Cardioprotective effect of SMND-309, a novel derivate of salvianolic acid B on acute myocardial infarction in rats

Progress in the Study of Chemical Structure and Pharmacological Effects of Total Paeony Glycosides Isolated from Radix Paeoniae Rubra

Radix paeoniae rubra, known as red peony root, is derived from the dried roots of Paeonia lactiflora pall or Paeonia veitchii lynch from the Ranunculaceae family. It is recognized for its properties of clearing heat, cooling blood, dispelling stasis, and alleviating pain, making it one of the most commonly used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Total paeony glycosides (TPGs) are identified as the principal active constituents of Radix paeoniae rubra, comprising monoterpenoid compounds with a cage-like pinane structure and monoterpenoids with a lactone structure. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of TPGs, with the aim of elucidating their relationships.

Chinese Medicine-Derived Salvianolic Acid B for Disease Therapy: A Scientometric Study

Salvianolic acid B (SalB), among the most abundant bioactive polyphenolic compounds found in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., exerts therapeutic and protective effects against various diseases. Although some summaries of the activities of SalB exist, there is lack of a scientometric and in-depth review regarding disease therapy. In this review, scientometrics was employed to analyze the number of articles, publication trends, countries, institutions, keywords, and highly cited papers pertaining to SalB research. The scientometric findings showed that SalB exerts excellent protective effects on the heart, lungs, liver, bones, and brain, along with significant therapeutic effects against atherosclerosis (AS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), liver fibrosis, diabetes, heart/brain ischemia, and osteoporosis, by regulating signaling pathways and acting on specific molecular targets. Moreover, this review delves into in-depth insights and perspectives, such as the utilization of SalB in combination with other drugs, the validation of molecular mechanisms and targets, and the research and development of novel drug carriers and dosage forms. In conclusion, this review aimed to offer a comprehensive scientometric analysis and in-depth appraisal of SalB research, encompassing both present achievements and future prospects, thereby providing a valuable resource for the clinical application and therapeutic exploitation of SalB.

Abnormal lipid droplets accumulation induced cognitive deficits in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome mice via JNK/SREBP/ACC pathway but not through PDP1/PDC pathway

The mechanisms of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced cognitive deficits remain unclear. Here, our study found that about 3 months CIH treatment induced lipid droplets (LDs) accumulation in hippocampal nerve and glia cells of C57BL/6 mice, and caused severe neuro damage including neuron lesions, neuroblast (NB) apoptosis and abnormal glial activation. Studies have shown that the neuronal metabolism disorders might contribute to the CIH induced-hippocampal impairment. Mechanistically, the results showed that pyruvate dehydrogenase complex E1ɑ subunit (PDHA1) and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activator pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 (PDP1) did not noticeable change after intermittent hypoxia. Consistent with those results, the level of Acetyl-CoA in hippocampus did not significantly change after CIH exposure. Interestingly, we found that CIH produced large quantities of ROS, which activated the JNK/SREBP/ACC pathway in nerve and glia cells. ACC catalyzed the carboxylation of Acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA and then more lipid acids were synthesized, which finally caused aberrant LDs accumulation. Therefore, the JNK/SREBP/ACC pathway played a crucial role in the cognitive deficits caused by LDs accumulation after CIH exposure. Additionally, LDs were peroxidized by the high level of ROS under CIH conditions. Together, lipid metabolic disorders contributed to nerve and glia cells damage, which ultimately caused behavioral dysfunction. An active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza, SMND-309, dramatically alleviated these injuries and improved cognitive deficits of CIH mice.

Perioperative application of salvianolate on oxidative stress and plasma IMD/ADM2 in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing PCI

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of salvianolate on perioperative oxidative stress and plasma Intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 (IMD/ADM2) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The clinical data of 108 patients with AMI treated by PCI were retrospectively analyzed. According to the use of salvianolate in perioperative period, the patients were divided into the study group (n=62) and the control group (n=46). The control group was given routine treatment while the study group was given routine treatment combined with intravenous infusion of salvianolate (200 mg administered once at 24 h before operation, once/day after operation, 1 week later, the curative effect was observed). The changes in levels of hemodynamic indexes [fibrinogen (FIB), platelet aggregation rate (PAG), plasma viscosity, packed-cell volume (PCV)], oxidative stress indexes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px)], cardiac function indexes [left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac output (CO)], related biochemical indexes [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT proBNP)] and plasma IMD/ADM2 in the two groups at 24 h pre-operation and the 8th day postoperation were analyzed. On the 8th day post-operation, hemodynamic indexes such as FIB (3.3±1.0 and 3.9±0.9) g/l, PAG (20.6±6.5 and 41.6±7.7)%, plasma viscosity (1.1±0.5 and 1.7±0.6) mPa•s/120 s⁻¹ and PCV (40.0±3.8 and 45.5±3.7)%, the related biochemical indexes such as hs-CRP (55.1±4.8 and 79.3±5.3) mg/l and NT-proBNP (435.6±305.2 and 788.6±310.8) ng/l in the two groups were significantly decreased compared to those pre-operation; the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The oxidative stress indexes such as SOD (43.6±1.9 and 24.2±2.0) U/ml and GSH-Px (822.6±13.52 and 742.6±62.6) enzyme activity unit, the cardiac function indexes such as LVEF (45.1±3.5 and 41.9±3.3)% and CO (4.6±0.5 and 4.1±0.5) l/min and plasma IMD/ADM2 (163.5±20.2 and 144.2±22.5) pg/ml in the two groups were significantly increased compared to those pre-operation; the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, applying intravenous infusion of salvianolate in patients with AMI during perioperative period of PCI can effectively improve the oxidative stress reaction and have positive effects on regulating plasma IMD/ADM2 level, which promoted cardiac function recovery and enhances myocardial perfusion volume.

Naoxintong attenuates Ischaemia/reperfusion Injury through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Naoxintong (NXT) is a Chinese Materia Medica standardized product extracted from 16 various kinds of Chinese traditional herbal medicines including Salvia miltiorrhiza, Angelica sinensis, Astragali Radix. Naoxintong is clinically effective in treating ischaemia heart disease. Nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐Like Receptor with a Pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been critically involved in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we have been suggested that NXT might attenuate myocardial I/R injury via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to myocardial I/R injury via 45 min. coronary ligation and release for the indicated times. Naoxintong (0.7 g/kg/day) and PBS were orally administrated for 2 weeks before surgery. Cardiac function assessed by echocardiography was significantly improved in the NXT group compared to PBS group at day 2 after myocardial I/R. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is crucially involved in the initial inflammatory response after myocardial I/R injury, leading to cleaved caspase‐1, mature interleukin (IL)‐1β production, accompanying by macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. The cardioprotective effect of NXT was associated with a diminished NLRP3 inflammasome activation, decreased pro‐inflammatory macrophage (M1 macrophages) and neutrophil infiltration after myocardial I/R injury. In addition, serum levels of IL‐1β, indicators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, were also significantly suppressed in the NXT treated group after I/R injury. Naoxintong exerts cardioprotive effects at least partly by suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in this I/R injury model.

Cardiovascular effects of salvianolic Acid B

Salvianolic acid B (SAB, Sal B) is the representative component of phenolic acids derived from the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge (Labiatae) which has been used widely and successfully in Asian countries for clinical therapy of various vascular disturbance-related diseases for hundreds of years. However, its exact cardioprotective components and the underlying mechanism for therapeutic basis are still poorly understood. This paper discussed and elucidated the underlying biological mechanisms and pharmacology of Sal B and their potential cardioprotective effects.