1
|
En A, Watanabe K, Ayusawa D, Fujii M. The key role of a basic domain of histone H2B N-terminal tail in the action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to induce cellular senescence. FEBS J 2023; 290:692-711. [PMID: 35882390 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analogue, is an interesting reagent that modulates various biological phenomena. BrdU, upon incorporation into DNA, causes destabilized nucleosome positioning which leads to changes in heterochromatin organization and gene expression in cells. We have previously shown that BrdU effectively induces cellular senescence, a phenomenon of irreversible growth arrest in mammalian cells. Identification of the mechanism of action of BrdU would provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence. Here, we showed that a basic domain in the histone H2B N-terminal tail, termed the HBR (histone H2B repression) domain, is involved in the action of BrdU. Notably, deletion of the HBR domain causes destabilized nucleosome positioning and derepression of gene expression, as does BrdU. We also showed that the genes up-regulated by BrdU significantly overlapped with those by deletion of the HBR domain, the result of which suggested that BrdU and deletion of the HBR domain act in a similar way. Furthermore, we showed that decreased HBR domain function induced cellular senescence or facilitated the induction of cellular senescence. These findings indicated that the HBR domain is crucially involved in the action of BrdU, and also suggested that disordered nucleosome organization may be involved in the induction of cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki En
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Dai Ayusawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Japan
| | - Michihiko Fujii
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takauji Y, Kudo I, En A, Matsuo R, Hossain MN, Nakabayashi K, Miki K, Fujii M, Ayusawa D. GNG11 (G-protein subunit γ 11) suppresses cell growth with induction of reactive oxygen species and abnormal nuclear morphology in human SUSM-1 cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:517-523. [PMID: 28380310 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Enforced expression of GNG11, G-protein subunit γ 11, induces cellular senescence in normal human diploid fibroblasts. We here examined the effect of the expression of GNG11 on the growth of immortalized human cell lines, and found that it suppressed the growth of SUSM-1 cells, but not of HeLa cells. We then compared these two cell lines to understand the molecular basis for the action of GNG11. We found that expression of GNG11 induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abnormal nuclear morphology in SUSM-1 cells but not in HeLa cells. Increased ROS generation by GNG11 would likely be caused by the down-regulation of the antioxidant enzymes in SUSM-1 cells. We also found that SUSM-1 cells, even under normal culture conditions, showed higher levels of ROS and higher incidence of abnormal nuclear morphology than HeLa cells, and that abnormal nuclear morphology was relevant to the increased ROS generation in SUSM-1 cells. Thus, SUSM-1 and HeLa cells showed differences in the regulation of ROS and nuclear morphology, which might account for their different responses to the expression of GNG11. Thus, SUSM-1 cells may provide a unique system to study the regulatory relationship between ROS generation, nuclear morphology, and G-protein signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takauji
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Ikuru Kudo
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Atsuki En
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsuo
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Mohammad Nazir Hossain
- b Department of Biochemistry, Primeasia University, 9 Banani C/A Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- c Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miki
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan.,d Ichiban Life Corporation, 1-1-7 Horai-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0048, Japan
| | - Michihiko Fujii
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Dai Ayusawa
- a Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan.,d Ichiban Life Corporation, 1-1-7 Horai-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 231-0048, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arai R, En A, Ukekawa R, Miki K, Fujii M, Ayusawa D. Aberrant localization of lamin B receptor (LBR) in cellular senescence in human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:1078-1083. [PMID: 27059139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), a thymidine analogue, induces cellular senescence in mammalian cells. BrdU induces cellular senescence probably through the regulation of chromatin because BrdU destabilizes or disrupts nucleosome positioning and decondenses heterochromatin. Since heterochromatin is tethered to the nuclear periphery through the interaction with the nuclear envelope proteins, we examined the localization of the several nuclear envelope proteins such as lamins, lamin-interacting proteins, nuclear pore complex proteins, and nuclear transport proteins in senescent cells. We have shown here that lamin B receptor (LBR) showed a change in localization in both BrdU-induced and replicative senescent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Arai
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Atsuki En
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Ryo Ukekawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miki
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Ichiban Life Corporation, 1-1-7 Horai-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0048, Japan
| | - Michihiko Fujii
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
| | - Dai Ayusawa
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Ichiban Life Corporation, 1-1-7 Horai-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0048, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Restriction of protein synthesis abolishes senescence features at cellular and organismal levels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18722. [PMID: 26729469 PMCID: PMC4700526 DOI: 10.1038/srep18722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence or its equivalence is induced by treatment of cells with an appropriate inducer of senescence in various cell types. Mild restriction of cytoplasmic protein synthesis prevented induction of all aspects of cellular senescence in normal and tumor-derived human cells. It allowed the cells to continuously grow with no sign of senescent features in the presence of various inducers. It also delayed replicative senescence in normal human fibroblasts. Moreover, it allowed for growth of the cells that had entered a senescent state. When adult worms of the nematode C. elegans were grown under protein-restricted conditions, their average and maximal lifespans were significantly extended. These results suggest that accumulation of cytoplasmic proteins due to imbalance in macromolecule synthesis is a fundamental cause of cellular senescence.
Collapse
|
5
|
Reynolds D, Cliffe L, Förstner KU, Hon CC, Siegel TN, Sabatini R. Regulation of transcription termination by glucosylated hydroxymethyluracil, base J, in Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9717-29. [PMID: 25104019 PMCID: PMC4150806 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Base J, β-d-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil, is an epigenetic modification of thymine in the nuclear DNA of flagellated protozoa of the order Kinetoplastida. J is enriched at sites involved in RNA polymerase (RNAP) II initiation and termination. Reduction of J in Leishmania tarentolae via growth in BrdU resulted in cell death and indicated a role of J in the regulation of RNAP II termination. To further explore J function in RNAP II termination among kinetoplastids and avoid indirect effects associated with BrdU toxicity and genetic deletions, we inhibited J synthesis in Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei using DMOG. Reduction of J in L. major resulted in genome-wide defects in transcription termination at the end of polycistronic gene clusters and the generation of antisense RNAs, without cell death. In contrast, loss of J in T. brucei did not lead to genome-wide termination defects; however, the loss of J at specific sites within polycistronic gene clusters led to altered transcription termination and increased expression of downstream genes. Thus, J regulation of RNAP II transcription termination genome-wide is restricted to Leishmania spp., while in T. brucei it regulates termination and gene expression at specific sites within polycistronic gene clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Davison Life Sciences Building, 120 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
| | - Laura Cliffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Davison Life Sciences Building, 120 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Département Biologie cellulaire et infection, Paris 75015, France INSERM U786, Paris 75015, France
| | - T Nicolai Siegel
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Robert Sabatini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Davison Life Sciences Building, 120 Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Levin B, Lech D, Friedenson B. Evidence that BRCA1- or BRCA2-associated cancers are not inevitable. Mol Med 2012; 18:1327-37. [PMID: 22972572 PMCID: PMC3521784 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inheriting a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation can cause a deficiency in repairing complex DNA damage. This step leads to genomic instability and probably contributes to an inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. Complex DNA damage has been viewed as an integral part of DNA replication before cell division. It causes temporary replication blocks, replication fork collapse, chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Chemical modification of DNA may also occur spontaneously as a byproduct of normal processes. Pathways containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene products are essential to repair spontaneous complex DNA damage or to carry out SCEs if repair is not possible. This scenario creates a theoretical limit that effectively means there are spontaneous BRCA1/2-associated cancers that cannot be prevented or delayed. However, much evidence for high rates of spontaneous DNA mutation is based on measuring SCEs by using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Here we find that the routine use of BrdU has probably led to overestimating spontaneous DNA damage and SCEs because BrdU is itself a mutagen. Evidence based on spontaneous chromosome abnormalities and epidemiologic data indicates strong effects from exogenous mutagens and does not support the inevitability of cancer in all BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. We therefore remove a theoretical argument that has limited efforts to develop chemoprevention strategies to delay or prevent cancers in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bess Levin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Denise Lech
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bernard Friedenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van Luenen HGAM, Farris C, Jan S, Genest PA, Tripathi P, Velds A, Kerkhoven RM, Nieuwland M, Haydock A, Ramasamy G, Vainio S, Heidebrecht T, Perrakis A, Pagie L, van Steensel B, Myler PJ, Borst P. Glucosylated hydroxymethyluracil, DNA base J, prevents transcriptional readthrough in Leishmania. Cell 2012; 150:909-21. [PMID: 22939620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Some Ts in nuclear DNA of trypanosomes and Leishmania are hydroxylated and glucosylated to yield base J (β-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil). In Leishmania, about 99% of J is located in telomeric repeats. We show here that most of the remaining J is located at chromosome-internal RNA polymerase II termination sites. This internal J and telomeric J can be reduced by a knockout of J-binding protein 2 (JBP2), an enzyme involved in the first step of J biosynthesis. J levels are further reduced by growing Leishmania JBP2 knockout cells in BrdU-containing medium, resulting in cell death. The loss of internal J in JBP2 knockout cells is accompanied by massive readthrough at RNA polymerase II termination sites. The readthrough varies between transcription units but may extend over 100 kb. We conclude that J is required for proper transcription termination and infer that the absence of internal J kills Leishmania by massive readthrough of transcriptional stops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri G A M van Luenen
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kobayashi Y, Lee SS, Arai R, Miki K, Fujii M, Ayusawa D. ERK1/2 mediates unbalanced growth leading to senescence induced by excess thymidine in human cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:897-901. [PMID: 22902634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Excess thymidine induces unbalanced growth by delaying DNA replication and subsequently induces senescence in every human cell type. Our previous studies with use of inhibitors suggested that ERK1/2 has a major role in these processes. Here we directly assessed the roles of ERK1 and ERK2 in unbalanced growth induced by excess thymidine. Knockdown of ERK2 and ERK1 by vector-based RNA interference prevented loss of colony forming ability and appearance of senescence markers induced by excess thymidine in HeLa and TIG-7 cells, respectively. Such cells continued growing in the presence of excess thymidine. Double knockdown of ERK1 and ERK2 did not improve the effects of single knockdowns of ERK1 and ERK2 in either cell types. These results demonstrate that ERK1 or ERK2 has a major role in manifestation of unbalanced growth in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Genome System Science, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Takayama S, Fujii M, Nakagawa Y, Miki K, Ayusawa D. N-terminal short fragment of TUP1 confers resistance to 5-bromodeoxyuridine in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:25-31. [PMID: 21712029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that exhibit biological activity have contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of various biological phenomena. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is a thymidine analogue that modulates various biological phenomena such as cellular differentiation and cellular senescence in cultured mammalian cells. Although BrdU is thought to function through changing chromatin structure and gene expression, its precise molecular mechanisms are not understood. To study the molecular mechanism for the action of BrdU, we have employed the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system, and screened multi-copy suppressor genes that confer resistance to BrdU. Our genetic screen has revealed that expression of the N-terminal short fragment of TUP1, and also disruption of HDA1 or HOS1, histone deacetylases that interact with TUP1, conferred resistance to BrdU. These results suggest the implication of the chromatin proteins in the function of BrdU, and would provide novel clues to answer the old question of how BrdU modulates various biological phenomena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Takayama
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236 0027, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|