1
|
Pan SH, Sun YH, Tzeng HY, Rodriguez LJ, Bain A. First Evidence of Thalassochory in the Ficus Genus: Seed Dispersal Using the Kuroshio Oceanic Current. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1398. [PMID: 38794468 PMCID: PMC11125363 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
AIM Plants distributed between southern Taiwan and the north of the Philippines are spread among numerous small islands in an area crossed by the powerful Kuroshio current. Oceanic currents can be effective seed-dispersal agents for coastal plant species. Moreover, the Luzon Strait is an area prone to tropical cyclones. The aim of this study is to look at the dispersal capability of an endangered coastal plant species, the Mearns fig (Ficus pedunculosa var. mearnsii), using both experimental and population genetics methods. LOCATION Southern Taiwan, the Philippines, and the islands between Luzon and Taiwan Island. METHODS This study combined two types of analysis, i.e., buoyancy experiments on syconia and double digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), to analyze the population genetics of the Mearns fig. RESULTS We first discovered that mature Mearns fig syconia could float in seawater. They have a mean float duration of 10 days to a maximum of 21 days. Germination rates varied significantly between Mearns fig seeds that had undergone different durations of flotation treatment. Population genetic analysis shows a high degree of inbreeding among various Mearns fig populations. Moreover, no isolation by distance was found between the populations and individuals. MAIN CONCLUSIONS From our analysis of the genetic structure of the Mearns fig populations, we can clearly highlight the effect of the Kuroshio oceanic current on the seed dispersal of this fig tree. Comprehensive analysis has shown that Mearns fig seeds are still viable before the mature syconium sinks into the seawater, and so they could use the Kuroshio Current to float to the current population locations in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hung Pan
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokwang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Sun
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokwang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsy-Yu Tzeng
- Department of Forestry, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuokwang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez
- Institute of Biology, National Science Complex, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Anthony Bain
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program for Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rojas‐Cortés ÁP, Gasca‐Pineda J, González‐Rodríguez A, Ibarra‐Manríquez G. Genomic diversity and structure of a Neotropical microendemic fig tree. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11178. [PMID: 38505177 PMCID: PMC10948372 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity is a key component of evolution, and unraveling factors that promote genetic differentiation in space and time is a central question in evolutionary biology. One of the most diverse and ecologically important tree genera in tropical forests worldwide is Ficus (Moraceae). It has been suggested that, given the great dispersal capacity of pollinating fig wasps (Chalcidoidea; Agaonidae), the spatial genetic structure, particularly in monoecious fig species, should be weak. However, no studies have addressed the factors that determine the genetic structure of Ficus species in regions of high geological, geographic, and climatic complexity, such as the Mexican Transition Zone. Using nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (5311 SNPs) derived from low-coverage whole genomes and 17 populations, we analyzed the population genomics of Ficus pringlei to characterize neutral and adaptive genetic variation and structure and its association with geographic barriers such as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, environmental heterogeneity, and wind connectivity. From genomic data of 71 individuals, high genetic diversity, and the identification of three genomic lineages were recorded (North, South, and Churumuco). The results suggest that genetic variation is primarily determined by climatic heterogeneity. Ficus pringlei populations from the north and south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt also exhibited minimal genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.021), indicating that this mountain range may not act as an insurmountable barrier to gene flow. Wind connectivity is also highlighted in structuring putative adaptive genetic variation, underscoring the intricate complexity of the various factors influencing genetic variation in the species. This study provides information on the possible mechanisms underlying the genetic variation of endemic species of the tropical dry forest of Western Mexico, such as F. pringlei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela P. Rojas‐Cortés
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Jaime Gasca‐Pineda
- Departamento de Ecología EvolutivaInstituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n anexo al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad UniversitariaCiudad de MéxicoMexico
| | - Antonio González‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| | - Guillermo Ibarra‐Manríquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y SustentabilidadUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMoreliaMichoacánMexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liao Z, Zhang T, Lei W, Wang Y, Yu J, Wang Y, Chai K, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhang X. A telomere-to-telomere reference genome of ficus ( Ficus hispida) provides new insights into sex determination. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhad257. [PMID: 38269293 PMCID: PMC10807705 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A high-quality reference genome is indispensable for resolving biologically essential traits. Ficus hispida is a dioecious plant. A complete Ficus reference genome will be crucial for understanding their sex evolution and important biological characteristics, such as aerial roots, mutualistic symbiosis with ficus-wasps, and fruiting from old stems. Here, we generated a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) genome for F. hispida using PacBio HiFi and Oxford Nanopore Ultra-long sequencing technologies. The genome contiguity and completeness has shown improvement compared with the previously released genome, with the annotation of six centromeres and 28 telomeres. We have refined our previously reported 2-Mb male-specific region into a 7.2-Mb genomic region containing 51 newly predicted genes and candidate sex-determination genes AG2 and AG3. Many of these genes showed extremely low expression, likely attributed to hypermethylation in the gene body and promoter regions. Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) revealed that AG2 and AG3 are related to the regulation of stamen development in male flowers, while the AG1 gene is responsible for regulating female flowers' defense responses and secondary metabolite processes. Comparative analysis of GRNs showed that the NAC, WRKY, and MYB transcription factor families dominate the female GRN, whereas the MADS and MYB transcription factor families are prevalent in the male GRN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyang Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Tianwen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenlong Lei
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Jiaxin Yu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Kun Chai
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Gang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Huahao Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang ZR, Yang X, Li WY, Peng YQ, Gao J. Comparative chloroplast genome analysis of Ficus (Moraceae): Insight into adaptive evolution and mutational hotspot regions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:965335. [PMID: 36186045 PMCID: PMC9521400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.965335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the largest genus in Moraceae, Ficus is widely distributed across tropical and subtropical regions and exhibits a high degree of adaptability to different environments. At present, however, the phylogenetic relationships of this genus are not well resolved, and chloroplast evolution in Ficus remains poorly understood. Here, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the chloroplast genomes of 10 species of Ficus, downloaded and assembled 13 additional species based on next-generation sequencing data, and compared them to 46 previously published chloroplast genomes. We found a highly conserved genomic structure across the genus, with plastid genome sizes ranging from 159,929 bp (Ficus langkokensis) to 160,657 bp (Ficus religiosa). Most chloroplasts encoded 113 unique genes, including a set of 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and one pseudogene (infA). The number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 67 (Ficus sagittata) to 89 (Ficus microdictya) and generally increased linearly with plastid size. Among the plastomes, comparative analysis revealed eight intergenic spacers that were hotspot regions for divergence. Additionally, the clpP, rbcL, and ccsA genes showed evidence of positive selection. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that none of the six traditionally recognized subgenera of Ficus were monophyletic. Divergence time analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome sequences showed that Ficus species diverged rapidly during the early to middle Miocene. This research provides basic resources for further evolutionary studies of Ficus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ren Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Ying Li
- Southwest Research Center for Landscape Architecture Engineering Technology, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Jie Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Compton SG, Greeff JM. Few figs for frugivores: Riparian fig trees in Zimbabwe may not be a dry season keystone resource. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaco M. Greeff
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Huang J, Darwell CT, Peng Y. Development of 19 universal microsatellite loci for three closely related Ficus species (Moraceae) by high-throughput sequencing. Genes Genet Syst 2020; 95:21-27. [PMID: 32161229 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.19-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Ficus is striking for its species diversity, ecological significance, and its often species-specific relationship with coevolved pollinating fig wasps, which has long fascinated biologists. The three closely related and generally co-distributed dioecious species Ficus hispida, F. heterostyla and F. squamosa provide an ideal system for the study of speciation, hybridization (caused by pollinator sharing) and comparative phylogeography to infer historical biogeography. We aimed to develop microsatellite markers for these allied species to facilitate the outlined study investigations. A DNA library was constructed from one F. heterostyla sample, and 19 microsatellite loci were developed based on high-throughput sequencing. These markers showed relatively high polymorphism in all three fig species. The mean number of alleles per locus was 3.594-5.286, and the mean observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.469-0.546 and 0.467-0.528, respectively. Principal coordinate, STRUCTURE and AMOVA analyses revealed different degrees of genetic differentiation within species, and, despite some observed genetic admixture, indicated the presence of clear boundaries between different species. In summary, we successfully developed universal microsatellite markers for three closely related Ficus species. These markers will be of great value for investigating patterns of biodiversity among the species in this model system for coevolutionary studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuqiong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Clive T Darwell
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
| | - Yanqiong Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cristóbal-Pérez EJ, Fuchs EJ, Olivares-Pinto U, Quesada M. Janzen-Connell effects shape gene flow patterns and realized fitness in the tropical dioecious tree Spondias purpurea (ANACARDIACEAE). Sci Rep 2020; 10:4584. [PMID: 32165645 PMCID: PMC7067871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination and seed dispersal patterns determine gene flow within plant populations. In tropical forests, a high proportion of trees are dioecious, insect pollinated and dispersed by vertebrates. Dispersal vectors and density dependent factors may modulate realized gene flow and influence the magnitude of Fine Scale Genetic Structure (FSGS), affecting individual fitness. Spondias purpurea is a vertebrate-dispersed, insect-pollinated dioecious tropical tree. We assessed the influence of sex ratio, effective and realized gene flow on genetic diversity, FSGS and individual fitness within a 30 ha plot in the tropical dry forest reserve of Chamela-Cuixmala, Mexico. All individuals within the plot were tagged, geo-referenced and sampled for genetic analysis. We measured dbh and monitored sex expression during two reproductive seasons for all individuals. We collected seeds directly from maternal trees for effective pollen dispersal analysis, and analyzed established seedlings to assess realized pollen and seed dispersal. Nine microsatellite loci were used to describe genetic diversity parameters, FSGS and gene flow patterns among different size classes. A total of 354 individuals were located and classified into three size classes based on their dbh (<10, 10–20, and >20 cm). Population sex ratios were male biased and diametric size distributions differed among sexes, these differences may be the result of precocious male reproduction at early stages. Autocorrelation analyses indicate low FSGS (Fj <0.07) across all size classes. Long realized pollen and seed dispersal and differences among effective and realized gene flow were detected. In our study site low FSGS is associated with high gene flow levels. Effective and realized gene flow indicate a population recruitment curve indicating Janzen-Connell effects and suggesting fitness advantages for long-distance pollen and seed dispersal events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jacob Cristóbal-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Eric J Fuchs
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ulises Olivares-Pinto
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México. .,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Souto‐Vilarós D, Houadria M, Michalek J, Sisol M, Isua B, Kuyaiva T, Weiblen GD, Novotny V, Segar ST. Contrasting patterns of fig wasp communities along Mt. Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souto‐Vilarós
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology South Bohemia Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia South Bohemia Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Mickal Houadria
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology South Bohemia Czech Republic
| | - Jan Michalek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology South Bohemia Czech Republic
| | - Mentap Sisol
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Brus Isua
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Kuyaiva
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Institute on the Environment University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology South Bohemia Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia South Bohemia Czech Republic
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology South Bohemia Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University New Port UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Souto‐Vilarós D, Machac A, Michalek J, Darwell CT, Sisol M, Kuyaiva T, Isua B, Weiblen GD, Novotny V, Segar ST. Faster speciation of fig‐wasps than their host figs leads to decoupled speciation dynamics: Snapshots across the speciation continuum. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:3958-3976. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souto‐Vilarós
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Machac
- Center for Theoretical Study Charles University and Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Jan Michalek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | | | - Mentap Sisol
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Kuyaiva
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Brus Isua
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Institute on the Environment University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- New Guinea Binatang Research Centre Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University Newport UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kumar J, Agrawal V. Assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and sex identification in dioecious crop, Trichosanthes dioica employing ISSR, SCoT and SRAP markers. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01346. [PMID: 30923770 PMCID: PMC6423492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and twenty two start codon targeted (SCoT) primers were employed to analyze genetic diversity and population structure among 52 Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. accessions collected from nine different eco-geographical regions of India. ISSR markers proved to be more informative in genetic diversity assessment and produced higher mean number of polymorphic bands (15.25 with 95.96% polymorphism) and polymorphic information content (PIC) value (0.47) compared to SCoT markers (12.55 polymorphic bands with 92.20% polymorphism and PIC: 0.45). Total genetic diversity (Ht) and genetic diversity within populations (Hs) in T. dioica accessions was found to be very high (0.45 and 0.43, respectively). AMOVA analysis also revealed higher genetic variation within populations (81%) than among them (19%). Among different T. dioica populations, very low genetic differentiation (Gst: 0.05) and high gene flow (Nm: 9.32) were observed. T. dioica populations of Bihar state were found to be highly diverse and Kolkata and Cuttack populations were least diverse. T. dioica male plants were more variable than females. UPGMA, Neighbor-Joining and population structure analyses divided T. dioica populations into three main clusters. First cluster comprised of Meerut population, second cluster included of Cuttack and Kolkata populations and populations of Bihar, Delhi and Kanpur occurred in third cluster. Genetic diversity was found to be strongly positively correlated with the latitude and strongly negatively correlated with annual mean rainfall of different T. dioica cultivated regions. For sex identification, one SRAP primer combination, 'Em-6/Me-4' amplified two molecular markers of around 230 and 290 bp specific to male T. dioica plants of Bihar, Kanpur, North Delhi and Meerut populations and were completely absent from female plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Kumar
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Veena Agrawal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Venkateswaran V, Kumble ALK, Borges RM. Resource dispersion influences dispersal evolution of highly insulated insect communities. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0111. [PMID: 30381449 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Communities in which species are obligately associated with a single host are ideal to test adaptive responses of community traits to host-imposed selection because such communities are often highly insulated. Fig species provide oviposition resources to co-evolved fig-wasp communities. Dispersing fig-wasp communities move from one host plant to another for oviposition. We compared the spatial dispersion of two fig species and the dispersal capacities of their multitrophic wasp communities. Dispersal capacities were assessed by measuring vital dispersal correlates, namely tethered flight durations, somatic lipid contents and resting metabolic rates. We suggest that dispersal-trait distributions of congeneric wasp species across the communities are an adaptive response to host plant dispersion. Larger dispersal capacities of the entire multitrophic community are related to more widely dispersed resources. Our results provide evidence and a novel perspective for understanding the potential role of adaptation in whole-community dispersal-trait distributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Venkateswaran
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Anusha L K Kumble
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Renee M Borges
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gelmi-Candusso TA, Heymann EW, Heer K. Effects of zoochory on the spatial genetic structure of plant populations. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5896-5910. [PMID: 28921766 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plants results from the nonrandom distribution of related individuals. SGS provides information on gene flow and spatial patterns of genetic diversity within populations. Seed dispersal creates the spatial template for plant distribution. Thus, in zoochorous plants, dispersal mode and disperser behaviour might have a strong impact on SGS. However, many studies only report the taxonomic group of seed dispersers, without further details. The recent increase in studies on SGS provides the opportunity to review findings and test for the influence of dispersal mode, taxonomic affiliation of dispersers and their behaviour. We compared the proportions of studies with SGS among groups and tested for differences in strength of SGS using Sp statistics. The presence of SGS differed among taxonomic groups, with reduced presence in plants dispersed by birds. Strength of SGS was instead significantly influenced by the behaviour of seed dispersal vectors, with higher SGS in plant species dispersed by animals with behavioural traits that result in short seed dispersal distances. We observed high variance in the strength of SGS in plants dispersed by animals that actively or passively accumulate seeds. Additionally, we found SGS was also affected by pollination and marker type used. Our study highlights the importance of vector behaviour on SGS even in the presence of variance created by other factors. Thus, more detailed information on the behaviour of seed dispersers would contribute to better understand which factors shape the spatial scale of gene flow in animal-dispersed plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana A Gelmi-Candusso
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eckhard W Heymann
- Verhaltensökologie & Soziobiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Heer
- Naturschutzbiologie, Phillips-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A fig tree in a concrete jungle: fine-scale population genetic structure of the cluster fig Ficus racemosa in an urban environment. Urban Ecosyst 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-017-0707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Geographic structuring into vicariant species-pairs in a wide-ranging, high-dispersal plant–insect mutualism: the case of Ficus racemosa and its pollinating wasps. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Borges RM. On the Air: Broadcasting and Reception of Volatile Messages in Brood-Site Pollination Mutualisms. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
16
|
Spatial Scales of Genetic Structure in Free-Standing and Strangler Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) Inhabiting Neotropical Forests. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133581. [PMID: 26226482 PMCID: PMC4520606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind-borne pollinating wasps (Agaonidae) can transport fig (Ficus sp., Moraceae) pollen over enormous distances (> 100 km). Because of their extensive breeding areas, Neotropical figs are expected to exhibit weak patterns of genetic structure at local and regional scales. We evaluated genetic structure at the regional to continental scale (Panama, Costa Rica, and Peru) for the free-standing fig species Ficus insipida. Genetic differentiation was detected only at distances > 300 km (Jost´s Dest = 0.68 ± 0.07 & FST = 0.30 ± 0.03 between Mesoamerican and Amazonian sites) and evidence for phylogeographic structure (RST>>permuted RST) was only significant in comparisons between Central and South America. Further, we assessed local scale spatial genetic structure (SGS, d ≤ 8 km) in Panama and developed an agent-based model parameterized with data from F. insipida to estimate minimum pollination distances, which determine the contribution of pollen dispersal on SGS. The local scale data for F. insipida was compared to SGS data collected for an additional free-standing fig, F. yoponensis (subgenus Pharmacosycea), and two species of strangler figs, F. citrifolia and F. obtusifolia (subgenus Urostigma) sampled in Panama. All four species displayed significant SGS (mean Sp = 0.014 ± 0.012). Model simulations indicated that most pollination events likely occur at distances > > 1 km, largely ruling out spatially limited pollen dispersal as the determinant of SGS in F. insipida and, by extension, the other fig species. Our results are consistent with the view that Ficus develops fine-scale SGS primarily as a result of localized seed dispersal and/or clumped seedling establishment despite extensive long-distance pollen dispersal. We discuss several ecological and life history factors that could have species- or subgenus-specific impacts on the genetic structure of Neotropical figs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang LY, Machado CA, Dang XD, Peng YQ, Yang DR, Zhang DY, Liao WJ. The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs. Evolution 2015; 69:294-304. [PMID: 25495152 PMCID: PMC4328460 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differences in breeding system are associated with correlated ecological and morphological changes in plants. In Ficus, dioecy and monoecy are strongly associated with different suites of traits (tree height, population density, fruiting frequency, pollinator dispersal ecology). Although approximately 30% of fig species are pollinated by multiple species of fig-pollinating wasps, it has been suggested that copollinators are rare in dioecious figs. Here, we test whether there is a connection between the fig breeding system and copollinator incidence and diversification by conducting a meta-analysis of molecular data from pollinators of 119 fig species that includes new data from 15 Asian fig species. We find that the incidence of copollinators is not significantly different between monoecious and dioecious Ficus. Surprisingly, while all copollinators in dioecious figs are sister taxa, only 32.1% in monoecious figs are sister taxa. We present hypotheses to explain those patterns and discuss their consequences on the evolution of this mutualism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Carlos A Machado
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Xiao-Dong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 650223, China
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 650223, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bain A, Chou LS, Tzeng HY, Ho YC, Chiang YP, Chen WH, Chio YT, Li GY, Yang HW, Kjellberg F, Hossaert-McKey M. Plasticity and diversity of the phenology of dioecious Ficus species in Taiwan. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
19
|
Nazareno AG, Alzate-Marin AL, Pereira RAS. Dioecy, more than monoecy, affects plant spatial genetic structure: the case study of Ficus. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3495-508. [PMID: 24223285 PMCID: PMC3797494 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this analysis, we attempt to understand how monoecy and dioecy drive spatial genetic structure (SGS) in plant populations. For this purpose, plants of the genus Ficus were used as a comparative model due to their particular characteristics, including high species diversity, variation in life histories, and sexual systems. One of the main issues we assessed is whether dioecious fig tree populations are more spatially genetically structured than monoecious populations. Using the Sp statistic, which allows for quantitative comparisons among different studies, we compared the extent of SGS between monoecious and dioecious Ficus species. To broaden our conclusions we used published data on an additional 27 monoecious and dioecious plant species. Furthermore, genetic diversity analyses were performed for two monoecious Ficus species using 12 microsatellite markers in order to strengthen our conclusions about SGS. Our results show that dioecy, more than monoecy, significantly contributes to SGS in plant populations. On average, the estimate of Sp was six times higher for dioecious Ficus species than monoecious Ficus species and it was two times higher in dioecious than monoecious plant species. Considering these results, we emphasize that the long-distance pollen dispersal mechanism in monoecious Ficus species seems to be the dominant factor in determining weak spatial genetic structure, high levels of genetic diversity, and lack of inbreeding. Although Ficus constitute a model species to study SGS, a more general comparison encompassing a wider range of plants is required in order to better understand how sexual systems affect genetic structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Nazareno
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC Avenida Ademar Gonzaga, 1346, 88040-000, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, FFCLRP/USP Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu M, Zhang J, Chen Y, Compton SG, Chen XY. Contrasting genetic responses to population fragmentation in a coevolving fig and fig wasp across a mainland-island archipelago. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4384-96. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
| | - Yan Chen
- Ecological Security and Protection Key laboratory of Sichuan Province; Mianyang Normal University; Mianyang Sichuan 621000 China
| | - Stephen G. Compton
- Faculty of Biological Sciences; School of Biology; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Xiao-Yong Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences; Tiantong National Station of Forest Ecosystem; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200241 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cota LG, Moreira PA, Menezes EV, Gomes AS, Ericsson ARO, Oliveira DA, Melo AF. Transferability and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers from Anacardium occidentale to A. humile (Anacardiaceae). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4609-16. [PMID: 23096925 DOI: 10.4238/2012.october.17.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Use of molecular markers can be limited by the high cost and extensive time required for their development. Transfer of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers reduces the cost and time limitations and has allowed the use of these markers in a larger number of species. We tested 11 SSR markers previously developed for Anacardium occidentale on A. humile. The 11 loci were successfully amplified in A. humile. All loci were polymorphic and generated a mean of 5.4 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity was lower than the expected heterozygosity under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for most loci, with mean values of 0.463 and 0.696, respectively. The endogamy coefficients were positive and significant for seven loci. However, the combined probability of paternity exclusion was high, and the combined probability of genetic identity was low. None of the pairs of loci were in linkage disequilibrium. The informative power of these loci demonstrates that they are suitable for studies of diversity and genetic structure of natural populations of A. humile. In addition, the loci are suitable for estimating gene flow between populations, assessing species crossing preferences, and performing interspecific comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L G Cota
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Recursos Genéticos, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Soler C, Hossaert-McKey M, Buatois B, Bessière JM, Schatz B, Proffit M. Geographic variation of floral scent in a highly specialized pollination mutualism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:74-81. [PMID: 21109272 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Floral scents are important signals for communication between plants and pollinators. Several studies have focused on interspecific variation of these signals, but little is known about intraspecific variation in flower scent, particularly for species with wide geographic distributions. In the highly specific mutualism between Ficus species and their pollinating wasps, chemical mediation is crucial for partner encounter. Several studies show that scents, i.e. blends of volatiles, are species-specific, but no studies address interpopulation variation of scents in fig pollination mutualisms, which often have broad geographic distributions. In this study, using absorption/desorption headspace techniques, we analyzed variation in floral scent composition among three populations of each of two widely distributed Asian Ficus species. We identified more than 100 different volatile organic compounds, predominantly terpenes. In both species, significant differences were found between scent bouquets of East Asian and Indian populations. These differences are discussed in relation to geographical barriers that could disrupt gene exchange between these two areas, thereby isolating Indian populations from those of Eastern Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Soler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR CNRS 5175, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|