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Yang H, Tian L, Qiu H, Qin C, Ling S, Xu J. Metabolomics Analysis of Sporulation-Associated Metabolites of Metarhizium anisopliae Based on Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1011. [PMID: 37888267 PMCID: PMC10608027 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae, an entomopathogenic fungus, has been widely used for the control of agricultural and forestry pests. However, sporulation degeneration occurs frequently during the process of successive culture, and we currently lack a clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the metabolic profiles of M. anisopliae were comparatively analyzed based on the metabolomics approach of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 74 metabolites were detected in both normal and degenerate strains, with 40 differential metabolites contributing significantly to the model. Principal component analysis (PCA) and potential structure discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed a clear distinction between the sporulation of normal strains and degenerate strains. Specifically, 23 metabolites were down-regulated and 17 metabolites were up-regulated in degenerate strains compared to normal strains. The KEGG enrichment analysis identified 47 significant pathways. Among them, the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolic pathways and the glycine, serine and threonine metabolism had the most significant effects on sporulation, which revealed that significant changes occur in the metabolic phenotypes of strains during sporulation and degeneration processes. Furthermore, our subsequent experiments have substantiated that the addition of amino acids could improve M. anisopliae's spore production. Our study shows that metabolites, especially amino acids, which are significantly up-regulated or down-regulated during the sporulation and degeneration of M. anisopliae, may be involved in the sporulation process of M. anisopliae, and amino acid metabolism (especially glutamate, aspartate, serine, glycine, arginine and leucine) may be an important part of the sporulation mechanism of M. anisopliae. This study provides a foundation and technical support for rejuvenation and production improvement strategies for M. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinzhu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China; (H.Y.); (L.T.); (H.Q.); (C.Q.); (S.L.)
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Unidirectional mannitol synthesis of Acinetobacter baumannii MtlD is facilitated by the helix-loop-helix-mediated dimer formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2107994119. [PMID: 35363566 PMCID: PMC9168451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107994119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannitol biosynthesis is essential for Acinetobacter baumannii to cope with osmotic stress. Currently, only Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter baylyi, and A. baumannii are able to de novo synthesize mannitol by a structurally unique bifunctional mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase/phosphatase (AbMtlD). The molecular mechanism of reduction and dephosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to mannitol is highly dependent on the substrate shuffling from one protomer to the other protomer by a unique helix–loop–helix domain–mediated dimer formation, thus ensuring unidirectional and efficient biosynthesis of mannitol. These observations support an evolutionary adaptation of AbMtlD by fusion of dehydrogenase and phosphatase domains to facilitate efficient unidirectional enzymatic production of mannitol, unifying regulatory control and minimizing the intracellular concentration of toxic mannitol-1-phosphate during salt stress. Persistence of Acinetobacter baumannii in environments with low water activity is largely attributed to the biosynthesis of compatible solutes. Mannitol is one of the key compatible solutes in A. baumannii, and it is synthesized by a bifunctional mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase/phosphatase (AbMtlD). AbMtlD catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to mannitol in two consecutive steps. Here, we report the crystal structure of dimeric AbMtlD, constituting two protomers each with a dehydrogenase and phosphatase domain. A proper assembly of AbMtlD dimer is facilitated by an intersection comprising a unique helix–loop–helix (HLH) domain. Reduction and dephosphorylation catalysis of fructose-6-phosphate to mannitol is dependent on the transient dimerization of AbMtlD. AbMtlD presents as a monomer under lower ionic strength conditions and was found to be mainly dimeric under high-salt conditions. The AbMtlD catalytic efficiency was markedly increased by cross-linking the protomers at the intersected HLH domain via engineered disulfide bonds. Inactivation of the AbMtlD phosphatase domain results in an intracellular accumulation of mannitol-1-phosphate in A. baumannii, leading to bacterial growth impairment upon salt stress. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that salt-induced dimerization of the bifunctional AbMtlD increases catalytic dehydrogenase and phosphatase efficiency, resulting in unidirectional catalysis of mannitol production.
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Rodrigues AM, Kubitschek-Barreira PH, Pinheiro BG, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Hahn RC, de Camargo ZP. Immunoproteomic Analysis Reveals Novel Candidate Antigens for the Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis Due to Paracoccidioides lutzii. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040357. [PMID: 33322269 PMCID: PMC7770604 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by the fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and related species. Whole-genome sequencing and stage-specific proteomic analysis of Paracoccidioides offer the opportunity to profile humoral immune responses against P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis s. str. infection using innovative screening approaches. Here, an immunoproteomic approach was used to identify PCM-associated antigens that elicit immune responses by combining 2-D electrophoresis of P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis proteomes, immunological detection using a gold-standard serum, and mass spectrometry analysis. A total of 16 and 25 highly immunoreactive proteins were identified in P. lutzii and P. brasiliensis, respectively, and 29 were shown to be the novel antigens for Paracoccidioides species, including seven uncharacterized proteins. Among the panel of proteins identified, most are involved in metabolic pathways, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in both immunoproteomes. Remarkably, six isoforms of the surface-associated enolase in the range of 54 kDa were identified as the major antigens in human PCM due to P. lutzii. These novel immunoproteomes of Paracoccidioides will be employed to develop a sensitive and affordable point-of-care diagnostic assay and an effective vaccine to identify infected hosts and prevent infection and development of human PCM. These findings provide a unique opportunity for the refinement of diagnostic tools of this important neglected systemic mycosis, which is usually associated with poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.M.R.); (Z.P.d.C.); Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540) (A.M.R.); +55-1155764551 (ext. 1512) (Z.P.d.C.)
| | - Paula Helena Kubitschek-Barreira
- Department of Cellular Biology, Roberto Alcantara Gomes Institute of Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro 20511010, Brazil;
| | - Breno Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil;
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil;
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Laboratory of Mycology/Research, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060900, Brazil;
- Júlio Muller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78048902, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil;
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023062, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.M.R.); (Z.P.d.C.); Tel.: +55-1155764551 (ext. 1540) (A.M.R.); +55-1155764551 (ext. 1512) (Z.P.d.C.)
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Ząbek A, Klimek-Ochab M, Jawień E, Młynarz P. Biodiversity in targeted metabolomics analysis of filamentous fungal pathogens by 1H NMR-based studies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:132. [PMID: 28585165 PMCID: PMC5486612 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomical classification among fungi kingdom in the last decades was evolved. In this work the targeted metabolomics study based on 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics tools was reported to be useful for differentiation of three model of fungal strains, which represent various genus of Ascomycota (Aspergillus pallidofulvus, Fusarium oxysporum, Geotrichum candidum) were selected in order to perform metabolomics studies. Each tested species, revealed specific metabolic profile of primary endo-metabolites. The species of A. pallidofulvus is represented by the highest concentration of glycerol, glucitol and Unk5. While, F. oxysporum species is characterised by increased level of propylene glycol, ethanol, 4-aminobutyrate, succinate, xylose, Unk1 and Unk4. In G. candidum, 3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, glutamate, pyruvate, glutamine and citrate were elevated. Additionally, a detailed analysis of metabolic changes among A. pallidofulvus, F. oxysporum and G. candidum showed that A. pallidofulvus seems to be the most pathogenic fungi. The obtained results demonstrated that targeted metabolomics analysis could be utilized in the future as a supporting taxonomical tool for currently methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ząbek
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimek-Ochab
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Jawień
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland.
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Kim TS, Patel SKS, Selvaraj C, Jung WS, Pan CH, Kang YC, Lee JK. A highly efficient sorbitol dehydrogenase from Gluconobacter oxydans G624 and improvement of its stability through immobilization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33438. [PMID: 27633501 PMCID: PMC5025769 DOI: 10.1038/srep33438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A sorbitol dehydrogenase (GoSLDH) from Gluconobacter oxydans G624 (G. oxydans G624) was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)-CodonPlus RIL. The complete 1455-bp codon-optimized gene was amplified, expressed, and thoroughly characterized for the first time. GoSLDH exhibited Km and kcat values of 38.9 mM and 3820 s−1 toward L-sorbitol, respectively. The enzyme exhibited high preference for NADP+ (vs. only 2.5% relative activity with NAD+). GoSLDH sequencing, structure analyses, and biochemical studies, suggested that it belongs to the NADP+-dependent polyol-specific long-chain sorbitol dehydrogenase family. GoSLDH is the first fully characterized SLDH to date, and it is distinguished from other L-sorbose-producing enzymes by its high activity and substrate specificity. Isothermal titration calorimetry showed that the protein binds more strongly to D-sorbitol than other L-sorbose-producing enzymes, and substrate docking analysis confirmed a higher turnover rate. The high oxidation potential of GoSLDH for D-sorbitol was confirmed by cyclovoltametric analysis. Further, stability of GoSLDH significantly improved (up to 13.6-fold) after cross-linking of immobilized enzyme on silica nanoparticles and retained 62.8% residual activity after 10 cycles of reuse. Therefore, immobilized GoSLDH may be useful for L-sorbose production from D-sorbitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Su Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sanjay K S Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Woo-Suk Jung
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chan Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Shao Z, Zhang P, Li Q, Wang X, Duan D. Characterization of mannitol-2-dehydrogenase in Saccharina japonica: evidence for a new polyol-specific long-chain dehydrogenases/reductase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97935. [PMID: 24830763 PMCID: PMC4022671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannitol plays a crucial role in brown algae, acting as carbon storage, organic osmolytes and antioxidant. Transcriptomic analysis of Saccharina japonica revealed that the relative genes involved in the mannitol cycle are existent. Full-length sequence of mannitol-2-dehydrogenase (M2DH) gene was obtained, with one open reading frame of 2,007 bp which encodes 668 amino acids. Cis-regulatory elements for response to methyl jasmonic acid, light and drought existed in the 5'-upstream region. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that SjM2DH has an ancient prokaryotic origin, and is probably acquired by horizontal gene transfer event. Multiple alignment and spatial structure prediction displayed a series of conserved functional residues, motifs and domains, which favored that SjM2DH belongs to the polyol-specific long-chain dehydrogenases/reductase (PSLDR) family. Expressional profiles of SjM2DH in the juvenile sporophytes showed that it was influenced by saline, oxidative and desiccative factors. SjM2DH was over-expressed in Escherichia coli, and the cell-free extracts with recombinant SjM2DH displayed high activity on D-fructose reduction reaction. The analysis on SjM2DH gene structure and biochemical parameters reached a consensus that activity of SjM2DH is NADH-dependent and metal ion-independent. The characterization of SjM2DH showed that M2DH is a new member of PSLDR family and play an important role in mannitol metabolism in S. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanru Shao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuying Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuliang Wang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Delin Duan
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Calmes B, Guillemette T, Teyssier L, Siegler B, Pigné S, Landreau A, Iacomi B, Lemoine R, Richomme P, Simoneau P. Role of mannitol metabolism in the pathogenicity of the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:131. [PMID: 23717316 PMCID: PMC3652318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physiological functions of fungal mannitol metabolism in the pathogenicity and protection against environmental stresses were investigated in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Mannitol metabolism was examined during infection of Brassica oleracea leaves by sequential HPLC quantification of the major soluble carbohydrates and expression analysis of genes encoding two proteins of mannitol metabolism, i.e., a mannitol dehydrogenase (AbMdh), and a mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (AbMpd). Knockout mutants deficient for AbMdh or AbMpd and a double mutant lacking both enzyme activities were constructed. Their capacity to cope with various oxidative and drought stresses and their pathogenic behavior were evaluated. Metabolic and gene expression profiling indicated an increase in mannitol production during plant infection. Depending on the mutants, distinct pathogenic processes, such as leaf and silique colonization, sporulation, survival on seeds, were impaired by comparison to the wild-type. This pathogenic alteration could be partly explained by the differential susceptibilities of mutants to oxidative and drought stresses. These results highlight the importance of mannitol metabolism with respect to the ability of A. brassicicola to efficiently accomplish key steps of its pathogenic life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Calmes
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Lény Teyssier
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Siegler
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie et Analyses Moléculaires, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Pigné
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
| | - Anne Landreau
- SONAS EA 921, SFR 4207, QUASAV UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et d'Ingénierie de la Santé, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
| | | | - Rémi Lemoine
- Ecologie, Biologie des Interactions, UMR 7267 CNRS/Université de PoitiersPoitiers, France
| | - Pascal Richomme
- SONAS EA 921, SFR 4207, QUASAV UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et d'Ingénierie de la Santé, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, UMR 1345 IRHS, Université d'AngersAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
- SFR 4207 QUASAV, Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHSAngers Cedex, France
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Pathway of glycine betaine biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:853-63. [PMID: 23563483 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00348-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The choline oxidase (CHOA) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) genes identified in Aspergillus fumigatus are present as a cluster specific for fungal genomes. Biochemical and molecular analyses of this cluster showed that it has very specific biochemical and functional features that make it unique and different from its plant and bacterial homologs. A. fumigatus ChoAp catalyzed the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine with betaine aldehyde as an intermediate and reduced molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide using FAD as a cofactor. A. fumigatus Badhp oxidized betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine with reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. Analysis of the AfchoAΔ::HPH and AfbadAΔ::HPH single mutants and the AfchoAΔAfbadAΔ::HPH double mutant showed that AfChoAp is essential for the use of choline as the sole nitrogen, carbon, or carbon and nitrogen source during the germination process. AfChoAp and AfBadAp were localized in the cytosol of germinating conidia and mycelia but were absent from resting conidia. Characterization of the mutant phenotypes showed that glycine betaine in A. fumigatus functions exclusively as a metabolic intermediate in the catabolism of choline and not as a stress protectant. This study in A. fumigatus is the first molecular, cellular, and biochemical characterization of the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway in the fungal kingdom.
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da Silva BA, Sodré CL, Souza-Gonçalves AL, Aor AC, Kneipp LF, Fonseca BB, Rozental S, Romanos MTV, Sola-Penna M, Perales J, Kalume DE, dos Santos ALS. Proteomic analysis of the secretions of Pseudallescheria boydii, a human fungal pathogen with unknown genome. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:172-88. [PMID: 22142336 DOI: 10.1021/pr200875x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudallescheria boydii is a filamentous fungus that causes a wide array of infections that can affect practically all the organs of the human body. The treatment of pseudallescheriosis is difficult since P. boydii exhibits intrinsic resistance to the majority of antifungal drugs used in the clinic and the virulence attributes expressed by this fungus are unknown. The study of the secretion of molecules is an important approach for understanding the pathogenicity of fungi. With this task in mind, we have shown that mycelial cells of P. boydii were able to actively secrete proteins into the extracellular environment; some of them were recognized by antibodies present in the serum of a patient with pseudallescheriosis. Additionally, molecules secreted by P. boydii induced in vitro irreversible damage in pulmonary epithelial cells. Subsequently, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry was carried out in order to start the construction of a map of secreted proteins from P. boydii mycelial cells. The two-dimensional map showed that most of the proteins (around 100 spots) were focused at pH ranging from 4 to 7 with molecular masses ranging from 14 to >117 kDa. Fifty spots were randomly selected, of which 30 (60%) were consistently identified, while 20 (40%) spots generated peptides that showed no resemblance to any known protein from other fungi and/or MS with low quality. Notably, we identified proteins involved in metabolic pathways (energy/carbohydrate, nucleotide, and fatty acid), cell wall remodeling, RNA processing, signaling, protein degradation/nutrition, translation machinery, drug elimination and/or detoxification, protection against environmental stress, cytoskeleton/movement proteins, and immunogenic molecules. Since the genome of this fungus is not sequenced, we performed enzymatic and immunodetection assays in order to corroborate the presence of some released proteins. The identification of proteins actively secreted by P. boydii provides important new information for understanding immune modulation and provides important new perspectives on the biology of this intriguing fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Alcântara da Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Bioquímica Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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