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Liu J, Li W, Wu G, Ali K. An update on evolutionary, structural, and functional studies of receptor-like kinases in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305599. [PMID: 38362444 PMCID: PMC10868138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
All living organisms must develop mechanisms to cope with and adapt to new environments. The transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environment provided new opportunities for them to exploit additional resources but made them vulnerable to harsh and ever-changing conditions. As such, the transmembrane receptor-like kinases (RLKs) have been extensively duplicated and expanded in land plants, increasing the number of RLKs in the advanced angiosperms, thus becoming one of the largest protein families in eukaryotes. The basic structure of the RLKs consists of a variable extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane domain (TM), and a conserved kinase domain (KD). Their variable ECDs can perceive various kinds of ligands that activate the conserved KD through a series of auto- and trans-phosphorylation events, allowing the KDs to keep the conserved kinase activities as a molecular switch that stabilizes their intracellular signaling cascades, possibly maintaining cellular homeostasis as their advantages in different environmental conditions. The RLK signaling mechanisms may require a coreceptor and other interactors, which ultimately leads to the control of various functions of growth and development, fertilization, and immunity. Therefore, the identification of new signaling mechanisms might offer a unique insight into the regulatory mechanism of RLKs in plant development and adaptations. Here, we give an overview update of recent advances in RLKs and their signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Zhang H, Mu Y, Zhang H, Yu C. Maintenance of stem cell activity in plant development and stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1302046. [PMID: 38155857 PMCID: PMC10754534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1302046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells residing in plant apical meristems play an important role during postembryonic development. These stem cells are the wellspring from which tissues and organs of the plant emerge. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) governs the aboveground portions of a plant, while the root apical meristem (RAM) orchestrates the subterranean root system. In their sessile existence, plants are inextricably bound to their environment and must adapt to various abiotic stresses, including osmotic stress, drought, temperature fluctuations, salinity, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to heavy metal ions. These environmental challenges exert profound effects on stem cells, potentially causing severe DNA damage and disrupting the equilibrium of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ signaling in these vital cells, jeopardizing their integrity and survival. In response to these challenges, plants have evolved mechanisms to ensure the preservation, restoration, and adaptation of the meristematic stem cell niche. This enduring response allows plants to thrive in their habitats over extended periods. Here, we presented a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular intricacies surrounding the initiation and maintenance of the meristematic stem cell niche. We also delved into the mechanisms employed by stem cells to withstand and respond to abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huankai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yangwei Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
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Jiang N, Fu J, Zeng Q, Liang Y, Shi Y, Li Z, Xiao Y, He Z, Wu Y, Long Y, Wang K, Yang Y, Liu X, Peng J. Genome-wide association mapping for resistance to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak in rice. PLANTA 2021; 253:94. [PMID: 33830376 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using genome-wide SNP association mapping, a total of 77 and 7 loci were identified for rice bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak resistance, respectively, which may facilitate rice resistance improvement. Bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by Gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), respectively, are two economically important diseases negatively affecting rice production. To mine new sources of resistance, a set of rice germplasm collection consisting of 895 re-sequenced accessions from the 3000 Rice Genomes Project (3 K RGP) were screened for BB and BLS resistance under field conditions. Higher levels of BB resistance were observed in aus/boro subgroup, whereas the japonica, temperate japonica and tropical japonica subgroups possessed comparatively high levels of resistance to BLS. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) mined 77 genomic loci significantly associated with BB and 7 with BLS resistance. The phenotypic variance (R2) explained by these loci ranged from 0.4 to 30.2%. Among the loci, 7 for BB resistance were co-localized with known BB resistance genes and one for BLS resistance overlapped with a previously reported BLS resistance QTL. A search for the candidates in other novel loci revealed several defense-related genes that may be involved in resistance to BB and BLS. High levels of phenotypic resistance to BB or BLS could be attributed to the accumulation of the resistance (R) alleles at the associated loci, indicating their potential value in rice resistance breeding via gene pyramiding. The GWAS analysis validated the known genes underlying BB and BLS resistance and identified novel loci that could enrich the current resistance gene pool. The resources with strong resistance and significant SNPs identified in this study are potentially useful in breeding for BB and BLS resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Qin Zeng
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yanlong Shi
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Zhouwei Li
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Youlun Xiao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhizhou He
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yuntian Wu
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yu Long
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Yuanzhu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation and Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Company Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Xionglun Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
| | - Junhua Peng
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
- Huazhi Bio-Tech Company Ltd., Changsha, China.
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Wang J, Su Y, Kong X, Ding Z, Zhang XS. Initiation and maintenance of plant stem cells in root and shoot apical meristems. ABIOTECH 2020; 1:194-204. [PMID: 36303567 PMCID: PMC9590467 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-020-00020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant stem cells are a small group of cells with a self-renewal capacity and serve as a steady supply of precursor cells to form new differentiated tissues and organs in plants. Root stem cells and shoot stem cells, which are located in the root apical meristem and in the shoot apical meristem, respectively, play a critical role in plant longitudinal growth. These stem cells in shoot and root apical meristems remain as pluripotent state throughout the lifespan of the plant and control the growth and development of plants. The molecular mechanisms of initiation and maintenance of plant stem cells have been extensively investigated. In this review, we mainly discuss how the plant phytohormones, such as auxin and cytokinin, coordinate with the key transcription factors to regulate plant stem cell initiation and maintenance in root and shoot apical meristems. In addition, we highlight the common regulatory mechanisms of both root and shoot apical meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Yinghua Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
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Chakraborty S, Pan H, Tang Q, Woolard C, Xu G. The Extracellular Domain of Pollen Receptor Kinase 3 is structurally similar to the SERK family of co-receptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2796. [PMID: 29434276 PMCID: PMC5809528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During reproduction in flowering plants, the male gametophyte delivers an immotile male gamete to the female gametophyte in the pistil by formation of pollen tubes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two synergid cells situated on either side of the egg cell produce cysteine-rich chemoattractant peptide LURE that guides the pollen tube to the female gametophyte for sexual reproduction. Recently, in Arabidopsis thaliana, Pollen Receptor Kinase 3 (PRK3), along with PRK1, PRK6, and PRK8, have been predicted to be the receptors responsible for sensing LURE. These receptors belong to the Leucine Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (LRR-RLKs), the largest family of receptor kinases found in Arabidopsis thaliana. How PRKs regulate the growth and development of the pollen tube remains elusive. In order to better understand the PRK-mediated signaling mechanism in pollen tube growth and guidance, we have determined the crystal structure of the extracellular domain (ecd) of PRK3 at 2.5 Å, which resembles the SERK family of plant co-receptors. The structure of ecdPRK3 is composed of a conserved surface that coincides with the conserved receptor-binding surface of the SERK family of co-receptors. Our structural analyses of PRK3 have provided a template for future functional studies of the PRK family of LRR-RLK receptors in the regulation of pollen tube development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - Haiyun Pan
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - Qingyu Tang
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - Colin Woolard
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - Guozhou Xu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, 27695, USA.
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Dufayard JF, Bettembourg M, Fischer I, Droc G, Guiderdoni E, Périn C, Chantret N, Diévart A. New Insights on Leucine-Rich Repeats Receptor-Like Kinase Orthologous Relationships in Angiosperms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:381. [PMID: 28424707 PMCID: PMC5380761 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-Rich Repeats Receptor-Like Kinase (LRR-RLK) genes represent a large and complex gene family in plants, mainly involved in development and stress responses. These receptors are composed of an LRR-containing extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane domain (TM) and an intracellular kinase domain (KD). To provide new perspectives on functional analyses of these genes in model and non-model plant species, we performed a phylogenetic analysis on 8,360 LRR-RLK receptors in 31 angiosperm genomes (8 monocots and 23 dicots). We identified 101 orthologous groups (OGs) of genes being conserved among almost all monocot and dicot species analyzed. We observed that more than 10% of these OGs are absent in the Brassicaceae species studied. We show that the ECD structural features are not always conserved among orthologs, suggesting that functions may have diverged in some OG sets. Moreover, we looked at targets of positive selection footprints in 12 pairs of OGs and noticed that depending on the subgroups, positive selection occurred more frequently either in the ECDs or in the KDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathalie Chantret
- INRA, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Diévart, Nathalie Chantret,
| | - Anne Diévart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAPMontpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Diévart, Nathalie Chantret,
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Gao X, Guo Y. CLE peptides in plants: proteolytic processing, structure-activity relationship, and ligand-receptor interaction. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:738-45. [PMID: 22925455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-receptor signaling initiated by the CLAVATA3/ ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family peptides is critical in regulating cell division and differentiation in meristematic tissues in plants. Biologically active CLE peptides are released from precursor proteins via proteolytic processing. The mature form of CLE ligands consists of 12-13 amino acids with several post-translational modifications. This review summarizes recent progress toward understanding the proteolytic activities that cleave precursor proteins to release CLE peptides, the molecular structure and function of mature CLE ligands, and interactions between CLE ligands and corresponding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinases (RLKs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Gao
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao 266101, China
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Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR) Domains Containing Intervening Motifs in Plants. Biomolecules 2012; 2:288-311. [PMID: 24970139 PMCID: PMC4030839 DOI: 10.3390/biom2020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LRRs (leucine rich repeats) are present in over 14,000 proteins. Non-LRR, island regions (IRs) interrupting LRRs are widely distributed. The present article reviews 19 families of LRR proteins having non-LRR IRs (LRR@IR proteins) from various plant species. The LRR@IR proteins are LRR-containing receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), LRR-containing receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs), TONSOKU/BRUSHY1, and MJK13.7; the LRR-RLKs are homologs of TMK1/Rhg4, BRI1, PSKR, PSYR1, Arabidopsis At1g74360, and RPK2, while the LRR-RLPs are those of Cf-9/Cf-4, Cf-2/Cf-5, Ve, HcrVf, RPP27, EIX1, clavata 2, fascinated ear2, RLP2, rice Os10g0479700, and putative soybean disease resistance protein. The LRRs are intersected by single, non-LRR IRs; only the RPK2 homologs have two IRs. In most of the LRR-RLKs and LRR-RLPs, the number of repeat units in the preceding LRR block (N1) is greater than the number of the following block (N2); N1 » N2 in which N1 is variable in the homologs of individual families, while N2 is highly conserved. The five families of the LRR-RLKs except for the RPK2 family show N1 = 8 − 18 and N2 = 3 − 5. The nine families of the LRR-RLPs show N1 = 12 − 33 and N2 = 4; while N1 = 6 and N2 = 4 for the rice Os10g0479700 family and the N1 = 4 − 28 and N2 = 4 for the soybean protein family. The rule of N1 » N2 might play a common, significant role in ligand interaction, dimerization, and/or signal transduction of the LRR-RLKs and the LRR-RLPs. The structure and evolution of the LRR domains with non-LRR IRs and their proteins are also discussed.
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Lefebvre B, Klaus-Heisen D, Pietraszewska-Bogiel A, Hervé C, Camut S, Auriac MC, Gasciolli V, Nurisso A, Gadella TWJ, Cullimore J. Role of N-glycosylation sites and CXC motifs in trafficking of medicago truncatula Nod factor perception protein to plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10812-23. [PMID: 22334694 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.281634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysin motif receptor-like kinase, NFP (Nod factor perception), is a key protein in the legume Medicago truncatula for the perception of lipochitooligosaccharidic Nod factors, which are secreted bacterial signals essential for establishing the nitrogen-fixing legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Predicted structural and genetic analyses strongly suggest that NFP is at least part of a Nod factor receptor, but few data are available about this protein. Characterization of a variant encoded by the mutant allele nfp-2 revealed the sensitivity of this protein to the endoplasmic reticulum quality control mechanisms, affecting its trafficking to the plasma membrane. Further analysis revealed that the extensive N-glycosylation of the protein is not essential for biological activity. In the NFP extracellular region, two CXC motifs and two other Cys residues were found to be involved in disulfide bridges, and these are necessary for correct folding and localization of the protein. Analysis of the intracellular region revealed its importance for biological activity but suggests that it does not rely on kinase activity. This work shows that NFP trafficking to the plasma membrane is highly sensitive to regulation in the endoplasmic reticulum and has identified structural features of the protein, particularly disulfide bridges involving CXC motifs in the extracellular region that are required for its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Lefebvre
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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