1
|
A TIR-NBS-LRR Gene MdTNL1 Regulates Resistance to Glomerella Leaf Spot in Apple. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116323. [PMID: 35683002 PMCID: PMC9181576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by the fungus Colletotrichum fructicola, is one of the most devastating apple diseases. Our previous study reported that the GLS resistance locus was defined on the chromosome 15 region. Here, we further found a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site (SNP7309212) in the GLS resistance that was able to distinguish resistant cultivars (lines) from susceptible ones. On the basis of the SNP site, we cloned a TNL gene from the GLS resistant locus and named it MdTNL1 (NCBI Accession Number: ON402514). This gene contains a toll/interleukin-1 receptor transmembrane domain (TIR), nucleotide-binding sites (NBS), and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. Subcellular location indicated that MdTNL1 was expressed in the nucleus and cell membrane. Ectopic overexpression of MdTNL1 in Nicotiana benthamiana caused cell death. We further demonstrated allelic polymorphisms in MdTNL1. It is noteworthy that NBS and LRR domains of the MdTNL1 protein serve as the repository for generating allelic diversity. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay revealed that MdTNL1 was highly expressed in resistant apple cultivar ‘Fuji’ after inoculation with C. fructicola, whereas susceptible cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’ exhibited low expression after inoculation. Over-expression of MdTNL1-1 in susceptible apple fruits and leaves improved disease resistance, while in ‘Orin’ calli, silencing the MdTNL1-1 gene conversely decreased GLS resistance. In conclusion, we identified a GLS associated with SNP7309212 and demonstrated that a TIR-NBS-LRR gene MdTNL1-1 positively regulates GLS resistance in apple.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kamal MM, Erazo C, Tanino KK, Kawamura Y, Kasuga J, Laarveld B, Olkowski A, Uemura M. A single seed treatment mediated through reactive oxygen species increases germination, growth performance, and abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis and rice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2597-2608. [PMID: 32856556 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1808444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH) is considered to be the most damaging among reactive oxygen species. Although afew studies have reported on its effects on growth and stress adaptation of plants, no detailed studies have been performed using •OH in germination and early seedling growth under abiotic stresses. Here we report a single seed treatment with •OH on germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis and rice under non-stressed (ambient) and various abiotic-stressed conditions (chilling, high temperature, heat, and salinity). The treatment resulted in faster seed germination and early seedling growth under non-stressed conditions, and, interestingly, these effects were more prominent under abiotic stresses. In addition, Arabidopsis seedlings from treated seeds showed faster root growth and developed more lateral roots. These results show apositive and potential practical use for •OH in model and crop plants for direct seeding in the field, as well as improvement of tolerance against emerging stresses. Abbreviations: AUC: area under curve; MGT: mean germination time; t50: time to reach 50% germination; U7525: time for uniform germination from 25% to 75%; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSI: germination speed index; SI: stress index; DI: dormancy index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafa Kamal
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Japan
| | - Carlos Erazo
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Karen K Tanino
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Japan.,Department of Plant-bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Japan
| | - Jun Kasuga
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine , Obihiro, Japan
| | - Bernard Laarveld
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Andrew Olkowski
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University , Morioka, Japan.,Department of Plant-bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University , Morioka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mattila H, Khorobrykh S, Havurinne V, Tyystjärvi E. Reactive oxygen species: Reactions and detection from photosynthetic tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 152:176-214. [PMID: 26498710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been recognized as compounds with dual roles. They cause cellular damage by reacting with biomolecules but they also function as agents of cellular signaling. Several different oxygen-containing compounds are classified as ROS because they react, at least with certain partners, more rapidly than ground-state molecular oxygen or because they are known to have biological effects. The present review describes the typical reactions of the most important ROS. The reactions are the basis for both the detection methods and for prediction of reactions between ROS and biomolecules. Chemical and physical methods used for detection, visualization and quantification of ROS from plants, algae and cyanobacteria will be reviewed. The main focus will be on photosynthetic tissues, and limitations of the methods will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heta Mattila
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Havurinne
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang D, Liu M, Tang M, Dong B, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhou B. Repression of microRNA biogenesis by silencing of OsDCL1 activates the basal resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 237:24-32. [PMID: 26089149 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) processes the microRNA biogenesis and plays a determinant role in plant development. In this study, we reported the function of OsDCL1 in the immunity to rice blast, the devastating disease caused by the fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae. Expression profiling demonstrated that different OsDCLs responded dynamically and OsDCL1 reduced its expression upon the challenge of rice blast pathogen. In contrast, miR162a predicted to target OsDCL1 increased its expression, implying a negative feedback loop between OsDCL1 and miR162a in rice. In addition to developmental defects, the OsDCL1-silencing mutants showed enhanced resistance to virulent rice blast strains in a non-race specific manner. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and cell death were observed in the contact cells with infectious hyphae, revealing that silencing of OsDCL1 activated cellular defense responses. In OsDCL1 RNAi lines, 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, of which 5 and 7 were down- and up-regulated, respectively, indicating that miRNAs responded dynamically in the interaction between rice and rice blast. Moreover, silencing of OsDCL1 activated the constitutive expression of defense related genes. Taken together, our results indicate that rice is capable of activating basal resistance against rice blast by perturbing OsDCL1-dependent miRNA biogenesis pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Bo Dong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Dianxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila 1301, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Richards SL, Wilkins KA, Swarbreck SM, Anderson AA, Habib N, Smith AG, McAinsh M, Davies JM. The hydroxyl radical in plants: from seed to seed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:37-46. [PMID: 25294918 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH(•)) is the most potent yet short-lived of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals. Just as hydrogen peroxide was once considered to be simply a deleterious by-product of oxidative metabolism but is now acknowledged to have signalling roles in plant cells, so evidence is mounting for the hydroxyl radical as being more than merely an agent of destruction. Its oxidative power is harnessed to facilitate germination, growth, stomatal closure, reproduction, the immune response, and adaptation to stress. It features in plant cell death and is a key tool in microbial degradation of plant matter for recycling. Production of the hydroxyl radical in the wall, at the plasma membrane, and intracellularly is facilitated by a range of peroxidases, superoxide dismutases, NADPH oxidases, and transition metal catalysts. The spatio-temporal activity of these must be tightly regulated to target substrates precisely to the site of radical production, both to prevent damage and to accommodate the short half life and diffusive capacity of the hydroxyl radical. Whilst research has focussed mainly on the hydroxyl radical's mode of action in wall loosening, studies now extend to elucidating which proteins are targets in signalling systems. Despite the difficulties in detecting and manipulating this ROS, there is sufficient evidence now to acknowledge the hydroxyl radical as a potent regulator in plant cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siân L Richards
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK * Present address: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Katie A Wilkins
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Stéphanie M Swarbreck
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alexander A Anderson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Noman Habib
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK Present address: Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Alison G Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Martin McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Julia M Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK Present address: Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li L, Hu L, Han LP, Ji H, Zhu Y, Wang X, Ge J, Xu M, Shen D, Dong H. Expression of turtle riboflavin-binding protein represses mitochondrial electron transport gene expression and promotes flowering in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:381. [PMID: 25547226 PMCID: PMC4310184 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently we showed that de novo expression of a turtle riboflavin-binding protein (RfBP) in transgenic Arabidopsis increased H2O2 concentrations inside leaf cells, enhanced the expression of floral regulatory gene FD and floral meristem identity gene AP1 at the shoot apex, and induced early flowering. Here we report that RfBP-induced H2O2 presumably results from electron leakage at the mitochondrial electron transport chain (METC) and this source of H2O2 contributes to the early flowering phenotype. RESULTS While enhanced expression of FD and AP1 at the shoot apex was correlated with early flowering, the foliar expression of 13 of 19 METC genes was repressed in RfBP-expressing (RfBP+) plants. Inside RfBP+ leaf cells, cytosolic H2O2 concentrations were increased possibly through electron leakage because similar responses were also induced by a known inducer of electron leakage from METC. Early flowering no longer occurred when the repression on METC genes was eliminated by RfBP gene silencing, which restored RfBP+ to wild type in levels of FD and AP1 expression, H2O2, and flavins. Flowering was delayed by the external riboflavin application, which brought gene expression and flavins back to the steady-state levels but only caused 55% reduction of H2O2 concentrations in RfBP+ plants. RfBP-repressed METC gene expression remedied the cytosolic H2O2 diminution by genetic disruption of transcription factor NFXLl and compensated for compromises in FD and AP1 expression and flowering time. By contrast, RfBP resembled a peroxisomal catalase mutation, which augments the cytosolic H2O2, to enhance FD and AP1 expression and induce early flowering. CONCLUSIONS RfBP-repressed METC gene expression potentially causes electron leakage as one of cellular sources for the generation of H2O2 with the promoting effect on flowering. The repressive effect on METC gene expression is not the only way by which RfBP induces H2O2 and currently unappreciated factors may also function under RfBP+ background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Li-Ping Han
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hongtao Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Yueyue Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Manyu Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Hansong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University and State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing, 210095 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lai Y, Dang F, Lin J, Yu L, Lin J, Lei Y, Chen C, Liu Z, Qiu A, Mou S, Guan D, Wu Y, He S. Overexpression of a pepper CaERF5 gene in tobacco plants enhances resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:758-767. [PMID: 32481030 DOI: 10.1071/fp13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORs (ERF) transcription factors (TFs) constitute a large transcriptional regulator family belonging to the AP2/ERF superfamily and are implicated in a range of biological processes. However, the specific roles of individual ERF family members in biotic or abiotic stress responses and the underlying molecular mechanism still need to be elucidated. In the present study, a cDNA encoding a member of ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factor, CaERF5, was isolated from pepper. Sequence analysis showed that CaERF5 contains a typical 59 amino acid AP2/ERF DNA-binding domain, two highly conserved amino acid residues (14th alanine (A) and 19th aspartic acid (D)), a putative nuclear localisation signal (NLS), a CMIX-2 motif in the N-terminal region and two putative MAP kinase phosphorylation site CMIX-5 and CMIX-6 motifs. It belongs to group IXb of the ERF subfamily. A CaERF5-green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells localised to the nucleus. CaERF5 transcripts were induced by Ralstonia solanacearum infection, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon (ETH) treatments. Constitutive expression of the CaERF5 gene in tobacco plants upregulated transcript levels of a set of defence- related genes and enhanced resistance to R. solanacearum infection. Our results suggest that CaERF5 acts as a positive regulator in plant resistance to R. solanacearum infection and show that overexpression of this transcription factor can be used as a tool to enhance disease resistance in crop species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lai
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Fengfeng Dang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yufen Lei
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chengcong Chen
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ailian Qiu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China
| | - Shuilin He
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Y, Li C, Ge J, Xu M, Zhu Q, Wu T, Guo A, Xie J, Dong H. Recessive mutation identifies auxin-repressed protein ARP1, which regulates growth and disease resistance in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:638-54. [PMID: 24875793 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-13-0250-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To study the molecular mechanism that underpins crosstalk between plant growth and disease resistance, we performed a mutant screening on tobacco and created a recessive mutation that caused the phenotype of growth enhancement and resistance impairment (geri1). In the geri1 mutant, growth enhancement accompanies promoted expression of growth-promoting genes, whereas repressed expression of defense response genes is consistent with impaired resistance to diseases caused by viral, bacterial, and oomycete pathogens. The geri1 allele identifies a single genetic locus hypothetically containing the tagged GERI1 gene. The isolated GERI1 gene was predicted to encode auxin-repressed protein ARP1, which was determined to be 13.5 kDa in size. The ARP1/GERI1 gene was further characterized as a repressor of plant growth and an activator of disease resistance based on genetic complementation, gene silencing, and overexpression analyses. ARP1/GERI1 resembles pathogen-associated molecular patterns and is required for them to repress plant growth and activate plant immunity responses. ARP1/GERI1 represses growth by inhibiting the expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR gene ARF8, and ARP1/GERI1 recruits the NPR1 gene, which is essential for the salicylic-acid-mediated defense, to coregulate disease resistance. In conclusion, ARP1/GERI1 is an integral regulator for crosstalk between growth and disease resistance in the plant.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lai Y, Dang F, Lin J, Yu L, Shi Y, Xiao Y, Huang M, Lin J, Chen C, Qi A, Liu Z, Guan D, Mou S, Qiu A, He S. Overexpression of a Chinese cabbage BrERF11 transcription factor enhances disease resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 62:70-8. [PMID: 23201563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) play diverse roles in plant growth, developmental processes and stress responses. However, the roles and underlying mechanism of ERFs remain poorly understood, especially in non-model plants. In this study, a full length cDNA of ERF gene was isolated from the cDNA library of Chinese cabbage. According to sequence alignment, we found a highly conservative AP2/ERF domain, two nuclear localization signals, and an ERF-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) motif in its C-terminal region. It belonged to VIIIa group ERFs sharing the highest sequence identity with AtERF11 in all of the ERFs in Arabidopsis and designated BrERF11. BrERF11-green fluorescence protein (GFP) transient expressed in onion epidermis cells localized to the nucleus. The transcript levels of BrERF11 were induced by exogenous salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethephon (ETH), and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Constitutive expression of BrERF11 enhanced tolerance to Ralstonia solanacearum infection in transgenic tobacco plants, which was coupled with hypersensitive response (HR), burst of H(2)O(2) and upregulation of defense-related genes including HR marker genes, SA-, JA-dependent pathogen-related genes and ET biosynthesis associated genes and downregulation of CAT1, suggesting BrERF11 may participate in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)- and effector-triggered immunity (PTI and ETI) mediated by SA-, JA- and ET-dependent signaling mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lai
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sang S, Li X, Gao R, You Z, Lü B, Liu P, Ma Q, Dong H. Apoplastic and cytoplasmic location of harpin protein Hpa1Xoo plays different roles in H2O2 generation and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:375-91. [PMID: 22581008 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Harpin proteins secreted by phytopathogenic bacteria have been shown to activate the plant defense pathway, which involves transduction of a hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) signal generated in the apoplast. However, the way in which harpins are recognized in the pathway and what role the apoplastic H(2)O(2) plays in plant defenses are unclear. Here, we examine whether the cellular localization of Hpa1(Xoo), a harpin protein produced by the rice bacterial leaf blight pathogen, impacts H(2)O(2) production and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transformation with the hpa1 (Xoo) gene and hpa1 (Xoo) fused to an apoplastic localization signal (shpa1 (Xoo)) generated h pa1 (Xoo)- and sh pa1 (Xoo)-expressing transgenic A . t haliana (HETAt and SHETAt) plants, respectively. Hpa1(Xoo) was associated with the apoplast in SHETAt plants but localized inside the cell in HETAt plants. In addition, Hpa1(Xoo) localization accompanied H(2)O(2) accumulation in both the apoplast and cytoplasm of SHETAt plants but only in the cytoplasm of HETAt plants. Apoplastic H(2)O(2) production via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) located in the plasma membrane is a common feature of plant defenses. In SHETAt plants, H(2)O(2) was generated in apoplasts in a NOX-dependent manner but accumulated to a greater extent in the cytoplasm than in the apoplast. After being applied to the wild-type plant, Hpa1(Xoo) localized to apoplasts and stimulated H(2)O(2) production as in SHETAt plants. In both plants, inhibiting apoplastic H(2)O(2) generation abrogated both cytoplasmic H(2)O(2) accumulation and plant resistance to bacterial pathogens. These results suggest the possibility that the apoplastic H(2)O(2) is subject to a cytoplasmic translocation for participation in the pathogen defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suling Sang
- State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deng B, Deng S, Sun F, Zhang S, Dong H. Down-regulation of free riboflavin content induces hydrogen peroxide and a pathogen defense in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:185-201. [PMID: 21720919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin mediates many bioprocesses associated with the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), a cellular signal that regulates defense responses in plants. Although plants can synthesize riboflavin, the levels vary widely in different organs and during different stages of development, indicating that changes in riboflavin levels may have physiological effects. Here, we show that changing riboflavin content affects H₂O₂ accumulation and a pathogen defense in Arabidopsis thaliana. Leaf content of free riboflavin was modulated by ectopic expression of the turtle gene encoding riboflavin-binding protein (RfBP). The RfBP-expressing Arabidopsis thaliana (REAT) plants produced the RfBP protein that possessed riboflavin-binding activity. Compared with the wild-type plant, several tested REAT lines had >70% less flavins of free form. This change accompanied an elevation in the level of H₂O₂ and an enhancement of plant resistance to a bacterial pathogen. All the observed REAT characters were eliminated due to RfBP silencing (RfBPi) under REAT background. When an H₂O₂ scavenger was applied, H₂O₂ level declined in all the plants, and REAT no longer exhibited the phenotype of resistance enhancement. However, treatment with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor diminished H₂O₂ content and pathogen defense in wild-type and RfBPi but not in REAT. Our results suggest that the intrinsic down-regulation of free flavins is responsible for NADPH oxidase-independent H₂O₂ accumulation and the pathogen defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benliang Deng
- State Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|