1
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Moroz LL. Brief History of Ctenophora. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2757:1-26. [PMID: 38668961 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3642-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Ctenophores are the descendants of the earliest surviving lineage of ancestral metazoans, predating the branch leading to sponges (Ctenophore-first phylogeny). Emerging genomic, ultrastructural, cellular, and systemic data indicate that virtually every aspect of ctenophore biology as well as ctenophore development are remarkably different from what is described in representatives of other 32 animal phyla. The outcome of this reconstruction is that most system-level components associated with the ctenophore organization result from convergent evolution. In other words, the ctenophore lineage independently evolved as high animal complexities with the astonishing diversity of cell types and structures as bilaterians and cnidarians. Specifically, neurons, synapses, muscles, mesoderm, through gut, sensory, and integrative systems evolved independently in Ctenophora. Rapid parallel evolution of complex traits is associated with a broad spectrum of unique ctenophore-specific molecular innovations, including alternative toolkits for making an animal. However, the systematic studies of ctenophores are in their infancy, and deciphering their remarkable morphological and functional diversity is one of the hot topics in biological research, with many anticipated surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA.
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2
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Recombinant light-sensitive photoprotein berovin from ctenophore Beroe abyssicola: Bioluminescence and absorbance characteristics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 624:23-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Larionova MD, Wu L, Eremeeva EV, Natashin PV, Gulnov DV, Nemtseva EV, Liu D, Liu Z, Vysotski ES. Crystal structure of semisynthetic obelin-v. Protein Sci 2022; 31:454-469. [PMID: 34802167 PMCID: PMC8819848 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Coelenterazine-v (CTZ-v), a synthetic derivative with an additional benzyl ring, yields a bright bioluminescence of Renilla luciferase and its "yellow" mutant with a significant shift in the emission spectrum toward longer wavelengths, which makes it the substrate of choice for deep tissue imaging. Although Ca2+ -regulated photoproteins activated with CTZ-v also display red-shifted light emission, in contrast to Renilla luciferase their bioluminescence activities are very low, which makes photoproteins activated by CTZ-v unusable for calcium imaging. Here, we report the crystal structure of Ca2+ -regulated photoprotein obelin with 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine-v (obelin-v) at 1.80 Å resolution. The structures of obelin-v and obelin bound with native CTZ revealed almost no difference; only the minor rearrangement in hydrogen-bond pattern and slightly increased distances between key active site residues and some atoms of 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine-v were found. The fluorescence quantum yield (ΦFL ) of obelin bound with coelenteramide-v (0.24) turned out to be even higher than that of obelin with native coelenteramide (0.19). Since both obelins are in effect the enzyme-substrate complexes containing the 2-hydroperoxy adduct of CTZ-v or CTZ, we reasonably assume the chemical reaction mechanisms and the yields of the reaction products (ΦR ) to be similar for both obelins. Based on these findings we suggest that low bioluminescence activity of obelin-v is caused by the low efficiency of generating an electronic excited state (ΦS ). In turn, the low ΦS value as compared to that of native CTZ might be the result of small changes in the substrate microenvironment in the obelin-v active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D. Larionova
- Photobiology LaboratoryInstitute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”KrasnoyarskRussia,iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Elena V. Eremeeva
- Photobiology LaboratoryInstitute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”KrasnoyarskRussia,Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal UniversityKrasnoyarskRussia
| | - Pavel V. Natashin
- Photobiology LaboratoryInstitute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”KrasnoyarskRussia
| | - Dmitry V. Gulnov
- Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal UniversityKrasnoyarskRussia
| | - Elena V. Nemtseva
- Photobiology LaboratoryInstitute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”KrasnoyarskRussia,Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal UniversityKrasnoyarskRussia
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhi‐Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Eugene S. Vysotski
- Photobiology LaboratoryInstitute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”KrasnoyarskRussia
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4
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Burakova LP, Lyakhovich MS, Mineev KS, Petushkov VN, Zagitova RI, Tsarkova AS, Kovalchuk SI, Yampolsky IV, Vysotski ES, Kaskova ZM. Unexpected Coelenterazine Degradation Products of Beroe abyssicola Photoprotein Photoinactivation. Org Lett 2021; 23:6846-6849. [PMID: 34416112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-regulated photoproteins of ctenophores lose bioluminescence activity when exposed to visible light. Little is known about the chemical nature of chromophore photoinactivation. Using a total synthesis strategy, we have established the structures of two unusual coelenterazine products, isolated from recombinant berovin of the ctenophore Beroe abyssicola, which are Z/E isomers. We propose that during light irradiation, these derivatives are formed from 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine via the intermediate 8a-peroxide by a mechanism reminiscent of that previously described for the auto-oxidation of green-fluorescent-protein-like chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila P Burakova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Maria S Lyakhovich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Konstantin S Mineev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valentin N Petushkov
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Renata I Zagitova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksandra S Tsarkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Kovalchuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ilia V Yampolsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Zinaida M Kaskova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Haghdoust F, Molakarimi M, Mirshahi M, Sajedi RH. Engineering aequorin to improve thermostability through rigidifying flexible sites. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Tomilin FN, Rogova AV, Burakova LP, Tchaikovskaya ON, Avramov PV, Fedorov DG, Vysotski ES. Unusual shift in the visible absorption spectrum of an active ctenophore photoprotein elucidated by time-dependent density functional theory. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:10.1007/s43630-021-00039-5. [PMID: 33834429 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Active hydromedusan and ctenophore Ca2+-regulated photoproteins form complexes consisting of apoprotein and strongly non-covalently bound 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine (an oxygenated intermediate of coelenterazine). Whereas the absorption maximum of hydromedusan photoproteins is at 460-470 nm, ctenophore photoproteins absorb at 437 nm. Finding out a physical reason for this blue shift is the main objective of this work, and, to achieve it, the whole structure of the protein-substrate complex was optimized using a linear scaling quantum-mechanical method. Electronic excitations pertinent to the spectra of the 2-hydroperoxy adduct of coelenterazine were simulated with time-dependent density functional theory. The dihedral angle of 60° of the 6-(p-hydroxy)-phenyl group relative to the imidazopyrazinone core of 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine molecule was found to be the key factor determining the absorption of ctenophore photoproteins at 437 nm. The residues relevant to binding of the substrate and its adopting the particular rotation were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix N Tomilin
- Kirensky Institute of Physics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/38, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79 pr., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Rogova
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79 pr., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Ludmila P Burakova
- Siberian Federal University, Svobodny 79 pr., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/50, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Olga N Tchaikovskaya
- National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Pavel V Avramov
- Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Dmitri G Fedorov
- Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials (CD-FMat), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan.
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Akademgorodok 50/50, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
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7
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Lau ES, Oakley TH. Multi-level convergence of complex traits and the evolution of bioluminescence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:673-691. [PMID: 33306257 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary convergence provides natural opportunities to investigate how, when, and why novel traits evolve. Many convergent traits are complex, highlighting the importance of explicitly considering convergence at different levels of biological organization, or 'multi-level convergent evolution'. To investigate multi-level convergent evolution, we propose a holistic and hierarchical framework that emphasizes breaking down traits into several functional modules. We begin by identifying long-standing questions on the origins of complexity and the diverse evolutionary processes underlying phenotypic convergence to discuss how they can be addressed by examining convergent systems. We argue that bioluminescence, a complex trait that evolved dozens of times through either novel mechanisms or conserved toolkits, is particularly well suited for these studies. We present an updated estimate of at least 94 independent origins of bioluminescence across the tree of life, which we calculated by reviewing and summarizing all estimates of independent origins. Then, we use our framework to review the biology, chemistry, and evolution of bioluminescence, and for each biological level identify questions that arise from our systematic review. We focus on luminous organisms that use the shared luciferin substrates coelenterazine or vargulin to produce light because these organisms convergently evolved bioluminescent proteins that use the same luciferins to produce bioluminescence. Evolutionary convergence does not necessarily extend across biological levels, as exemplified by cases of conservation and disparity in biological functions, organs, cells, and molecules associated with bioluminescence systems. Investigating differences across bioluminescent organisms will address fundamental questions on predictability and contingency in convergent evolution. Lastly, we highlight unexplored areas of bioluminescence research and advances in sequencing and chemical techniques useful for developing bioluminescence as a model system for studying multi-level convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Lau
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, U.S.A
| | - Todd H Oakley
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, U.S.A
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8
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Krasitskaya VV, Bashmakova EE, Frank LA. Coelenterazine-Dependent Luciferases as a Powerful Analytical Tool for Research and Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7465. [PMID: 33050422 PMCID: PMC7590018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: The functioning of bioluminescent systems in most of the known marine organisms is based on the oxidation reaction of the same substrate-coelenterazine (CTZ), catalyzed by luciferase. Despite the diversity in structures and the functioning mechanisms, these enzymes can be united into a common group called CTZ-dependent luciferases. Among these, there are two sharply different types of the system organization-Ca2+-regulated photoproteins and luciferases themselves that function in accordance with the classical enzyme-substrate kinetics. Along with deep and comprehensive fundamental research on these systems, approaches and methods of their practical use as highly sensitive reporters in analytics have been developed. The research aiming at the creation of artificial luciferases and synthetic CTZ analogues with new unique properties has led to the development of new experimental analytical methods based on them. The commercial availability of many ready-to-use assay systems based on CTZ-dependent luciferases is also important when choosing them by first-time-users. The development of analytical methods based on these bioluminescent systems is currently booming. The bioluminescent systems under consideration were successfully applied in various biological research areas, which confirms them to be a powerful analytical tool. In this review, we consider the main directions, results, and achievements in research involving these luciferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa V. Krasitskaya
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Eugenia E. Bashmakova
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Ludmila A. Frank
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (V.V.K.); (E.E.B.)
- School of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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9
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Burakova LP, Eremeeva EV, Vysotski ES. The interaction of C-terminal Tyr208 and Tyr13 of the first α-helix ensures a closed conformation of ctenophore photoprotein berovin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:313-323. [PMID: 32057065 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00436j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Light-sensitive Ca2+-regulated photoprotein berovin is responsible for the bioluminescence of the ctenophore Beroe abyssicola. It shares many properties of hydromedusan photoproteins although the degree of identity of its amino acid sequence with those of photoproteins is low. There is a hydrogen bond between C-terminal Pro and Arg situated in the N-terminal α-helix of hydromedusan photoproteins that supports a closed conformation of the internal cavity of the photoprotein molecule with bound 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine. The C- and N-terminal hydrogen bond network is necessary to properly isolate the photoprotein active site from the solvent and consequently to provide a high quantum yield of the bioluminescence reaction. In order to find out which berovin residues perform the same function we modified the N- and C-termini of the protein by replacing or deleting various amino acid residues. The studies on berovin mutants showed that the interaction between C-terminal Tyr208 and Tyr13 localized in the first α-helix of the photoprotein is important for the stabilization and proper orientation of the oxygenated coelenterazine adduct within the internal cavity as well as for supporting the closed photoprotein conformation. We also suggest that the interplay between Tyr residues in ctenophore photoproteins occurs rather through the π-π interaction of their phenyl rings than through hydrogen bonds as in hydromedusan photoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila P Burakova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Elena V Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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10
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Burakova LP, Vysotski ES. Recombinant Ca 2+-regulated photoproteins of ctenophores: current knowledge and application prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5929-5946. [PMID: 31172204 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bright bioluminescence of ctenophores is conditioned by Ca2+-regulated photoproteins. Although they share many properties characteristic of hydromedusan Ca2+-regulated photoproteins responsible for light emission of marine animals belonging to phylum Cnidaria, a substantial distinction still exists. The ctenophore photoproteins appeared to be extremely sensitive to light-they lose the ability for bioluminescence on exposure to light over the entire absorption spectrum. Inactivation is irreversible because keeping the inactivated photoprotein in the dark does not recover its activity. The capability to emit light can be restored only by incubation of inactivated photoprotein with coelenterazine in the dark at alkaline pH in the presence of oxygen. Although these photoproteins were discovered many years ago, only the cloning of cDNAs encoding these unique bioluminescent proteins in the early 2000s has provided a new impetus for their studies. To date, cDNAs encoding Ca2+-regulated photoproteins from four different species of luminous ctenophores have been cloned. The amino acid sequences of ctenophore photoproteins turned out to completely differ from those of hydromedusan photoproteins (identity less than 29%) though also similar to them having three EF-hand Ca2+-binding sites. At the same time, these photoproteins reveal the same two-domain scaffold characteristic of hydromedusan photoproteins. This review is an attempt to systemize and critically evaluate the data scattered through various articles regarding the structural features of recombinant light-sensitive Ca2+-regulated photoproteins of ctenophores and their bioluminescent and physicochemical properties as well as to compare them with those of hydromedusan photoproteins. In addition, we also discuss the prospects of their biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila P Burakova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
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11
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Norekian TP, Moroz LL. Neural system and receptor diversity in the ctenophore
Beroe abyssicola. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:1986-2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tigran P. Norekian
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience University of Florida St. Augustine Florida
- Friday Harbor Laboratories University of Washington Friday Harbor Washington
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Leonid L. Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience University of Florida St. Augustine Florida
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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12
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Eremeeva EV, Vysotski ES. Exploring Bioluminescence Function of the Ca2+
-regulated Photoproteins with Site-directed Mutagenesis. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:8-23. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
| | - Eugene S. Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
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13
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Hemmati R, B Luwor R, Khajeh K. The emerging use of bioluminescence in medical research. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:74-86. [PMID: 29477474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence is the light produced by a living organism and is commonly emitted by sea life with Ca2+-regulated photoproteins being the most responsible for bioluminescence emission. Marine coelenterates provide important functions involved in essential purposes such as defense, feeding, and breeding. In this review, the main characteristics of marine photoproteins including aequorin, clytin, obelin, berovin, pholasin and symplectin from different marine organisms will be discussed. We will focused on the recent use of recombinant photoproteins in different biomedical research fields including the measurement of Ca2+ in different intracellular compartments of animal cells, as labels in the design and development of binding assays. This review will also outline how bioluminescent photoproteins have been used in a plethora of analytical methods including ultra-sensitive assays and in vivo imaging of cellular processes. Due to their unique properties including elective intracellular distribution, wide dynamic range, high signal-to-noise ratio and low Ca2+-buffering effect, recombinant photoproteins represent a promising future analytical tool in several in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sharifian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Roohullah Hemmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Department of Surgery, Level 5, Clinical Sciences Building, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Kaskova ZM, Tsarkova AS, Yampolsky IV. 1001 lights: luciferins, luciferases, their mechanisms of action and applications in chemical analysis, biology and medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6048-6077. [PMID: 27711774 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioluminescence (BL) is a spectacular phenomenon involving light emission by live organisms. It is caused by the oxidation of a small organic molecule, luciferin, with molecular oxygen, which is catalysed by the enzyme luciferase. In nature, there are approximately 30 different BL systems, of which only 9 have been studied to various degrees in terms of their reaction mechanisms. A vast range of in vitro and in vivo analytical techniques have been developed based on BL, including tests for different analytes, immunoassays, gene expression assays, drug screening, bioimaging of live organisms, cancer studies, the investigation of infectious diseases and environmental monitoring. This review aims to cover the major existing applications for bioluminescence in the context of the diversity of luciferases and their substrates, luciferins. Particularly, the properties and applications of d-luciferin, coelenterazine, bacterial, Cypridina and dinoflagellate luciferins and their analogues along with their corresponding luciferases are described. Finally, four other rarely studied bioluminescent systems (those of limpet Latia, earthworms Diplocardia and Fridericia and higher fungi), which are promising for future use, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinaida M Kaskova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksandra S Tsarkova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ilia V Yampolsky
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia. and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
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15
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Bioluminescent and biochemical properties of Cys-free Ca 2+ -regulated photoproteins obelin and aequorin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 174:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Markova SV, Larionova MD, Gorbunova DA, Vysotski ES. The disulfide-rich Metridia luciferase refolded from E. coli inclusion bodies reveals the properties of a native folded enzyme produced in insect cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 175:51-57. [PMID: 28846935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bioluminescence of a marine copepod Metridia longa is determined by a small secreted coelenterazine-dependent luciferase that uses coelenterazine as a substrate of enzymatic reaction to generate light (λmax=480nm). To date, four different isoforms of the luciferase differing in size, sequences, and properties have been cloned by functional screening. All of them contain ten conserved Cys residues that suggests up to five SS intramolecular bonds per luciferase molecule. Whereas the use of copepod luciferases as bioluminescent reporters in biomedical research in vivo is growing from year to year, their application for in vitro assays is still limited by the difficulty in obtaining significant amounts of luciferase. The most cost-effective host for producing recombinant proteins is Escherichia coli. However, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells maintain the reductive environment in cytoplasm that hinders the disulfide bond formation and consequently the proper folding of luciferase. Here we report the expression of the MLuc7 isoform of M. longa luciferase in E. coli cells and the efficient procedure for refolding from inclusion bodies yielding a high-active monomeric protein. Furthermore, in a set of identical experiments we demonstrate that bioluminescent and structural features of MLuc7 produced in bacterial cells are identical to those of MLuc7 isoform produced from culture medium of insect cells. Although the yield of high-purity protein is only 6mg/L, the application of E. coli cells to produce the luciferase is simpler and more cost-effective than the use of insect cells. We expect that the suggested technology of Metridia luciferase production allows obtaining of sufficient amounts of protein both for the development of novel in vitro analytical assays with the use of MLuc7 as a label and for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Markova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Marina D Larionova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS", Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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17
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Molakarimi M, Mohseni A, Taghdir M, Pashandi Z, Gorman MA, Parker MW, Naderi-Manesh H, Sajedi RH. QM/MM simulations provide insight into the mechanism of bioluminescence triggering in ctenophore photoproteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182317. [PMID: 28777808 PMCID: PMC5544205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoproteins are responsible for light emission in a variety of marine ctenophores and coelenterates. The mechanism of light emission in both families occurs via the same reaction. However, the arrangement of amino acid residues surrounding the chromophore, and the catalytic mechanism of light emission is unknown for the ctenophore photoproteins. In this study, we used quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and site-directed mutagenesis studies to investigate the details of the catalytic mechanism in berovin, a member of the ctenophore family. In the absence of a crystal structure of the berovin-substrate complex, molecular docking was used to determine the binding mode of the protonated (2-hydroperoxy) and deprotonated (2-peroxy anion) forms of the substrate to berovin. A total of 13 mutants predicted to surround the binding site were targeted by site-directed mutagenesis which revealed their relative importance in substrate binding and catalysis. Molecular dynamics simulations and MM-PBSA (Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann/surface area) calculations showed that electrostatic and polar solvation energy are +115.65 and -100.42 kcal/mol in the deprotonated form, respectively. QM/MM calculations and pKa analysis revealed the deprotonated form of substrate is unstable due to the generation of a dioxetane intermediate caused by nucleophilic attack of the substrate peroxy anion at its C3 position. This work also revealed that a hydrogen bonding network formed by a D158- R41-Y204 triad could be responsible for shuttling the proton from the 2- hydroperoxy group of the substrate to bulk solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Molakarimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ammar Mohseni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zaiddodine Pashandi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael A. Gorman
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (RHS); (MNM)
| | - Reza H. Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (RHS); (MNM)
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18
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Photoinactivation related dynamics of ctenophore photoproteins: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation under electric-field. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:265-270. [PMID: 28610920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoinactivation is a common phenomenon in bioluminescence ctenophore photoproteins (e.g mnemiopsin, berovin and BfosPP) with still unknown mechanism. The activity of coelenterate photoproteins (e.g aequorin), which has high structural similarity with ctenophore photoproteins, is not affected by light. Recently, we have characterized the effects of light on ctenophore photoprotein mnemiopsin, in different conformations, which has demonstrated light induced structural changes, uniquely secondary structures, of both apo and holo mnemiopsin. This paper is further expansion of our previous work, by applying molecular dynamics simulations to investigate photoinactivation related dynamics of berovin at atomistic level, in comparison with aequorin, under the influence of electric component of electromagnetic field. The results have indicated that the intense electric filed could influence structure of both berovin and aequorin but in different manner, whereas moderate electric field only effects on berovin's structure remarkably. In this case, increased helicity of residues E180-M193 and decreased helical contents of L38-D46 and L125-D138 segments are considerable in berovin as well as flexibility elevation of calcium binding loops. These changes cause structural expansion of berovin, especially at N-terminal domain, in direction of electric field. In conclusion, the induced structural changes of mentioned helical parts together with elevated fluctuation of their adjacent segments, N26-D46 and M193-Y206, indicate the influence of light on substrate stabilizing residues, Arg41 and Y204. This condition could presumably leads to inactivation of bioluminescence reaction due to separation of substrate from the cavity of the protein.
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19
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Bakayan A, Domingo B, Vaquero CF, Peyriéras N, Llopis J. Fluorescent Protein-photoprotein Fusions and Their Applications in Calcium Imaging. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:448-465. [PMID: 27925224 DOI: 10.1111/php.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-activated photoproteins, such as aequorin, have been used as luminescent Ca2+ indicators since 1967. After the cloning of aequorin in 1985, microinjection was substituted by its heterologous expression, which opened the way for a widespread use. Molecular fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to aequorin recapitulated the nonradiative energy transfer process that occurs in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, from which these two proteins were obtained, resulting in an increase of light emission and a shift to longer wavelength. The abundance and location of the chimera are seen by fluorescence, whereas its luminescence reports Ca2+ levels. GFP-aequorin is broadly used in an increasing number of studies, from organelles and cells to intact organisms. By fusing other fluorescent proteins to aequorin, the available luminescence color palette has been expanded for multiplexing assays and for in vivo measurements. In this report, we will attempt to review the various photoproteins available, their reported fusions with fluorescent proteins and their biological applications to image Ca2+ dynamics in organelles, cells, tissue explants and in live organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Bakayan
- BioEmergences Unit (CNRS, USR3695), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Beatriz Domingo
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Cecilia F Vaquero
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Nadine Peyriéras
- BioEmergences Unit (CNRS, USR3695), Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juan Llopis
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB) and Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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20
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Eremeeva EV, Bartsev SI, van Berkel WJH, Vysotski ES. Unanimous Model for Describing the Fast Bioluminescence Kinetics of Ca2+-regulated Photoproteins of Different Organisms. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:495-502. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
| | - Sergey I. Bartsev
- Theoretical Biophysics Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
| | | | - Eugene S. Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics SB RAS; Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS”; Krasnoyarsk Russia
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21
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Lee J. Perspectives on Bioluminescence Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 93:389-404. [PMID: 27748947 DOI: 10.1111/php.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of the bioluminescence systems of the firefly, bacteria and those utilizing imidazopyrazinone luciferins such as coelenterazine are gradually being uncovered using modern biophysical methods such as dynamic (ns-ps) fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR, X-ray crystallography and computational chemistry. The chemical structures of all reactants are well defined, and the spatial structures of the luciferases are providing important insight into interactions within the active cavity. It is generally accepted that the firefly and coelenterazine systems, although proceeding by different chemistries, both generate a dioxetanone high-energy species that undergoes decarboxylation to form directly the product in its S1 state, the bioluminescence emitter. More work is still needed to establish the structure of the products completely. In spite of the bacterial system receiving the most research attention, the chemical pathway for excitation remains mysterious except that it is clearly not by a decarboxylation. Both the coelenterazine and bacterial systems have in common of being able to employ "antenna proteins," lumazine protein and the green-fluorescent protein, for tuning the color of the bioluminescence. Spatial structure information has been most valuable in informing the mechanism of the Ca2+ -regulated photoproteins and the antenna protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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22
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Pashandi Z, Molakarimi M, Sajedi RH, Taghdir M, Naderi-Manesh H. Light induced structural changes of the photoprotein mnemiopsin: Characterization and contribution in photoinactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 165:133-140. [PMID: 27780117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mnemiopsin, an EF-hand Ca2+ binding photoprotein isolated from luminous ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, emits blue light from its chromophore, coelenterazine, which is non-covalently bond in its central hydrophobic core. Previous studies have revealed unique biochemical properties for ctenophore photoproteins such as inactivation by light, but only few have focused on photoinactivation process. To understand the nature of photoinactivation process we have investigated the impact of light alone and in the presence of Ca2+ ion on the structure of this photoprotein. We used UV-Vis, circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy following Ca2+ binding assay to analyze the light effects on mnemiopsin conformation in comparison with aequorin at both apo and holo form. Our results showed light induced structural changes which resulted into photoinactivation. These changes include significant modification on secondary structure of mnemiopsin in comparison with aequorin. Our data also revealed that light could influence structure of apo protein regardless of presence of coelenterazine. The comparative studies of Ca2+ ion binding affinity following light exposure, also showed that light induced structural changes could presumably affect coelenterazine binding or its conformation in binding site in such a way that causes photoinactivation. In conclusion, we have proposed that structural rearrangement of helix 5 and C-terminal motif could be responsible for light induced structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiddodine Pashandi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Molakarimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza H Sajedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Taghdir
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Malikova NP, Borgdorff AJ, Vysotski ES. Semisynthetic photoprotein reporters for tracking fast Ca(2+) transients. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 14:2213-24. [PMID: 26508209 DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00328h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular concentration of free ionized calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) control a host of cellular processes as varied as vision, muscle contraction, neuronal signal transmission, proliferation, apoptosis etc. The disturbance in Ca(2+)-signaling causes many severe diseases. To understand the mechanisms underlying the control by calcium and how disorder of this regulation relates to pathological conditions, it is necessary to measure [Ca(2+)]i. The Ca(2+)-regulated photoproteins which are responsible for bioluminescence of marine coelenterates have been successfully used for this purpose over the years. Here we report the results on comparative characterization of bioluminescence properties of aequorin from Aequorea victoria, obelin from Obelia longissima, and clytin from Clytia gregaria charged by native coelenterazine and coelenterazine analogues f, i, and hcp. The comparison of specific bioluminescence activity, stability, emission spectra, stopped-flow kinetics, sensitivity to calcium, and effect of physiological concentrations of Mg(2+) establishes obelin-hcp as an excellent semisynthetic photoprotein to keep track of fast intracellular Ca(2+) transients. The rate of rise of its light signal on a sudden change of [Ca(2+)] is almost 3- and 11-fold higher than those of obelin and aequorin with native coelenterazine, respectively, and 20 times higher than that of the corresponding aequorin-hcp. In addition, obelin-hcp preserves a high specific bioluminescence activity and displays higher Ca(2+)-sensitivity as compared to obelin charged by native coelenterazine and sensitivity to Ca(2+) comparable with those of aequorin-f and aequorin-hcp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Malikova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Aren J Borgdorff
- Institut des Neurosciences Alfred Fessard, UPR 3294, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
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24
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Burakova LP, Natashin PV, Markova SV, Eremeeva EV, Malikova NP, Cheng C, Liu ZJ, Vysotski ES. Mitrocomin from the jellyfish Mitrocoma cellularia with deleted C-terminal tyrosine reveals a higher bioluminescence activity compared to wild type photoprotein. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:286-297. [PMID: 27395792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cDNA genes encoding five new isoforms of Ca(2+)-regulated photoprotein mitrocomin from a small tissue sample of the outer bell margin containing photocytes of only one specimen of the luminous jellyfish Mitrocoma cellularia were cloned, sequenced, and characterized after their expression in Escherichia coli and subsequent purification. The analysis of cDNA nucleotide sequences encoding mitrocomin isoforms allowed suggestion that two isoforms might be the products of two allelic genes differing in one amino acid residue (64R/Q) whereas other isotypes appear as a result of transcriptional mutations. In addition, the crystal structure of mitrocomin was determined at 1.30Å resolution which expectedly revealed a high similarity with the structures of other hydromedusan photoproteins. Although mitrocomin isoforms reveal a high degree of identity of amino acid sequences, they vary in specific bioluminescence activities. At that, all isotypes displayed the identical bioluminescence spectra (473-474nm with no shoulder at 400nm). Fluorescence spectra of Ca(2+)-discharged mitrocomins were almost identical to their light emission spectra similar to the case of Ca(2+)-discharged aequorin, but different from Ca(2+)-discharged obelins and clytin which fluorescence is red-shifted by 25-30nm from bioluminescence spectra. The main distinction of mitrocomin from other hydromedusan photoproteins is an additional Tyr at the C-terminus. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that this Tyr is not important for bioluminescence because its deletion even increases specific activity and efficiency of apo-mitrocomin conversion into active photoprotein, in contrast to C-terminal Pro of other photoproteins. Since genes in a population generally exist as different isoforms, it makes us anticipate the cloning of even more isoforms of mitrocomin and other hydromedusan photoproteins with different bioluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila P Burakova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Pavel V Natashin
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia; National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Svetlana V Markova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Elena V Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Natalia P Malikova
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia
| | - Chongyun Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Eugene S Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia.
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25
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Burakova LP, Stepanyuk GA, Eremeeva EV, Vysotski ES. Role of certain amino acid residues of the coelenterazine-binding cavity in bioluminescence of light-sensitive Ca2+-regulated photoprotein berovin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:691-704. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We suggest that in the inner cavity of ctenophore photoproteins coelenterazine is bound as a 2-peroxy anion which is stabilized owing to Coulomb interaction with a guanidinium group of R41 paired with Y204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila P. Burakova
- Photobiology Laboratory
- Institute of Biophysics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Siberian Branch
- Krasnoyarsk 660036
| | - Galina A. Stepanyuk
- Photobiology Laboratory
- Institute of Biophysics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Siberian Branch
- Krasnoyarsk 660036
| | - Elena V. Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory
- Institute of Biophysics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Siberian Branch
- Krasnoyarsk 660036
| | - Eugene S. Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory
- Institute of Biophysics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Siberian Branch
- Krasnoyarsk 660036
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26
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Burakova LP, Natashin PV, Malikova NP, Niu F, Pu M, Vysotski ES, Liu ZJ. All Ca2+-binding loops of light-sensitive ctenophore photoprotein berovin bind magnesium ions: The spatial structure of Mg2+-loaded apo-berovin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 154:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Markova SV, Vysotski ES. Coelenterazine-dependent luciferases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2015; 80:714-32. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915060073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Exploring the potential of small RNA subunit and ITS sequences for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the phylum Ctenophora. ZOOLOGY 2015; 118:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Characterization of hydromedusan Ca2+-regulated photoproteins as a tool for measurement of Ca2+concentration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5715-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Natashin PV, Ding W, Eremeeva EV, Markova SV, Lee J, Vysotski ES, Liu ZJ. Structures of the Ca2+-regulated photoprotein obelin Y138F mutant before and after bioluminescence support the catalytic function of a water molecule in the reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:720-32. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004713032434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-regulated photoproteins, which are responsible for light emission in a variety of marine coelenterates, are a highly valuable tool for measuring Ca2+inside living cells. All of the photoproteins are a single-chain polypeptide to which a 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine molecule is tightly but noncovalently bound. Bioluminescence results from the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine, generating protein-bound coelenteramide in an excited state. Here, the crystal structures of the Y138F obelin mutant before and after bioluminescence are reported at 1.72 and 1.30 Å resolution, respectively. The comparison of the spatial structures of the conformational states of Y138F obelin with those of wild-type obelin gives clear evidence that the substitution of Tyr by Phe does not affect the overall structure of both Y138F obelin and its product following Ca2+discharge compared with the corresponding conformational states of wild-type obelin. Despite the similarity of the overall structures and internal cavities of Y138F and wild-type obelins, there is a substantial difference: in the cavity of Y138F obelin a water molecule corresponding to W2in wild-type obelin is not found. However, in Ca2+-discharged Y138F obelin this water molecule now appears in the same location. This finding, together with the observed much slower kinetics of Y138F obelin, clearly supports the hypothesis that the function of a water molecule in this location is to catalyze the 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine decarboxylation reaction by protonation of a dioxetanone anion before its decomposition into the excited-state product. Although obelin differs from other hydromedusan Ca2+-regulated photoproteins in some of its properties, they are believed to share a common mechanism.
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31
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Natashin PV, Markova SV, Lee J, Vysotski ES, Liu ZJ. Crystal structures of the F88Y obelin mutant before and after bioluminescence provide molecular insight into spectral tuning among hydromedusan photoproteins. FEBS J 2014; 281:1432-1445. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Natashin
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Krasnoyarsk Russia
- Laboratory of Bioluminescence Biotechnology; Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology; Siberian Federal University; Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Markova
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Krasnoyarsk Russia
- Laboratory of Bioluminescence Biotechnology; Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology; Siberian Federal University; Russia
| | - John Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Eugene S. Vysotski
- Photobiology Laboratory; Institute of Biophysics; Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Krasnoyarsk Russia
- Laboratory of Bioluminescence Biotechnology; Institute of Fundamental Biology and Biotechnology; Siberian Federal University; Russia
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules; Institute of Biophysics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- iHuman Institute; ShanghaiTech University; Shanghai China
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Eremeeva EV, Burakova LP, Krasitskaya VV, Kudryavtsev AN, Shimomura O, Frank LA. Hydrogen-bond networks between the C-terminus and Arg from the first α-helix stabilize photoprotein molecules. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:541-7. [PMID: 24463740 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50369k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have stated that aequorin loses most of its bioluminescence activity upon modification of the C-terminus, thus limiting the production of photoprotein fusion proteins at its N-terminus. In the present work, we investigate the importance of the C-terminal proline and the hydrogen bonds it forms for photoprotein active complex formation, stability and functional activity. According to the crystal structures of obelin and aequorin, two Ca(2+)-regulated photoproteins, the carboxyl group of the C-terminal Pro forms two hydrogen bonds with the side chain of Arg21 (Arg15 in aequorin case) situated in the first α-helix. Whereas, deletion or substitution of the C-terminal proline could noticeably change the bioluminescence activity, stability or the yield of an active photoprotein complex. Therefore, modifications of the first α-helix Arg has a clear destructive effect on the main photoprotein properties. A C-terminal hydrogen-bond network is proposed to be important for the stability of photoprotein molecules towards external disturbances, when taking part in the formation of locked protein conformations and isolation of coelenterazine-binding cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
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Webb SE, Karplus E, Miller AL. Retrospective on the development of aequorin and aequorin-based imaging to visualize changes in intracellular free [Ca2+]. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 82:563-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | | | - Andrew L. Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Kowloon Hong Kong
- Marine Biological Laboratory; Woods Hole Massachusetts
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Subcellular calcium measurements in mammalian cells using jellyfish photoprotein aequorin-based probes. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:2105-18. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stepanyuk GA, Liu ZJ, Burakova LP, Lee J, Rose J, Vysotski ES, Wang BC. Spatial structure of the novel light-sensitive photoprotein berovin from the ctenophore Beroe abyssicola in the Ca2+-loaded apoprotein conformation state. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Role of key residues of obelin in coelenterazine binding and conversion into 2-hydroperoxy adduct. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 127:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Eremeeva EV, Markova SV, Frank LA, Visser AJWG, van Berkel WJH, Vysotski ES. Bioluminescent and spectroscopic properties of His-Trp-Tyr triad mutants of obelin and aequorin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:1016-24. [PMID: 23525241 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp00002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-regulated photoproteins are responsible for the bioluminescence of a variety of marine organisms, mostly coelenterates. The photoproteins consist of a single polypeptide chain to which an imidazopyrazinone derivative (2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine) is tightly bound. According to photoprotein spatial structures the side chains of His175, Trp179, and Tyr190 in obelin and His169, Trp173, Tyr184 in aequorin are at distances that allow hydrogen bonding with the peroxide and carbonyl groups of the 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine ligand. We replaced these amino acids in both photoproteins by residues with different hydrogen bond donor-acceptor capacity. All mutants exhibited luciferase-like bioluminescence activity, hardly present in the wild-type photoproteins, and showed low or no photoprotein activity, except for aeqH169Q (24% of wild-type activity), obeW179Y (23%), obeW179F (67%), obeY190F (14%), and aeqY184F (22%). The results clearly support the supposition made from photoprotein spatial structures that the hydrogen bond network formed by His-Trp-Tyr triad participates in stabilizing the 2-hydroperoxy adduct of coelenterazine. These residues are also essential for the positioning of the 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine intermediate, light emitting reaction, and for the formation of active photoprotein. In addition, we demonstrate that although the positions of His-Trp-Tyr residues in aequorin and obelin spatial structures are almost identical the substitution effects might be noticeably different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Eremeeva
- Photobiology Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Mahdavi A, Sajedi RH, Hosseinkhani S, Taghdir M, Sariri R. Site-directed mutagenesis of photoprotein mnemiopsin: implication of some conserved residues in bioluminescence properties. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25320h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Genomic organization, evolution, and expression of photoprotein and opsin genes in Mnemiopsis leidyi: a new view of ctenophore photocytes. BMC Biol 2012; 10:107. [PMID: 23259493 PMCID: PMC3570280 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calcium-activated photoproteins are luciferase variants found in photocyte cells of bioluminescent jellyfish (Phylum Cnidaria) and comb jellies (Phylum Ctenophora). The complete genomic sequence from the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, a representative of the earliest branch of animals that emit light, provided an opportunity to examine the genome of an organism that uses this class of luciferase for bioluminescence and to look for genes involved in light reception. To determine when photoprotein genes first arose, we examined the genomic sequence from other early-branching taxa. We combined our genomic survey with gene trees, developmental expression patterns, and functional protein assays of photoproteins and opsins to provide a comprehensive view of light production and light reception in Mnemiopsis. Results The Mnemiopsis genome has 10 full-length photoprotein genes situated within two genomic clusters with high sequence conservation that are maintained due to strong purifying selection and concerted evolution. Photoprotein-like genes were also identified in the genomes of the non-luminescent sponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the non-luminescent cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, and phylogenomic analysis demonstrated that photoprotein genes arose at the base of all animals. Photoprotein gene expression in Mnemiopsis embryos begins during gastrulation in migrating precursors to photocytes and persists throughout development in the canals where photocytes reside. We identified three putative opsin genes in the Mnemiopsis genome and show that they do not group with well-known bilaterian opsin subfamilies. Interestingly, photoprotein transcripts are co-expressed with two of the putative opsins in developing photocytes. Opsin expression is also seen in the apical sensory organ. We present evidence that one opsin functions as a photopigment in vitro, absorbing light at wavelengths that overlap with peak photoprotein light emission, raising the hypothesis that light production and light reception may be functionally connected in ctenophore photocytes. We also present genomic evidence of a complete ciliary phototransduction cascade in Mnemiopsis. Conclusions This study elucidates the genomic organization, evolutionary history, and developmental expression of photoprotein and opsin genes in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi, introduces a novel dual role for ctenophore photocytes in both bioluminescence and phototransduction, and raises the possibility that light production and light reception are linked in this early-branching non-bilaterian animal.
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Powers ML, McDermott AG, Shaner NC, Haddock SHD. Expression and characterization of the calcium-activated photoprotein from the ctenophore Bathocyroe fosteri: insights into light-sensitive photoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 431:360-6. [PMID: 23262181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding photoproteins have been discovered in a variety of luminous marine organisms [1]. Recent interest in photoproteins from the phylum Ctenophora has stemmed from cloning and expression of several photoproteins from this group [2-5]. Additional characterization has revealed unique biochemical properties found only in ctenophore photoproteins, such as inactivation by light. Here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of the photoprotein responsible for luminescence in the deep-sea ctenophore Bathocyroe fosteri. This animal was of particular interest due to the unique broad color spectrum observed in live specimens [6]. Full-length sequences were identified by BLAST searches of known photoprotein sequences against Bathocyroe transcripts obtained from 454 sequencing. Recombinantly expressed Bathocyroe photoprotein (BfosPP) displayed an optimal coelenterazine-loading pH of 8.5, and produced calcium-triggered luminescence with peak wavelengths closely matching the 493 nm peak observed in the spectrum of live B. fosteri specimens. Luminescence from recombinant BfosPP was inactivated most efficiently by UV and blue light. Primary structure alignment of BfosPP with other characterized photoproteins showed very strong sequence similarity to other ctenophore photoproteins and conservation of EF-hand motifs. Both alignment and structural prediction data provide more insight into the formation of the coelenterazine-binding domain and the probable mechanism of photoinactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Powers
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
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Kelkar M, De A. Bioluminescence based in vivo screening technologies. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 12:592-600. [PMID: 22954534 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescence is the biologically active luminescence light producing event encountered in nature. In recent years several new screening methods utilizing bioluminescent cell-based biosensors have been designed demonstrating their utility towards dynamic monitoring of a variety of cellular functions. Because luciferase is unnatural to mammalian physiology, assays utilizing specific substrates to yield a luminescent signal are attractive and serve the purpose with high sensitivity and specificity. Often genetic or chemical modifications in different luciferase-substrate system in use have afforded new functionalities making these assays even more robust. Finally, in the evolving paradigm of molecular imaging, in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has evolved as a very attractive tool for interrogating human cellular biology in rodent models. In this short review we explore various bioluminescence screening strategies developed and analyze their scope in future drug screening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Kelkar
- Molecular Functional Imaging Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, Maharashtra, India
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