1
|
Obaha A, Novinec M. Regulation of Peptidase Activity beyond the Active Site in Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17120. [PMID: 38069440 PMCID: PMC10707025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review addresses the intricate and multifaceted regulation of peptidase activity in human health and disease, providing a comprehensive investigation that extends well beyond the boundaries of the active site. Our review focuses on multiple mechanisms and highlights the important role of exosites, allosteric sites, and processes involved in zymogen activation. These mechanisms play a central role in shaping the complex world of peptidase function and are promising potential targets for the development of innovative drugs and therapeutic interventions. The review also briefly discusses the influence of glycosaminoglycans and non-inhibitory binding proteins on enzyme activities. Understanding their role may be a crucial factor in the development of therapeutic strategies. By elucidating the intricate web of regulatory mechanisms that control peptidase activity, this review deepens our understanding in this field and provides a roadmap for various strategies to influence and modulate peptidase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Novinec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
In silico and in vitro mapping of specificity patterns of glycosaminoglycans towards cysteine cathepsins B, L, K, S and V. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 113:108153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
Moyetta NR, Fruttero LL, Leyria J, Ramos FO, Carlini CR, Canavoso L. The entomotoxin Jack Bean Urease changes cathepsin D activity in nymphs of the hematophagous insect Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 251:110511. [PMID: 33007467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In insects, cathepsin D is a lysosomal aspartic endopeptidase involved in several functions such as digestion, defense and reproduction. Jack Bean Urease (JBU) is the most abundant urease isoform obtained from the seeds of the plant Canavalia ensiformis. JBU is a multifunctional protein with entomotoxic effects unrelated to its catalytic activity, by mechanisms not yet fully understood. In this work, we employed nymphs of the hematophagous insect Dipetalogaster maxima as an experimental model in order to study the effects of JBU on D. maxima CatD (DmCatD). In insects without treatment, immunofluorescence assays revealed a conspicuous distribution pattern of DmCatD in the anterior and posterior midgut as well as in the fat body and hemocytes. Western blot assays showed that the active form of DmCatD was present in the fat body, the anterior and posterior midgut; whereas the proenzyme was visualized in hemocytes and hemolymph. The transcript of DmCatD and its enzymatic activity was detected in the anterior and posterior midgut as well as in fat body and hemocytes. JBU injections induced a significant increase of DmCatD activity in the posterior midgut (at 3 h post-injection) whereas in the hemolymph, such an effect was observed after 18 h. These changes were not correlated with modifications in DmCatD mRNA and protein levels or changes in the immunofluorescence pattern. In vitro experiments might suggest a direct effect of the toxin in DmCatD activity. Our findings indicated that the tissue-specific increment of cathepsin D activity is a novel effect of JBU in insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Moyetta
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo L Fruttero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| | - Jimena Leyria
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| | - Fabian O Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| | - Célia R Carlini
- Brain Institute (INSCER) and School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, CEP 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Lilián Canavoso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, CP 5000, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sandoval DR, Gomez Toledo A, Painter CD, Tota EM, Sheikh MO, West AMV, Frank MM, Wells L, Xu D, Bicknell R, Corbett KD, Esko JD. Proteomics-based screening of the endothelial heparan sulfate interactome reveals that C-type lectin 14a (CLEC14A) is a heparin-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2804-2821. [PMID: 31964714 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells express heparan sulfate proteoglycans that perform many important cellular functions by way of heparan sulfate-protein interactions. The identification of membrane heparan sulfate-binding proteins is challenging because of their low abundance and the need for extensive enrichment. Here, we report a proteomics workflow for the identification and characterization of membrane-anchored and extracellular proteins that bind heparan sulfate. The technique is based on limited proteolysis of live cells in the absence of denaturation and fixation, heparin-affinity chromatography, and high-resolution LC-MS/MS, and we designate it LPHAMS. Application of LPHAMS to U937 monocytic and primary murine and human endothelial cells identified 55 plasma membrane, extracellular matrix, and soluble secreted proteins, including many previously unidentified heparin-binding proteins. The method also facilitated the mapping of the heparin-binding domains, making it possible to predict the location of the heparin-binding site. To validate the discovery feature of LPHAMS, we characterized one of the newly-discovered heparin-binding proteins, C-type lectin 14a (CLEC14A), a member of the C-type lectin family that modulates angiogenesis. We found that the C-type lectin domain of CLEC14A binds one-to-one to heparin with nanomolar affinity, and using molecular modeling and mutagenesis, we mapped its heparin-binding site. CLEC14A physically interacted with other glycosaminoglycans, including endothelial heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E, but not with neutral or sialylated oligosaccharides. The LPHAMS technique should be applicable to other cells and glycans and provides a way to expand the repertoire of glycan-binding proteins for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Sandoval
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Chelsea D Painter
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Ember M Tota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - M Osman Sheikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Alan M V West
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Lance Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Roy Bicknell
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehrotra S, Wickremesekera SK, Brasch HD, Van Schaijik B, Marsh RW, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression and Localization of Cathepsins B, D and G in Cancer Stem Cells in Liver Metastasis From Colon Adenocarcinoma. Front Surg 2018; 5:40. [PMID: 30177970 PMCID: PMC6110174 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We have previously identified and characterized cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations in liver metastasis from colon adenocarcinoma (LMCA). In this study we investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D and G, in relation to these CSCs. Methods 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for cathepsins B, D and G was performed on 4μm-thick formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded LMCA sections from nine patients. Immunofluorescence (IF) IHC staining was performed on three representative samples of LMCA from the original cohort of nine patients, to determine the localization of these cathepsins in relation to the CSC subpopulations. NanoString mRNA analysis and Western Blotting (WB) were used to examine the transcript and protein expression of these cathepsins, respectively. Enzyme activity assays were utilized to determine their functional activity. Data acquired from counting of cells staining positively of the cathepsins on the DAB IHC-stained slides and from Nanostring mRNA analysis were subjected to statistical analyses to determine significance. Results DAB IHC staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D and G within LMCA. IF IHC staining demonstrated the expression of both cathepsin B and cathepsin D by the OCT4− cells within the tumor nests and the OCT4+ CSC subpopulation within the peritumoral stroma. NanoString mRNA analysis showed significantly greater transcript expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D, compared to cathepsin G. WB confirmed expression of cathepsin B and cathepsin D proteins, while cathepsin G was below detectable levels. Enzyme activity assays showed functional activity of cathepsin B and cathepsin D. Conclusion Our study demonstrated novel finding of the expression of cathepsin B, cathepsin D, and possibly cathepsin G by the putative CSC subpopulations within LMCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susrutha K Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of General Surgery, Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Section, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Reginald W Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Featherston T, Marsh RW, van Schaijik B, Brasch HD, Tan ST, Itinteang T. Expression and Localization of Cathepsins B, D, and G in Two Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations in Moderately Differentiated Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:100. [PMID: 28775982 PMCID: PMC5517773 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We have previously demonstrated the putative presence of two cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations within moderately differentiated oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (MDOTSCC), which express components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). In this study, we investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D, and G in relation to these CSC subpopulations within MDOTSCC. Methods 3,3-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) and immunofluorescent (IF) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on MDOTSCC samples to determine the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D, and G in relation to the CSC subpopulations. NanoString mRNA analysis and colorimetric in situ hybridization (CISH) were used to study their transcripts expression. Enzyme activity assays were performed to determine the activity of these cathepsins in MDOTSCC. Results IHC staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D, and G in MDOTSCC. Cathepsins B and D were localized to CSCs within the tumor nests, while cathepsin B was localized to the CSCs within the peri-tumoral stroma, and cathepsin G was localized to the tryptase+ phenotypic mast cells within the peri-tumoral stroma. NanoString and CISH mRNA analyses confirmed transcription activation of cathepsins B, D, and G. Enzyme activity assays confirmed active cathepsins B and D, but not cathepsin G. Conclusion The presence of cathepsins B and D on the CSCs and cathspsin G on the phenotypic mast cells suggest the presence of bypass loops for the RAS which may be a potential novel therapeutic target for MDOTSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reginald Walter Marsh
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Helen D Brasch
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stoka V, Turk V, Turk B. Lysosomal cathepsins and their regulation in aging and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:22-37. [PMID: 27125852 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosomal hydrolases, including the cathepsins, have been shown to change their properties with aging brain a long time ago, although their function was not really understood. The first biochemical and clinical studies were followed by a major expansion in the last 20 years with the development of animal disease models and new approaches leading to a major advancement of understanding of the role of physiological and degenerative processes in the brain at the molecular level. This includes the understanding of the major role of autophagy and the cathepsins in a number of diseases, including its critical role in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Similarly, cathepsins and some other lysosomal proteases were shown to have important roles in processing and/or degradation of several important neuronal proteins, thereby having either neuroprotective or harmful roles. In this review, we discuss lysosomal cathepsins and their regulation with the focus on cysteine cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitors, as well as their role in several neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Stoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; J. Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vito Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; J. Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, Jamova 39, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alteration of cathepsin D trafficking induced by hypoxia and extracellular acidification in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biochimie 2015; 121:123-30. [PMID: 26582416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment that surrounds tumor cells is characterized by hypoxic conditions and extracellular acidity. These hostile conditions induce crucial changes in cell behavior and can promote the secretion of many soluble factors such as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. The lysosomal aspartyl-endopeptidase cathepsin D (CD) is a marker of poor prognosis in breast cancer and is associated with a metastatic risk. In this study, the transport of CD was investigated in a model of breast cancer cells line (MCF-7) cultivated under hypoxia and acidification of media. CD secretion was assessed using Western blot analysis and protease activity was measured in conditioned culture media. We demonstrate that cultured MCF-7 cells secrete an active 52 kDa pCD precursor and report that under hypoxia there was an increased amount of pCD secreted. More surprisingly, extracellular acidification (pH 6 and 5.6) induced the secretion of the fully-mature and active (34 kDa + 14 kDa) double chain CD. Our findings reflect the fact that chemical anomalies influence the secretion path of CD in a breast cancer cell model, resulting in altered trafficking of the mature form. This important result may provide new arguments in favor of the role of extracellular CD in the degradation of the matrix proteins that constitute the breast tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Induction of a heparin-stimulated serine proteinase in sex accessory gland tumors of the Lobund-Wistar rat. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Theocharis AD, Gialeli C, Bouris P, Giannopoulou E, Skandalis SS, Aletras AJ, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Cell-matrix interactions: focus on proteoglycan-proteinase interplay and pharmacological targeting in cancer. FEBS J 2014; 281:5023-42. [PMID: 25333340 PMCID: PMC5036392 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are major constituents of extracellular matrices, as well as cell surfaces and basement membranes. They play key roles in supporting the dynamic extracellular matrix by generating complex structural networks with other macromolecules and by regulating cellular phenotypes and signaling. It is becoming evident, however, that proteolytic enzymes are required partners for matrix remodeling and for modulating cell signaling via matrix constituents. Proteinases contribute to all stages of diseases, particularly cancer development and progression, and contextually participate in either the removal of damaged products or in the processing of matrix molecules and signaling receptors. The dynamic interplay between proteoglycans and proteolytic enzymes is a crucial biological step that contributes to the pathophysiology of cancer and inflammation. Moreover, proteoglycans are implicated in the expression and secretion of proteolytic enzymes and often modulate their activities. In this review, we describe the emerging biological roles of proteoglycans and proteinases, with a special emphasis on their complex interplay. We critically evaluate this important proteoglycan-proteinase interactome and discuss future challenges with respect to targeting this axis in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrisostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Bouris
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Efstathia Giannopoulou
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Division of Oncology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras Medical School, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Spyros S. Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Alexios J. Aletras
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
van Kasteren SI, Overkleeft HS. Endo-lysosomal proteases in antigen presentation. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 23:8-15. [PMID: 25213682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endo-lysosomal proteases have long been attractive, yet elusive, targets for medicinal chemistry. They have found to play key roles in health and disease; with protease under- and over-activity having been implicated in cancer, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease. Here we will discuss their role in the adaptive immune response. The crucial roles of these enzymes multiple processes in antigen presentation will be discussed: from activating MHC-II receptors, to the production of epitopes from antigens and the activation of Toll-like receptors. The early efforts at pharmacological interventions in these pathways will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander I van Kasteren
- Division of Chemical Biology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratory, The Netherlands.
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Division of Chemical Biology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Gorlaeus Laboratory, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fulcher YG, Sanganna Gari RR, Frey NC, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, King GM, Van Doren SR. Heparinoids activate a protease, secreted by mucosa and tumors, via tethering supplemented by allostery. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:957-66. [PMID: 24495220 DOI: 10.1021/cb400898t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is an emerging trend among extracellular proteases important in disease. ProMMP-7, the zymogen of a matrix metalloproteinase secreted by mucosal epithelial and tumor cells, is activated at their surfaces by sulfated GAGs, but how? ProMMP-7 is activated in trans by representative heparin oligosaccharides in a length-dependent manner, with a large jump in activation at lengths of 16 monosaccharides. Imaging by atomic force microscopy visualized small complexes of proMMP-7 molecules linked by 8-mer lengths of heparinoids and extended assembles formed with 16-mer lengths of heparin. Complexes of proMMP-7 with polydisperse heparin or heparan sulfate were more diverse. Heparinoids evidently accelerate activation by tethering multiple proMMP-7 molecules together for proteolytic attack among neighbors. Removal of either the prodomain or C-terminal peptide sequence of KRSNSRKK from MMP-7 prevents formation of the long arrays induced by heparin 16-mers or heparan sulfate. The role of the C-terminus in activation assays suggests it contributes to remote, allosteric binding of GAGs. Enhancement of proteolytic velocity of MMP-by GAGs indicates them to be effectors of V-type allostery. GAGs from proteoglycans appear to assemble proMMP-7 molecules for activation, an event preceding its tumorigenic or antibacterial proteolytic activities at cell surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sage J, Mallèvre F, Barbarin-Costes F, Samsonov SA, Gehrcke JP, Pisabarro MT, Perrier E, Schnebert S, Roget A, Livache T, Nizard C, Lalmanach G, Lecaille F. Binding of chondroitin 4-sulfate to cathepsin S regulates its enzymatic activity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:6487-98. [PMID: 23968158 DOI: 10.1021/bi400925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsin S (catS) participates in distinct physiological and pathophysiological cellular processes and is considered as a valuable therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases, cancer, atherosclerosis, and asthma. We evaluated the capacity of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin 4/6-sulfates, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid) to modulate the activity of catS. Chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4-S) impaired the collagenolytic activity (type IV collagen) and inhibited the peptidase activity (Z-Phe-Arg-AMC) of catS at pH 5.5, obeying a mixed-type mechanism (estimated Ki = 16.5 ± 6 μM). Addition of NaCl restored catS activity, supporting the idea that electrostatic interactions are primarly involved. Furthermore, C4-S delayed in a dose-dependent manner the maturation of procatS at pH 4.0 by interfering with the intermolecular processing pathway. Binding of C4-S to catS was demonstrated by gel-filtration chromatography, and its affinity was measured by surface plasmon resonance (equilibrium dissociation constant Kd = 210 ± 40 nM). Moreover, C4-S induced subtle conformational changes in mature catS as observed by intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Molecular docking predicted three specific binding sites on catS for C4-S that are different from those found in the crystal structure of the cathepsin K-C4-S complex. Overall, these results describe a novel glycosaminoglycan-mediated mechanism of catS inhibition and suggest that C4-S may modulate the collagenase activity of catS in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Sage
- INSERM, UMR 1100, Pathologies Respiratoires: protéolyse et aérosolthérapie, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais , F-37032 Tours cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Autoactivation of prolegumain is accelerated by glycosaminoglycans. Biochimie 2013; 95:772-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
16
|
Tocchi A, Parks WC. Functional interactions between matrix metalloproteinases and glycosaminoglycans. FEBS J 2013; 280:2332-41. [PMID: 23421805 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Similar to most proteinases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) do not recognize a consensus cleavage site. Thus, it is not surprising that, in a defined in vitro reaction, most MMPs can act on a wide range of proteins, including many extracellular matrix proteins. However, the findings obtained from in vivo studies with genetic models have demonstrated that individual MMPs act on just a few extracellular protein substrates, typically not matrix proteins. The limited, precise functions of an MMP imply that mechanisms have evolved to control the specificity of proteinase:substrate interactions. We discuss the possibility that interactions with the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans may function as allosteric regulators or accessory factors directing MMP catalysis to specific substrates. We propose that understanding how the activity of specific MMPs is confined to discreet compartments and targeted to defined substrates via interactions with other macromolecules may provide a means of blocking potentially deleterious MMP-mediated processes at the same time as sparing any beneficial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Tocchi
- Department of Medicine (Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine), Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), composed of a core protein and one or more covalently attached sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, interact with a wide range of bioactive molecules, such as growth factors and chemokines, to regulate cell behaviors in normal and pathological processes. Additionally, PGs, through their compositional diversity, play a broad variety of roles as modulators of proteinase activities. Interactions of proteinases with other molecules on the plasma membrane anchor and activate them at a specific location on the cell surface. These interactions with macromolecules other than their own protein substrates or inhibitors result in changes in their activity and/or may have important biological effects. Thus, GAG chains induce conformational changes upon their binding to peptides or proteins. This behavior may be related to the ability of GAGs to act as modulators for some proteins (1) by acting as crucial structural elements by the control of proteinase activities, (2) by increasing the protein stability, (3) by permitting some binding to occur, exposing binding regions on the target protein, or (4) by acting as coreceptors for some inhibitors, playing important roles for the acceleration of proteinase inhibition. Understanding the modulatory effects exerted by PGs on proteinase activities is expected to lead to new insights in the understanding of some molecular systems present in pathological states, providing new targets for drug therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Complex modulation of peptidolytic activity of cathepsin D by sphingolipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1097-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|