1
|
Dwarakanath D, Gaonkar SL. Advances in Synthetic Strategies and Medicinal Importance of Benzofurans: A Review. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Dwarakanath
- Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education 576104 Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Santosh L. Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal Academy of Higher Education 576104 Manipal Karnataka India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Puzari U, Fernandes PA, Mukherjee AK. Advances in the Therapeutic Application of Small-Molecule Inhibitors and Repurposed Drugs against Snakebite. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13938-13979. [PMID: 34565143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization has declared snakebite as a neglected tropical disease. Antivenom administration is the sole therapy against venomous snakebite; however, several limitations of this therapy reinforce the dire need for an alternative and/or additional treatment against envenomation. Inhibitors against snake venoms have been explored from natural resources and are synthesized in the laboratory; however, repurposing of small-molecule therapeutics (SMTs) against the principal toxins of snake venoms to inhibit their lethality and/or obnoxious effect of envenomation has been garnering greater attention owing to their established pharmacokinetic properties, low-risk attributes, cost-effectiveness, ease of administration, and storage stability. Nevertheless, SMTs are yet to be approved and commercialized for snakebite treatment. Therefore, we have systematically reviewed and critically analyzed the scenario of small synthetic inhibitors and repurposed drugs against snake envenomation from 2005 to date and proposed novel approaches and commercialization strategies for the development of efficacious therapies against snake envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Puzari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India
| | - Pedro Alexandrino Fernandes
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784028, Assam, India.,Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path Garchuk, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hwang DH, Lee H, Choudhary I, Kang C, Chae J, Kim E. Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on toxic metalloproteinases-mediated skin damage induced by Scyphozoan jellyfish envenomation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18644. [PMID: 33122740 PMCID: PMC7596074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish stingings are currently raising serious public health concerns around the world. Hence, the search for an effective first aid reagent for the envenomation has been the goal of many investigators in the field. There have been a few previous reports of in vivo as well as in vivo studies suggesting the metalloproteinase activity of scyphozoan jellyfish venom, such as N. nomurai venom (NnV), plays a major role in the pathogenesis. These results have inspired us to develop a metalloproteinase inhibitor as a candidate for the treatment of Scyphozoan jellyfish envenomation. It has been previously demonstrated that the major polyphenol component in green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), can inhibit metalloproteinase activity of snake venoms. In fact, plant polyphenols as potential therapeutics have been shown to exert positive effects on neutralizing snake venoms and toxins. In the present study, we found that EGCG significantly inhibits the toxic proteases of NnV in a concentration-dependent manner. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cell culture studies showed that EGCG treatment can protect the cells from NnV-induced cytotoxicity which has been accompanied by the down-regulation of human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9. Simulated rat NnV envenomation study disclosed that topical treatments with EGCG considerably ameliorated the progression of the dermonecrotic lesions caused by NnV. EGCG also reduced the activitions of tissue MMP-2 and MMP-9, which seem to be crucial players in the dermal toxic responses induced by NnV. Therefore, we propose that EGCG might be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of cutaneoous jellyfish symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyeon Hwang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Indu Choudhary
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Changkeun Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.,Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jinho Chae
- Marine Environmental Research and Information Laboratory, B1101, 17 Gosan-ro 148beon-gil, Gunpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15850, Korea.
| | - Euikyung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea. .,Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interactions between Triterpenes and a P-I Type Snake Venom Metalloproteinase: Molecular Simulations and Experiments. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100397. [PMID: 30274214 PMCID: PMC6215199 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) could provide a means to rapidly halt the progression of local tissue damage following viperid snake envenomations. In this study, we examine the ability of candidate compounds based on a pentacyclic triterpene skeleton to inhibit SVMPs. We leverage molecular dynamics simulations to estimate the free energies of the candidate compounds for binding to BaP1, a P-I type SVMP, and compare these results with experimental assays of proteolytic activity inhibition in a homologous enzyme (Batx-I). Both simulation and experiment suggest that betulinic acid is the most active candidate, with the simulations predicting a standard binding free energy of ΔG∘=−11.0±1.4 kcal/mol. The simulations also reveal the atomic interactions that underlie binding between the triterpenic acids and BaP1, most notably the electrostatic interaction between carboxylate groups of the compounds and the zinc cofactor of BaP1. Together, our simulations and experiments suggest that occlusion of the S1′ subsite is essential for inhibition of proteolytic activity. While all active compounds make hydrophobic contacts in the S1′ site, β-boswellic acid, with its distinct carboxylate position, does not occlude the S1′ site in simulation and exhibits negligible activity in experiment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kemparaju K, Girish KS, Katkar GD. Reply to 'Evidence that neutrophils do not promote Echis carinatus venom-induced tissue destruction'. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2303. [PMID: 29899327 PMCID: PMC5998087 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, India.
| | - Kesturu S Girish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, India.
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, 572103, India.
| | - Gajanan D Katkar
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, India
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Preciado LM, Pereañez JA. Low molecular mass natural and synthetic inhibitors of snake venom metalloproteinases. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1309550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Preciado
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Andrés Pereañez
- Programa de Ofidismo/Escorpionismo, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inhibition of Snake Venom Metalloproteinase by β-Lactoglobulin Peptide from Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Colostrum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1415-1432. [PMID: 28155167 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive peptide research has experienced considerable therapeutic interest owing to varied physiological functions, efficacy in excretion, and tolerability of peptides. Colostrum is a rich natural source of bioactive peptides with many properties elucidated such as anti-thrombotic, anti-hypertensive, opioid, immunomodulatory, etc. In this study, a variant peptide derived from β-lactoglobulin from buffalo colostrum was evaluated for the anti-ophidian property by targeting snake venom metalloproteinases. These are responsible for rapid local tissue damages that develop after snakebite such as edema, hemorrhage, myonecrosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. The peptide identified by LC-MS/MS effectively neutralized hemorrhagic activity of the Echis carinatus venom in a dose-dependent manner. Histological examinations revealed that the peptide mitigated basement membrane degradation and accumulation of inflammatory leucocytes at the venom-injected site. Inhibition of proteolytic activity was evidenced in both casein and gelatin zymograms. Also, inhibition of fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities was seen. The UV-visible spectral study implicated Zn2+ chelation, which was further confirmed by molecular docking and dynamic studies by assessing molecular interactions, thus implicating the probable mechanism for inhibition of venom-induced proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities. The present investigation establishes newer vista for the BLG-col peptide with anti-ophidian efficacy as a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ningegowda R, Shivananju NS, Rajendran P, Basappa, Rangappa KS, Chinnathambi A, Li F, Achar RR, Shanmugam MK, Bist P, Alharbi SA, Lim LHK, Sethi G, Priya BS. A novel 4,6-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazolo-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative inhibits tumor cell invasion and potentiates the apoptotic effect of TNFα by abrogating NF-κB activation cascade. Apoptosis 2016; 22:145-157. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
9
|
Katkar G, Sharma RD, Vishalakshi G, Naveenkumar S, Madhur G, Thushara R, Narender T, Girish K, Kemparaju K. Lupeol derivative mitigates Echis carinatus venom-induced tissue destruction by neutralizing venom toxins and protecting collagen and angiogenic receptors on inflammatory cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2393-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Anilkumar NC, Sundaram MS, Mohan CD, Rangappa S, Bulusu KC, Fuchs JE, Girish KS, Bender A, Basappa, Rangappa KS. A One Pot Synthesis of Novel Bioactive Tri-Substitute-Condensed-Imidazopyridines that Targets Snake Venom Phospholipase A2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131896. [PMID: 26196520 PMCID: PMC4511007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs such as necopidem, saripidem, alpidem, zolpidem, and olprinone contain nitrogen-containing bicyclic, condensed-imidazo[1,2-α]pyridines as bioactive scaffolds. In this work, we report a high-yield one pot synthesis of 1-(2-methyl-8-aryl-substitued-imidazo[1,2-α]pyridin-3-yl)ethan-1-onefor the first-time. Subsequently, we performed in silico mode-of-action analysis and predicted that the synthesized imidazopyridines targets Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In vitro analysis confirmed the predicted target PLA2 for the novel imidazopyridine derivative1-(2-Methyl-8-naphthalen-1-yl-imidazo [1,2-α]pyridine-3-yl)-ethanone (compound 3f) showing significant inhibitory activity towards snake venom PLA2 with an IC50 value of 14.3 μM. Evidently, the molecular docking analysis suggested that imidazopyridine compound was able to bind to the active site of the PLA2 with strong affinity, whose affinity values are comparable to nimesulide. Furthermore, we estimated the potential for oral bioavailability by Lipinski's Rule of Five. Hence, it is concluded that the compound 3f could be a lead molecule against snake venom PLA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirvanappa C. Anilkumar
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College campus, Palace Road, Bangalore-560 001, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahalingam S. Sundaram
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shobith Rangappa
- Frontier Research Center for Post-genome Science and Technology Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060–0808, Japan
| | - Krishna C. Bulusu
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian E. Fuchs
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kesturu S. Girish
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore-570 006, Karnataka, India
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur-572 103, Karnataka, India
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basappa
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Central College campus, Palace Road, Bangalore-560 001, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Novel apigenin based small molecule that targets snake venom metalloproteases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106364. [PMID: 25184206 PMCID: PMC4153592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical antivenom therapy has appreciably reduced snakebite mortality rate and thus is the only savior drug available. Unfortunately, it considerably fails to shield the viper bite complications like hemorrhage, local tissue degradation and necrosis responsible for severe morbidity. Moreover, the therapy is also tagged with limitations including anaphylaxis, serum sickness and poor availability. Over the last decade, snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs) are reported to be the primary component responsible for hemorrhage and tissue degradation at bitten site. Thus, antivenom inability to offset viper venom-induced local toxicity has been a basis for an insistent search for SVMP inhibitors. Here we report the inhibitory effect of compound 5d, an apigenin based molecule against SVMPs both in silico and in vivo. Several apigenin analogues are synthesized using multicomponent Ugi reactions. Among them, compound 5d effectively abrogated Echis carinatus (EC) venom-induced local hemorrhage, tissue necrosis and myotoxicity in a dose dependant fashion. The histopathological study further conferred effective inhibition of basement membrane degradation, and accumulation of inflammatory leucocytes at the site of EC venom inoculation. The compound also protected EC venom-induced fibrin and fibrinogen degradation. The molecular docking of compound 5d and bothropasin demonstrated the direct interaction of hydroxyl group of compound with Glu146 present in hydrophobic pocket of active site and does not chelate Zn2+. Hence, it is concluded that compound 5d could be a potent agent in viper bite management.
Collapse
|
12
|
Katkar GD, Sundaram MS, Hemshekhar M, Sharma DR, Santhosh MS, Sunitha K, Rangappa KS, Girish KS, Kemparaju K. Melatonin alleviates Echis carinatus venom-induced toxicities by modulating inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. J Pineal Res 2014; 56:295-312. [PMID: 24499241 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Viper bites cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide and regarded as a neglected tropical disease affecting a large healthy population. Classical antivenom therapy has appreciably reduced the snakebite mortality rate; it apparently fails to tackle viper venom-induced local manifestations that persist even after the administration of antivenom. Recently, viper venom-induced oxidative stress and vital organ damage is deemed as yet another reason for concern; these are considered as postmedicated complications of viper bite. Thus, treating viper bite has become a challenge demanding new treatment strategies, auxiliary to antivenin therapy. In the last decade, several studies have reported the use of plant products and clinically approved drugs to neutralize venom-induced pharmacology. However, very few attempts were undertaken to study oxidative stress and vital organ damage. Based on this background, the present study evaluated the protective efficacy of melatonin in Echis carinatus (EC) venom-induced tissue necrosis, oxidative stress, and organ toxicity. The results demonstrated that melatonin efficiently alleviated EC venom-induced hemorrhage and myonecrosis. It also mitigated the altered levels of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers of blood components in liver and kidney homogenates, and documented renal and hepatoprotective action of melatonin. The histopathology of skin, muscle, liver, and kidney tissues further substantiated the overall protection offered by melatonin against viper bite toxicities. Besides the inability of antivenoms to block local effects and the fact that melatonin is already a widely used drug promulgating a multitude of therapeutic functionalities, its use in viper bite management is of high interest and should be seriously considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D Katkar
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molecular models of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) venom metalloproteinases reveal a structural basis for differences in hemorrhagic activities. J Biol Phys 2014; 40:193-216. [PMID: 24522289 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-013-9339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rattlesnake venom can differ in composition and in metalloproteinase-associated activities. The molecular basis for this intra-species variation in Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) remains an enigma. To understand the molecular basis for intra-species variation of metalloproteinase-associated activities, we modeled the three-dimensional structures of four metalloproteinases based on the amino acid sequence of four variations of the proteinase domain of the C. s. scutulatus metalloproteinase gene (GP1, GP2, GP3, and GP4). For comparative purposes, we modeled the atrolysin metalloproteinases of C. atrox as well. All molecular models shared the same topology. While the atrolysin metalloproteinase molecular models contained highly conserved substrate binding sites, the Mojave rattlesnake metalloproteinases showed higher structural divergence when superimposed onto each other. The highest structural divergence among the four C. s. scutulatus molecular models was located at the northern cleft wall and the S'1-pocket of the substrate binding site, molecular regions that modulate substrate selectivity. Molecular dynamics and field potential maps for each C. s. scutulatus metalloproteinase model demonstrated that the non-hemorrhagic metalloproteinases (GP2 and GP3) contain highly basic molecular and field potential surfaces while the hemorrhagic metalloproteinases GP1 and atrolysin C showed extensive acidic field potential maps and shallow but less dynamic active site pockets. Hence, differences in the spatial arrangement of the northern cleft wall, the S'1-pocket, and the physico-chemical environment surrounding the catalytic site contribute to differences in metalloproteinase activities in the Mojave rattlesnake. Our results provide a structural basis for variation of metalloproteinase-associated activities in the rattlesnake venom of the Mojave rattlesnake.
Collapse
|