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Yang L, Xu X, Wang L, Zeng KB, Wang XF. Edaravone administration and its potential association with a new clinical syndrome in cerebral infarction patients: Three case reports. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4648-4654. [PMID: 37469729 PMCID: PMC10353518 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i19.4648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone is a widely used treatment for patients with cerebral infarction and, in most cases, edaravone-induced side effects are mild. However, edaravone-related adverse reactions have been receiving increasing attention.
CASE SUMMARY We treated three patients with acute cerebral infarction who died following treatment with edaravone. Edaravone is a widely used treatment for patients with cerebral infarction and, in most cases, edaravone-induced side effects are mild. However, edaravone-related adverse reactions have been receiving increasing attention.
CONCLUSION Our cases highlight the importance of educating clinicians regarding the new edaravone-induced clinical syndromes of cerebral infarction as potentially fatal adverse drug reactions. Considering that no laboratory or confirmatory test exists to diagnose edaravone-induced death from cerebral infarction, clinicians’ knowledge is the key element in recognizing this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Ke-Bin Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Qin M, Feng L, Yang C, Wei D, Li T, Jiang P, Guan J, Zhang X, Shi X, Liang N, Lai X, Zhou L, Zhang C, Gao Y. Edaravone use in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935198. [PMID: 36034840 PMCID: PMC9412023 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Edaravone alleviates neurological deficits among patients with intracerebral hemorrhage; however, its effects on mortality and long-term functional outcomes remain unknown. Objective: To assess clinical outcomes associated with edaravone initiated within 7 days of symptoms onset in intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CiNii, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese VIP information, Wanfang Data, and SinoMed for relevant randomized controlled trials from their inception to 1 May 2021 and conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019147801). All-cause mortality and long-term functional outcomes were taken as the primary outcomes. Results: A total of 38 randomized controlled trials including 3,454 participants with acute intracerebral hemorrhage were included. The selected articles were of poor quality. Meta-analysis revealed that edaravone could not reduce all-cause mortality [relative risk (RR) = 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.11–2.32); p = 0.38]. No studies reported on long-term functional outcomes in those trials. In addition, edaravone alleviated neurological deficits [mean difference (MD) = −5.44; 95% CI (−6.44 to −4.44); p<0.00001], improved the activities of daily living [MD = 8.44; 95% CI (7.65–9.23); p<0.00001], reduced the hematoma volume [MD = −4.71; 95% CI (−5.86 to −3.56); p<0.00001], and increased treatment response [RR = 1.26; 95% CI (1.22–1.31); p<0.00001]. In terms of safety outcome, there was no significant difference between the edaravone group and the control groups [RR = 1.67; 95% CI (0.92 to 3.06); p = 0.09]. Conclusion: Till date, edaravone does not associate with mortality reduction when initiated within 7 days of intracerebral hemorrhage onset. The effect of edaravone on long-term functional outcomes remains unknown due to lack of data. Although edaravone alleviated neurological deficits, improved activities of daily living, and reduced hematoma volume, we cautiously interpreted the results owing to the overall poor quality and high heterogeneity of the included trials. Presently, the results are insufficient to support edaravone as a routine treatment option for acute intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Qin
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Luda Feng
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chinyu Yang
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wei
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhi Guan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Shi
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing Lai
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao, ; Chi Zhang,
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Chinese Medicine Key Research Room of Brain Disorders Syndrome and Treatment of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Gao, ; Chi Zhang,
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Chen C, Li M, Lin L, Chen S, Chen Y, Hong L. Clinical effects and safety of edaravone in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 46:907-917. [PMID: 33638896 PMCID: PMC8359409 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Edaravone is a new antioxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenger. Although there is evidence that it improves clinical outcomes of patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), it is not yet widely accepted for treatment of AIS in Western countries. We further investigated the efficacy and safety of edaravone through this meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). METHOD Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were screened up to December 2020 for original articles from SCI journals that published in English. RCTs that compared edaravone versus placebo or no intervention in adult patients and reported the efficacy or safety of edaravone were regarded as eligible. Mortality was regarded as the primary outcome and the improvement of neurological impairment was regarded as the secondary outcome. Safety evaluation was conducted according to the incidence of adverse events. Review Manager 5.3 was employed to perform the assessment of the risk of bias and data synthesis. The Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials was employed to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seven randomized controlled trials with 2069 patients were included. For the incidence of mortality, the pooled RR for studies that evaluated edaravone after three-month follow-up was 0.55 (95% Cl, 0.43-0.7, I2 = 0, P < 0.01). The pooled RR for improvement of neurological impairment at the three months follow-up was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.27-1.87, I2 = 0, P < 0.01) in four RCTs. On subgroup analysis of studies that were conducted in Asia, the RR was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.27-1.90, I2 = 0%; P < 0.01); the pooled RR for studies that conducted in Europe was 1.32 (95% CI, 0.64-2.72; P = 0.45); the pooled RR for studies that used edaravone for two weeks was 1.42 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.83, I2 = 0%; P < 0.01); the pooled RR for studies that used edaravone for one week was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.24-2.16, I2 = 0%; P < 0.01); the pooled RR for studies that conducted in patients with mean age equal to or over 60 years was 1.52 (95% CI, 1.24-1.87, I2 = 0%; P < 0.01); and the pooled RR for studies that conducted in patients with mean age less than 60 was 1.80 (95% CI, 1.05-3.08, I2 = 0%; P = 0.03). For the incidence of any treatment-related adverse events, the pooled RR for studies that evaluated edaravone during treatment was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.51-1.34, I2 = 0, P = 0.43). The difference of the incidence of any treatment-related adverse events between two groups was not statistically significant. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION The limited studies indicate that edaravone can improve neurological impairment with a survival benefit at three-month follow-up, regardless of the mean age and course of treatment. It is worthy of promotion in the clinical treatment of AIS in Asian countries. More well-designed RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the benefits of edaravone in patients from Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyue Chen
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care UnitThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Mingkai Li
- Zhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Liling Lin
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Shuying Chen
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Yongru Chen
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care UnitThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
| | - Liekai Hong
- Department of CardiovascularThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical CollegeShantouGuangdongChina
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Qin Y, Feng L, Fan X, Zheng L, Zhang Y, Chang L, Li T. Neuroprotective Effect of N-Cyclohexylethyl-[A/G]-[D/E]-X-V Peptides on Ischemic Stroke by Blocking nNOS-CAPON Interaction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:244-255. [PMID: 33356131 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein-protein interaction between neuronal nitric oxide syntheses (nNOS) and the carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS (CAPON) is a potential target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Our previous study had identified ZLc-002 as a promising lead compound for inhibiting nNOS-CAPON coupling. To find better neuroprotective agents disrupting the ischemia-induced nNOS-CAPON interaction, a series of N-cyclohexylethyl-[A/G]-[D/E]-X-V peptides based on the carboxy-terminal tetrapeptide of CAPON was designed, synthesized, and evaluated in this study. Herein, we reported an affinity-based fluorescence polarization (FP) method using 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) labeled CAPON (496-506) peptide as the probe for high-throughput screening of the small-molecule inhibitors of the PDZ domain of nNOS. N-Cyclohexylethyl-ADAV displayed the most potent affinity for the nNOS PDZ domain in the FP and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) (ΔH = -1670 ± 151.0 cal/mol) assays. To improve bioavailability, lipophilicity, and membrane permeability, the Asp methylation was employed to get N-cyclohexylethyl-AD(OMe)AV, which possesses good blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in vitro parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA)-BBB (Pe = 6.07 cm/s) and in vivo assays. In addition, N-cyclohexylethyl-AD(OMe)AV (10 mg/kg body weight, i.v., immediately after reperfusion) substantially reduced infarct size in rats, which was measured 24 h after reperfusion and subjected to 120 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lingling Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xin Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tingyou Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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Ma X, Wang T, Wen J, Wang J, Zeng N, Zou W, Yang Y. Role of Xingnaojing Injection in treating acute cerebral hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19648. [PMID: 32282713 PMCID: PMC7220447 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xingnaojing injection (XNJi) is widely used for acute cerebral hemorrhage. However, the efficacy of XNJi for acute cerebral hemorrhage has not been comprehensively proved by systematic analysis yet. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of XNJi in an evidence-based method. METHODS Six databases were searched with XNJi used for acute cerebral hemorrhage in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3. The efficacy rate, brain edema, cerebral hematoma, neurological deficit score, hs-crp, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and activities of daily living (ADL) were systematically evaluated. The Cochrane risk of bias was used to evaluate the methodological quality of eligible studies. RESULTS This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018098737). Twenty-nine studies with a total of 2638 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with conventional treatment, XNJi got higher efficacy rate (OR = 3.37, 95% CI [2.65, 4.28], P < .00001). Moreover, XNJi showed significant enhancement of efficacy rate via subgroup analysis in course and dosage. In addition, XNJi demonstrated significant improvement in Chinese stroke scale (CSS) and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NHISS) (mean difference [MD] = -4.74, 95% CI [-5.89, -3.60], P < .00001; MD = -4.45, 95% CI [-5.49, -3.41], P < .00001), GCS (MD = 2.72, 95% CI [2.09, 3.35], P < .00001). It also remarkably decreased the level of hs-crp (MD = -6.50, 95% CI [-7.79, -5.21], P < .00001), enhanced ADL (MD = 20.38, 95% CI [17.98, 22.79], P < .00001), and alleviated hematoma and edema (MD = -2.53, 95% CI [-4.75, -0.31] P < .05; MD = -1.74 95% CI [-2.42, -1.07] P < .00001) compared with conventional treatment. CONCLUSION XNJi is effective in treating acute cerebral hemorrhage with significant improvement of CSS, NHISS and impairment of hs-crp, hematoma, and edema compared with conventional treatment. Moreover, XNJi got remarkable efficacy at the dose of 20, 30, 60 mL and from 7 to 28 days. No serious adverse reactions occurred. These results were mainly based on small-sample and low-quality studies. Therefore, more rigorous, large-scale RCTs were further needed to confirm its efficacy, safety, and detailed characteristic of application.
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Jia M, Njapo SAN, Rastogi V, Hedna VS. Taming glutamate excitotoxicity: strategic pathway modulation for neuroprotection. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:153-62. [PMID: 25633850 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Much work has been carried out in recent years showing that elevated glutamate levels in the extracellular environment of the central nervous system play a pivotal role in neurodegeneration in acute CNS injuries. With the elucidation of the mechanism governing glutamate excitotoxicity, researchers are devising therapeutic strategies to target different parts of the pathway which begins with glutamate accumulation and ultimately results in neuronal cell death. In this article, we review some of the major classes of agents that are currently being investigated and highlight some of the key studies for each. Glutamate scavenging is a relatively new approach that directly decreases glutamate levels in the brain, thus preventing excitotoxicity. Nitric oxide inhibitors and free radical scavengers are more well-studied strategies that continue to yield promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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A rare presentation of hepatitis a infection with extrahepatic manifestations. Case Rep Gastrointest Med 2014; 2014:286914. [PMID: 25295197 PMCID: PMC4177781 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A has a variety of associated extrahepatic manifestations that clinicians should be aware of for early diagnosis and treatment. We report a unique case of hepatitis A presenting with multiple extrahepatic manifestations not previously described in a single patient. A 34-year-old male presented with sudden onset of left sided facial pain, swelling, and skin rash, with diffuse body pains and muscle weakness, and was found to be positive for hepatitis A immunoglobulin M (IgM). He was initially started on antibiotics for concerns of bacterial parotitis but did not show any improvement. A punch biopsy of his mandibular rash and swelling was done which showed lymphohistiocytic infiltration with a few eosinophils. A trial of prednisone resulted in improvement of his symptoms. Clinicians should be aware to look for hepatitis A infection in a patient with atypical clinical picture causing a widespread systemic inflammatory response. Treatment with prednisone may result in resolution.
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Wang J, Ma XJ, Zong Y, Yuan BJ, Zhao LJ, Lu GC. Teriravone induces neurotoxicity in beagle dogs. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:797-9. [PMID: 24965301 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Sharma P, Sinha M, Shukla R, Garg RK, Verma R, Singh MK. A randomized controlled clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of edaravone in acute ischemic stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2012; 14:103-6. [PMID: 21808471 PMCID: PMC3141471 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.82794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Edaravone has potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger properties. Few Japanese studies had demonstrated its neuroprotective role in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of edaravone in terms of functional outcome in a group of Indian patients of AIS. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients of AIS were randomly divided into two groups. The study group received 30 mg of edaravone twice daily for 14 days by infusion, while control group received normal saline infusion as placebo. Outcome assessment was done by the Modified Rankin Scale (MRS). MRS score ≤2 at 90 days was considered as a favorable outcome. Results: Of 25 patients, 18 (72%) had favorable outcomes (MRS ≤2) at 90 days in edaravone group, while 10 (40%) of 25 patients in placebo group had favorable outcome (P < 0.005). Two patients expired (one in each group) during treatment. The mean Barthel index increased from 41.20 ± 32.70 at baseline to 82.40 ± 18.32 at day 90 in edaravone group as compared with placebo group in which scores were 44.20 ± 22.76 at baseline and 68.20 ± 21.30 at day 90 (P < 0.005). Conclusions: We therefore conclude that edaravone effectively improves functional outcome in AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow, U.P., India
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The combined use of edaravone, diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs caused acute kidney injury in an elderly patient with chronic kidney disease. CEN Case Rep 2012; 1:96-103. [PMID: 28509068 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-012-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to draw attention to the fact that the combined use of edaravone, diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may lead to acute kidney injury. This study was a case report of acute kidney injury resulting from the combined use of the aforementioned types of drugs. A 77-year-old male patient with chronic kidney disease (third stage) who was treated with a combination of edaravone, diuretics, and NSAIDs showed significantly increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Interestingly, the blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels returned to pretreatment levels after the medications were stopped. The patient's score on the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale was a nine, and the score on the Drug Interaction Probability Scale was a five. For elderly patients with chronic kidney disease, the combined use of edaravone, diuretics, and NSAIDs should be avoided.
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Lapchak PA. A critical assessment of edaravone acute ischemic stroke efficacy trials: is edaravone an effective neuroprotective therapy? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:1753-63. [PMID: 20491547 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2010.493558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Edaravone (Radicut) is a free radical scavenger marketed in Japan by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp. to treat acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients presenting within 24 h of the attack. Injectable edaravone ampoules (30 mg b.i.d., i.v., 14 days) were first approved on 23 May 2001. On 19 January 2010, as a new innovation, the Radicut BAG (Intravenous BAG) was approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare. Efficacy of edaravone ranges from large significant clinical improvements to only modest improvements in clinical function measured using standard stroke scales when administered 6-72 h following an ischemic stroke. With almost 17 years of edaravone clinical experience, a few adverse events--including acute renal failure--have been noted. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This is the only article to date to critically review available clinical efficacy and toxicology data published in the literature to ascertain whether edaravone should be further pursued as a candidate for development worldwide. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review covers clinical studies carried out over the period 1993-2008. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Edaravone may be a useful neuroprotective agent to treat the > 15 million victims worldwide who are devastated by stroke annually. Additional clinical studies are necessary to verify the efficacy of edaravone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians E216, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Shibuta S, Varathan S, Kamibayashi T, Mashimo T. Small temperature variations alter edaravone-induced neuroprotection of cortical cultures exposed to prolonged hypoxic episodes. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:52-8. [PMID: 19923134 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aep320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, has been shown to be neuroprotective in vivo and in vitro. However, the impact of small temperature variations on its neuroprotective actions remains unknown. METHODS We examined the degree of neuroprotection conferred by various concentrations of edaravone on cortical cultures exposed to prolonged hypoxia (24 h) under three conditions: mild hypothermia (32 degrees C), normothermia (37 degrees C), and mild hyperthermia (39 degrees C). The survival of cortical neurones from E16 Wistar rats (SR) was evaluated using photomicrographs taken before and after exposure to hypoxia. RESULTS The mean survival of neurones exposed to hypoxia at normothermia was 14.7 (sem 1.8)%. The addition of 50 microM edaravone significantly improved the mean survival to 40.5 (4.7)%. This improvement was noted at higher doses of edaravone (5 microM < or =) but not at lower doses (< or =500 nM). With mild hypothermia and prolonged hypoxia without edaravone, neuroprotection was significantly improved with a mean survival of 63.0 (5.2)%. This neuroprotective effect was not enhanced with the addition of edaravone, even at the highest dose. Hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity was aggravated by mild hyperthermia as reflected by a mean survival of 9.1 (2.1)%. However, higher concentrations of edaravone inhibited the deleterious effect of mild hyperthermia, thereby demonstrating a significant neuroprotective effect. The survival of neurones subjected to both hyperthermia and edaravone was the same as that of neurones exposed to normothermia and edaravone. CONCLUSIONS Temperature is a potential factor in determining whether edaravone confers a neuroprotective effect when applied during prolonged hypoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibuta
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine D7, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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Hishida A. Determinants for the prognosis of acute renal disorders that developed during or after treatment with edaravone. Clin Exp Nephrol 2009; 13:118-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-008-0108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kao TC, Shyu MH, Yen GC. Neuroprotective effects of glycyrrhizic acid and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid in PC12 cells via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:754-761. [PMID: 19105645 DOI: 10.1021/jf802864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) and 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18betaGA) are the bioactive compounds of licorice. The neuroprotective effects of GA and 18betaGA against serum/glucose deprivation and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells were investigated. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase, the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and the mitochondrial Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were determined. PI3K/Akt pathway signaling was also evaluated to study the possible protective mechanism. The results showed that GA treatment decreased the ROS content by elevating the activities of GPx and catalase, leading to a decreased MMP. GA and 18betaGA also lowered the mitochondrial Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activated PI3K/Akt signal. The results suggest that GA may protect PC12 cells from ischemic injury via modulation of the intracellular antioxidant system and mitochondria-induced apoptosis. Moreover, GA and 18betaGA may modulate the ratio of the mitochondrial Bcl-2 family and influence PI3K/Akt signaling. These results demonstrate the neuroprotective ability of GA and 18betaGA and suggest that the cytotoxicity of 6-OHDA may influence the mitochondrial Bax/Bcl-2 ratio without altering the expression of Bax. This study also suggests a possible compound for treating neural disease and general neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Kao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taiching, Taiwan
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Yuan WJ, Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Agari T, Kameda M, Uozumi T, Tajiri N, Morimoto T, Jing M, Baba T, Wang F, Leung H, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Date I. Neuroprotective effects of edaravone-administration on 6-OHDA-treated dopaminergic neurons. BMC Neurosci 2008; 9:75. [PMID: 18671880 PMCID: PMC2533664 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-9-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. Free radicals induced by oxidative stress are involved in the mechanisms of cell death in PD. This study clarifies the neuroprotective effects of edaravone (MCI-186, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), which has already been used for the treatment of cerebral ischemia in Japan, on TH-positive dopaminergic neurons using PD model both in vitro and in vivo. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a neurotoxin for dopaminergic neurons, was added to cultured dopaminergic neurons derived from murine embryonal ventral mesencephalon with subsequet administration of edaravone or saline. The number of surviving TH-positive neurons and the degree of cell damage induced by free radicals were analyzed. In parallel, edaravone or saline was intravenously administered for PD model of rats receiving intrastriatal 6-OHDA lesion with subsequent behavioral and histological analyses. Results In vitro study showed that edaravone significantly ameliorated the survival of TH-positive neurons in a dose-responsive manner. The number of apoptotic cells and HEt-positive cells significantly decreased, thus indicating that the neuroprotective effects of edaravone might be mediated by anti-apoptotic effects through the suppression of free radicals by edaravone. In vivo study demonstrated that edaravone-administration at 30 minutes after 6-OHDA lesion reduced the number of amphetamine-induced rotations significantly than edaravone-administration at 24 hours. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) staining of the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta revealed that edaravone might exert neuroprotective effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems. The neuroprotective effects were prominent when edaravone was administered early and in high concentration. TUNEL, HEt and Iba-1 staining in vivo might demonstrate the involvement of anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of edaravone-administration. Conclusion Edaravone exerts neuroprotective effects on PD model both in vitro and in vivo. The underlying mechanisms might be involved in the anti-apoptotic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and/or anti-inflammatory effects of edaravone. Edaravone might be a hopeful therapeutic option for PD, although the high therapeutic dosage remains to be solved for the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ji Yuan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.
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