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Pitard I, Malliavin TE. Structural Biology and Molecular Modeling to Analyze the Entry of Bacterial Toxins and Virulence Factors into Host Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060369. [PMID: 31238550 PMCID: PMC6628625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the functions and mechanisms of biological systems is an outstanding challenge. One way to overcome it is to combine together several approaches such as molecular modeling and experimental structural biology techniques. Indeed, the interplay between structural and dynamical properties of the system is crucial to unravel the function of molecular machinery’s. In this review, we focus on how molecular simulations along with structural information can aid in interpreting biological data. Here, we examine two different cases: (i) the endosomal translocation toxins (diphtheria, tetanus, botulinum toxins) and (ii) the activation of adenylyl cyclase inside the cytoplasm (edema factor, CyA, ExoY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Pitard
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR3528, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative, Institut Pasteur and CNRS USR3756, 75015 Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Ecole Doctorale Complexité du Vivant, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Thérèse E Malliavin
- Unité de Bioinformatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR3528, 75015 Paris, France.
- Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative, Institut Pasteur and CNRS USR3756, 75015 Paris, France.
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Recombinant Immunotoxin Therapy of Glioblastoma: Smart Design, Key Findings, and Specific Challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7929286. [PMID: 28752098 PMCID: PMC5511670 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7929286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) refer to a group of recombinant protein-based therapeutics, which consists of two components: an antibody variable fragment or a specific ligand that allows RITs to bind specifically to target cells and an engineered toxin fragment that kills the target cells upon internalization. To date, over 1,000 RITs have been generated and significant success has been achieved in the therapy of hematological malignancies. However, the immunogenicity and off-target toxicities of RITs remain as significant barriers for their application to solid tumor therapy. A group of RITs have also been generated for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, and some have demonstrated evidence of tumor response and an acceptable profile of toxicity and safety in early clinical trials. Different from other solid tumors, how to efficiently deliver the RITs to intracranial tumors is more critical and needs to be solved urgently. In this article, we first review the design and expression of RITs, then summarize the key findings in the preclinical and clinical development of RIT therapy of glioblastoma multiforme, and lastly discuss the specific issues that still remain to forward RIT therapy to clinical practice.
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Pastor A, Singh AK, Shukla PK, Equbal MJ, Malik ST, Singh TP, Chaudhuri TK. Role of N-terminal region of Escherichia coli maltodextrin glucosidase in folding and function of the protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1138-1151. [PMID: 27317979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Maltodextrin glucosidase (MalZ) hydrolyses short malto-oligosaccharides from the reducing end releasing glucose and maltose in Escherichia coli. MalZ is a highly aggregation prone protein and molecular chaperonins GroEL and GroES assist in the folding of this protein to a substantial level. The N-terminal region of this enzyme appears to be a unique domain as seen in sequence comparison studies with other amylases as well as through homology modelling. The sequence and homology model analysis show a probability of disorder in the N-Terminal region of MalZ. The crystal structure of this enzyme has been reported in the present communication. Based on the crystallographic structure, it has been interpreted that the N-terminal region of the enzyme (Met1-Phe131) might be unstructured or flexible. To understand the role of the N-terminal region of MalZ in its enzymatic activity, and overall stability, a truncated version (Ala111-His616) of MalZ was created. The truncated version failed to fold into an active enzyme both in E. coli cytosol and in vitro even with the assistance of chaperonins GroEL and GroES. Furthermore, the refolding effort of N-truncated MalZ in the presence of isolated N-terminal domain didn't succeed. Our studies suggest that while the structural rigidity or orientation of the N-terminal region of the MalZ protein may not be essential for its stability and function, but the said domain is likely to play an important role in the formation of the native structure of the protein when present as an integral part of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pastor
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Amit K Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Prakash K Shukla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Md Javed Equbal
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shikha T Malik
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Tapan K Chaudhuri
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Araye A, Goudet A, Barbier J, Pichard S, Baron B, England P, Pérez J, Zinn-Justin S, Chenal A, Gillet D. The Translocation Domain of Botulinum Neurotoxin A Moderates the Propensity of the Catalytic Domain to Interact with Membranes at Acidic pH. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153401. [PMID: 27070312 PMCID: PMC4829238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is composed of three domains: a catalytic domain (LC), a translocation domain (HN) and a receptor-binding domain (HC). Like most bacterial toxins BoNT/A is an amphitropic protein, produced in a soluble form that is able to interact, penetrate and/or cross a membrane to achieve its toxic function. During intoxication BoNT/A is internalized by the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Then, LC crosses the membrane of the endocytic compartment and reaches the cytosol. This translocation is initiated by the low pH found in this compartment. It has been suggested that LC passes in an unfolded state through a transmembrane passage formed by HN. We report here that acidification induces no major conformational change in either secondary or tertiary structures of LC and HN of BoNT/A in solution. GdnHCl-induced denaturation experiments showed that the stability of LC and HN increases as pH drops, and that HN further stabilizes LC. Unexpectedly we found that LC has a high propensity to interact with and permeabilize anionic lipid bilayers upon acidification without the help of HN. This property is downplayed when LC is linked to HN. HN thus acts as a chaperone for LC by enhancing its stability but also as a moderator of the membrane interaction of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Araye
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Pichard
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Baron
- Institut Pasteur, Proteopole, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions (PFBMI), 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Proteopole, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions (PFBMI), 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Javier Pérez
- Synchrotron Soleil, BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Alexandre Chenal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, UMR 3528, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- CEA, iBiTec-S/SIMOPRO, CEA-Saclay, Paris Saclay University, LabEx LERMIT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- * E-mail:
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Leka O, Vallese F, Pirazzini M, Berto P, Montecucco C, Zanotti G. Diphtheria toxin conformational switching at acidic pH. FEBS J 2014; 281:2115-22. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oneda Leka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padua; Italy
| | | | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padua; Italy
| | - Paola Berto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Padua; Italy
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Man P, Montagner C, Vitrac H, Kavan D, Pichard S, Gillet D, Forest E, Forge V. Accessibility Changes within Diphtheria Toxin T Domain upon Membrane Penetration Probed by Hydrogen Exchange and Mass Spectrometry. J Mol Biol 2011; 414:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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