systems biology and metabolic regulation. The central metabolic significance of thiamin (vitamin B1 ) and its diphosphorylated derivative (thiamin diphosphate; ThDP), and the fundamental differences in the ThDP-dependent enzymes of metabolic networks in mammals versus plants, fungi and bacteria, or in health versus disease, suggest that these enzymes are promising targets for biotechnological and medical applications. Here, the in vivo action of known regulators of ThDP-dependent enzymes, such as synthetic structural analogs of the enzyme substrates and thiamin, is analyzed in light of the enzymological data accumulated during half a century of research. Mimicking the enzyme-specific catalytic intermediates, the phosphonate analogs of 2-oxo acids selectively inhibit particular ThDP-dependent enzymes. Because of their selectivity, use of these compounds in cellular and animal models of ThDP-dependent enzyme malfunctions improves the validity of the model and its predictive power when compared with the nonselective and enzymatically less characterized oxythiamin and pyrithiamin. In vitro studies of the interaction of thiamin analogs and their biological derivatives with potential in vivo targets are necessary to identify and attenuate the analog selectivity. For both the substrate and thiamin synthetic analogs, in vitro reactivities with potential targets are highly relevant in vivo. However, effective concentrations in vivo are often higher than in vitro studies would suggest. The significance of specific inihibition of the ThDP-dependent enzymes for the development of herbicides, antibiotics, anticancer and neuroprotective strategies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria I Bunik
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Electron density reactivity indexes of the tautomeric/ionization forms of thiamin diphosphate. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3799-803. [PMID: 23793740 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The generation of the highly reactive ylide in thiamin diphosphate catalysis is analyzed in terms of the nucleophilicity of key atoms, by means of density functional calculations at X3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. The Fukui functions of all tautomeric/ionization forms are calculated in order to assess their reactivity. The results allow to conclude that the highly conserved glutamic residue does not protonate the N1' atom of the pyrimidyl ring, but it participates in a strong hydrogen bonding, stabilizing the eventual negative charge on the nitrogen, in all forms involved in the ylide generation. This condition provides the necessary reactivity on key atoms, N4' and C2, to carry out the formation of the ylide required to initiate the catalytic cycle of ThDP-dependent enzymes. This study represents a new approach for the ylide formation in ThDP catalysis.
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17
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Observation of a stable carbene at the active site of a thiamin enzyme. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 9:488-90. [PMID: 23748673 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes are highly reactive chemical compounds that are exploited as ligands in organometallic chemistry and are powerful organic catalysts. They were postulated to occur as transient intermediates in enzymes, yet their existence in a biological system could never be demonstrated directly. We present spectroscopic and structural data of a thiamin enzyme in a noncovalent complex with substrate, which implicate accumulation of a stable carbene as a major resonance contributor to deprotonated thiamin.
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18
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Müller M, Sprenger GA, Pohl M. CC bond formation using ThDP-dependent lyases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:261-70. [PMID: 23523314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarizes recent achievements in enzymatic thiamine catalysis during the past three years. With well-established enzymes such as BAL, PDC and TK new reactions have been identified and respective variants were prepared, which enable access to stereoisomeric products. Further we highlight recent progress with 'new' ThDP-dependent enzymes like MenD and PigD, which catalyze the Stetter-like 1,4 addition of aldehydes and YerE, which is the first known ThDP-dependent enzyme accepting ketones as acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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19
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20
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Hurt JK, Coleman JL, Fitzpatrick BJ, Taylor-Blake B, Bridges AS, Vihko P, Zylka MJ. Prostatic acid phosphatase is required for the antinociceptive effects of thiamine and benfotiamine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48562. [PMID: 23119057 PMCID: PMC3485352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin that must be obtained from the diet for proper neurological function. At higher doses, thiamine and benfotiamine (S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate, BT)–a phosphorylated derivative of thiamine–have antinociceptive effects in animals and humans, although how these compounds inhibit pain is unknown. Here, we found that Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP, ACPP) can dephosphorylate BT in vitro, in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and in primary-afferent axon terminals in the dorsal spinal cord. The dephosphorylated product S-benzoylthiamine (S-BT) then decomposes to O-benzoylthiamine (O-BT) and to thiamine in a pH-dependent manner, independent of additional enzymes. This unique reaction mechanism reveals that BT only requires a phosphatase for conversion to thiamine. However, we found that the antinociceptive effects of BT, thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine–a compound that is not phosphorylated–were entirely dependent on PAP at the spinal level. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies with wild-type and Pap−/− mice revealed that PAP is not required for the conversion of BT to thiamine in vivo. Taken together, our study highlights an obligatory role for PAP in the antinociceptive effects of thiamine and phosphorylated thiamine analogs, and suggests a novel phosphatase-independent function for PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Hurt
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Coleman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Brendan J. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Taylor-Blake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Arlene S. Bridges
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
| | - Pirkko Vihko
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mark J. Zylka
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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He J, Feng L, Li J, Tao R, Wang F, Liao X, Sun Q, Long Q, Ren Y, Wan J, He H. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-methylpyrimidine-4-ylamine derivatives as inhibitors of Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1665-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Tylicki A, Siemieniuk M, Dobrzyn P, Ziolkowska G, Nowik M, Czyzewska U, Pyrkowska A. Fatty acid profile and influence of oxythiamine on fatty acid content in Malassezia pachydermatis, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mycoses 2011; 55:e106-13. [PMID: 22066764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malassezia pachydermatis and Candida albicans are fungi involved in the skin diseases and systemic infections. The therapy of such infections is difficult due to relapses and problems with pathogen identification. In our study, we compare the fatty acids profile of M. pachydermatis, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae to identify diagnostic markers and to investigate the effect of oxythiamine (OT) on the lipid composition of these species. Total fatty acid content is threefold higher in C. albicans and M. pachydermatis compared with S. cerevisiae. These two species have also increased level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and decreased content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). We noted differences in the content of longer chain (>18) fatty acids between studied species (for example a lack of 20 : 1 in S. cerevisiae and 22 : 0 in M. pachydermatis and C. albicans). OT reduces total fatty acids content in M. pachydermatis by 50%. In S. cerevisiae, OT increased PUFA whereas it decreased MUFA content. In C. albicans, OT decreased PUFA and increased MUFA and SFA content. The results show that the MUFA to PUFA ratio and the fatty acid profile could be useful diagnostic tests to distinguish C. albicans, M. pachydermatis and S. cerevisiae, and OT affected the lipid metabolism of the investigated species, especially M. pachydermatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tylicki
- Departament of Cytobiochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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23
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Du Q, Wang H, Xie J. Thiamin (vitamin B1) biosynthesis and regulation: a rich source of antimicrobial drug targets? Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:41-52. [PMID: 21234302 PMCID: PMC3020362 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance of pathogens has necessitated the identification of novel targets for antibiotics. Thiamin (vitamin B1) is an essential cofactor for all organisms in its active form thiamin diphosphate (ThDP). Therefore, its metabolic pathways might be one largely untapped source of antibiotics targets. This review describes bacterial thiamin biosynthetic, salvage, and transport pathways. Essential thiamin synthetic enzymes such as Dxs and ThiE are proposed as promising drug targets. The regulation mechanism of thiamin biosynthesis by ThDP riboswitch is also discussed. As drug targets of existing antimicrobial compound pyrithiamin, the ThDP riboswitch might serves as alternative targets for more antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Du
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Enviroment and Bio-Resource of Three Gorges Area, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei Chongqing, 400715, China
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24
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Zhao H, de Carvalho LPS, Nathan C, Ouerfelli O. A protecting group-free synthesis of deazathiamine: a step toward inhibitor design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6472-4. [PMID: 20943392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of 3-deazathiamine diphosphate (deazaThDP) as a potent inhibitor analog of the cofactor thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) has highlighted the need for an efficient and scalable synthesis of deazaThDP. Such a method would facilitate development of analogs with the ability to inhibit individual ThDP-dependent enzymes selectively. Toward the goal of developing selective inhibitors of the mycobacterial enzyme 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate synthase (HOAS), we report an improved synthesis of deazaThDP without use of protecting groups. Tribromo-3-methylthiophene served as a versatile starting material whose selective functionalization permitted access to deazaThDP in five steps, with potential to make other analogs accessible in substantial amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, PO Box 237, New York, NY 10065, United States
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25
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Müller IB, Hyde JE, Wrenger C. Vitamin B metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum as a source of drug targets. Trends Parasitol 2009; 26:35-43. [PMID: 19939733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends primarily on nutrient sources from its human host. Most compounds, such as glucose, purines, amino acids, as well as cofactors and vitamins, are abundantly available in the host cell, and can be readily salvaged by the parasite. However, in some cases the parasite can also synthesize cofactors de novo in reactions that appear to be essential. Importantly, the three biosynthetic pathways that produce vitamins B(1), B(6) and B(9) are absent from the host, but are well established in P. falciparum. This review summarizes and updates the current knowledge of vitamin B de novo synthesis and salvage in P. falciparum and focuses on their potential as targets for drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid B Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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