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Wang W, Ren Z, Zheng S, Wu H, Li P, Peng W, Su W, Wang Y. Botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.: A review. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106144. [PMID: 39053743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), a member of the Pandanaceae family, has been consumed as food and medicine since ancient times. The current paper provides an overview of the botanical profile, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of P. amaryllifolius. Information regarding P. amaryllifolius was collected from online sources (using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, and CNKI) as well as traditional textbooks. Over 100 compounds have been identified, including its characteristic components 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Pandanus alkaloids. Several therapeutic uses of P. amaryllifolius, such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, have been demonstrated in modern pharmacological studies. Additionally, it could be applied in various fields, including food, energy, material, and the environment. Continued research on P. amaryllifolius can contribute to the development of new drugs and therapies for various diseases. And further studies are needed to improve its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Wang
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zeyu Ren
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Sunan Zheng
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Peng
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Lombardelli C, Mazzocchi C, Benucci I, Esti M. Stabilized chlorophyll-based food colorants from spinach: Kinetics of a tailored enzymatic extraction. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39086064 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
An organic solvent-free method based on limited dosing options (biocatalyst and zinc chloride) for the quick and mild recovery of chlorophyll (Chl) from spinach has been proposed. This tailored, custom-made protocol has been designed to produce stable green natural colorants. The kinetics of pigment extraction turned out to be a very useful tool to identify the proper conditions, in terms of biocatalyst dose (0.10-50 U/g), extraction time (1-48h), and ZnCl2 amount (50-300ppm), both for enhancing the recovery yield and preserving the green color. Considering the extraction kinetics, the recovery yield, and the colorimetric data, the suitable conditions to produce stable green and food-grade colorants are 0.10 U/g of enzyme, 3h, and 150ppm of ZnCl2 at 25°C. The extraction yield of Chl (4863µg/U) was about 51% greater than control, with a higher extraction rate constant (5.43 × 10-4 g/(µg min)). Considering the impact of ZnCl2 amount on Chl, its protective action resulted to be more noticeable toward Chl a: at 150ppm, an increased amount of about 2.5 and 1.5 times was found for Chl a and Chl b, respectively, in comparison to the reference (0ppm ZnCl2). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research demonstrates how a suitable kinetic approach helps to provide a tailored protocol, customized for the vegetable matrix, to produce stable green natural colorants from spinach. Lowering enzyme dosage and ZnCl2 amount during the extraction of chlorophyll at low temperature is crucial for its potential use as a colorant in food industry, providing high economic values through saving time and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Lombardelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Caterina Mazzocchi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Benucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Esti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
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Mazzocchi C, Benucci I, Lombardelli C, Esti M. Enzyme-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Food-Grade Chlorophyll-Based Green Colorant. Foods 2023; 12:3440. [PMID: 37761155 PMCID: PMC10529526 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a biotechnological approach for the green recovery of chlorophyll from spinach, to be used as a natural food colorant. The plant matrix was characterized in terms of cell wall polysaccharide composition, and a tailored enzymatic mix based on cellulase (40%) xylanase (41%) and polygalacturonase (19%) was formulated. The process variables (temperature (°C), time (h), enzyme mix dose (U/g), zinc concentration (ppm), and buffer/substrate ratio (B/S)) and their interactions were studied by response surface methodology. The overlay plot made it possible to identify the process conditions (T: 25 °C, Zn: 150 ppm e B/S: 17.5, t: <2 h and enzyme mix dose between 12 and 45 U/g) to maximize the amount of chlorophyll, and concurrently, the quality of the green color of the extract. Finally, the novel colorant was applied in the production of a real food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Lombardelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), Tuscia University, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (C.M.); (I.B.); (M.E.)
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Effects of Different Zn2+ Concentrations and High Hydrostatic Pressures (HHP) on Chlorophyll Stability. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142129. [PMID: 35885372 PMCID: PMC9316298 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study provides a new idea for improving chlorophyll stability and color quality of green leafy vegetables by Zn2+ synergistic HHP. Zn-chlorophyll was prepared with zinc acetate and chlorophyll under HHP treatment. The effects of different zinc acetate concentrations and pressures on chlorophyll color, antioxidant activity, Zn2+ replacement rate, structure, and thermal stability were analyzed. Results showed with increased zinc acetate concentration and pressure, −a* value, antioxidant activity, and Zn2+ replacement rate of samples gradually increased. However, FTIR indicated the structure did not change. HHP fluorescence online analysis showed fluorescence intensity of samples decreased with zinc acetate concentration and pressure increasing. With zinc acetate 10 mg/100 mL and HHP 500 MPa, the highest −a* value (5.19), antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP were 37.03 g ACE/100 g, 25.95 g ACE/100 g, 65.43 g TE/100 g DW, respectively), and Zn2+ replacement rate (42.34%) were obtained. Thermal stability of Zn-chlorophyll obtained by synergistic effect was improved significantly.
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Benucci I, Lombardelli C, Mazzocchi C, Esti M. Natural colorants from vegetable food waste: Recovery, regulatory aspects, and stability—A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2715-2737. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Benucci
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Claudio Lombardelli
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Caterina Mazzocchi
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
| | - Marco Esti
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry Science (DAFNE) Tuscia University Viterbo Italy
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Tekin İ, Ersus S. Electrically assisted ionic gelling encapsulation of enzymatically extracted zinc‐chlorophyll derivatives from stinging nettle (
Urtica urens
L.). J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İdil Tekin
- Food Engineering Department Ege University Bornova İzmir Turkey
| | - Seda Ersus
- Food Engineering Department Ege University Bornova İzmir Turkey
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Suryani CL, Wahyuningsih TD, Supriyadi S, Santoso U. THE POTENTIAL OF MATURE PANDAN LEAVES AS A SOURCE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOR NATURAL FOOD COLORANTS. JURNAL TEKNOLOGI DAN INDUSTRI PANGAN 2020. [DOI: 10.6066/jtip.2020.31.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant leaves are the primary source of natural colorants for food, mainly due to their chlorophyll content. However, the plant types and the degree of leaf maturity determine the quality and quantity of the chlorophyll. This study aimed to determine the best maturity level of pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) leaves that serves as potential source of chlorophyll for natural food colorants. Eighty three pandan plants obtained from six different farming locations in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia were used as samples. The leaves were grouped into four levels of maturity using descriptive statistics based on their morphology, anatomy, color, and chlorophyll contents. The results showed that the average number of leaves ranged from 20-24 leaves per plant (at 95% confidence interval), and 96.4% of the plant had a maximum of 24 leaves. The leaf maturity was grouped into (1) young, (2) medium, (3) mature, and (4) over mature, corresponding to leaf number 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, and 19-24, respectively. The higher the leaf maturity, the higher the chlorophyll content. However, the over mature leaves were only slightly different from the mature ones. In addition, pandan leaves have specific flavor and contain carotenoid, phenolic, and flavonoid substances. Anatomically, the mesophyll’s size was greatest in the mature leaves, while the size of chloroplast was not significantly different from medium to over mature leaves. Based on the chlorophyll content and mesophyll size, it was concluded that mature pandan leaves were the best source of chlorophyll, containing chlorophyll of 623.08 mg/100 g dry weight (DW).
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Tavanandi HA, Raghavarao KSMS. Recovery of chlorophylls from spent biomass of Arthrospira platensis obtained after extraction of phycobiliproteins. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 271:391-401. [PMID: 30296746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Extraction of chlorophylls has received scant attention or priority over phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira platensis. In fact extraction of chlorophylls from spent biomass (left after extraction of phycobiliproteins which goes as waste or underutilized) on drying, will improve the economics of the overall downstream processing. Ethanol (yield 5.75 mg/g, db), being a food grade solvent, was preferred over acetone and dimethyl sulfoxide in spite of their slightly better yields (5.85 mg/g, db). The best conditions were 100% concentration of ethanol, 1:8 S/L ratio, pH 6, 50 °C temperature and 1 h extraction time. An increase of 125% in yield besides reduction of 83.3% in extraction time (from 6 to 1 h) could be achieved at standardized conditions. Low-Humidity drying was observed to be a possible alternative to freeze drying for drying of spent biomass. Ultrasonication as pre-treatment and ethanol as solvent were found effective for extraction of chlorophylls from dry spent biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh A Tavanandi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India; Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India
| | - K S M S Raghavarao
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India; Department of Food Engineering, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru, India.
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INDRASTI DIAS, ANDARWULAN NURI, PURNOMO EKOHARI, WULANDARI NUR. Stability of Chlorophyll as Natural Colorant: A Review for Suji (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.) Leaves’ Case. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.6.3.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Suji (Dracaena angustifolia (Medik.) Roxb.) leaves are famous chlorophyll source used as food colorant in Indonesia and other south-east Asian countries. Its chlorophyll has unique characteristics which can degrade through enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions. This article summarizes traditional application of Suji leaves, the characteristics of Suji leaf chlorophyll, postharvest stability, and several ways to retain its green color. Potential development of Suji leaf extract as food colorant or food ingredients are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- DIAS INDRASTI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - NURI ANDARWULAN
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - EKO HARI PURNOMO
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
| | - NUR WULANDARI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16002, Indonesia
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Chlorophyll extraction from suji leaf ( Pleomele angustifolia Roxb.) with ZnCl 2 stabilizer. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:1028-1036. [PMID: 29487445 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-3016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Suji (Pleomele angustifolia Roxb.) leaves are a prominent source of chlorophyll and well-known for their ability to produce green color for food ingredients. However, chlorophyll is suspectible to color degradation at high temperature. Color degradation occurred because porphyrin loses magnesium in its ring and it can be avoided by adding zinc. The aim of this work was to investigate the combined effect of independent variables on chlorophyll extraction process using ZnCl2 as a stabilizer. Suji leaves were blanched with boiling water for 2 min, Zn-chlorophyll synthesis was done by varying concentration of ZnCl2, Zn-chlorophyll extraction with ethanol, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis of the final extracted solutions. A full three-level factorial design under response surface methodology was used to obtain the optimum condition of extraction process. The experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance and fitted with second order polynomial equation. The coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be 81.99%. The optimum operating conditions were obtained at pH 7, ZnCl2 concentration of 700 ppm and temperature of 85 °C with desirability value of 1.0000. At the optimum conditions, the total chlorophyll content (TCC) was found to be 47.2975 mg/100 g fresh weight.
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Ke L, Chen H. Enzymatic-Assisted Microwave Extraction of Total Flavonoids from Bud of Chrysanthemum indicum L. and Evaluation of Biological Activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2015-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An enzymatic-assisted microwave extraction method was developed to extract total flavonoids from bud of Chrysanthemum indicum L. The factors affecting total flavonoid yield were investigated and optimized by response surface design, and this extraction method was compared with water heating extraction. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of total flavonoids were preliminarily evaluated. The results showed that the optimized microwave extraction conditions were as follows: water–material ratio, 25:1 (mL:g); extraction time, 19 min; microwave power, 582 W. Under these conditions, the yield of total flavonoids was 11.21 ± 1.12 %, which was 53.21 % higher than water heating extraction method, and had shorter extraction time. The maximum scavenging capacity of total flavonoids (12 mg/mL) on DPPH, hydroxyl and superoxide anion free radical was 76.6 %, 78.8 % and 58.2 %, respectively. The total flavonoids showed inhibitory effect on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL, 4 mg/mL and 8 mg/mL, respectively. This study has provided the technical basis for further optimization of extraction of total flavonoids from bud of C. indicum L.
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Effect of Blender and Blending Time on Color and Aroma Characteristics of Juice and Its Freeze-Dried Powder of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Leaves (Pandan). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2015-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The color and aroma properties of Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. leaves (pandan) were studied by mechanical extraction using normal and turbo blade blenders under different blending times (60–180 s). The extracted juice was freeze-dried into powders and its aroma components were measured in a solid-phase microextraction using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis. The turbo blade blender provided maximum color pigment of greenness and yellowness at blending time of 90 s as compared to the normal blender that required 180 s. In GC-MS analysis, the major component, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, was found to be one time higher in the freeze-dried pandan juice samples obtained from turbo blade blender than normal blender. Other components including the cis-3-hexanal, 2-methylene-4-pentenenitrile and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were also detected in the samples. In conclusion, the turbo blade blender is more effective than normal laboratory blender in terms of color extraction, particle size reduction and the aroma retention.
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Enzyme-assisted extraction of stabilized chlorophyll from spinach. Food Chem 2015; 176:152-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Sensory expectations and perceptions of Austrian and Thai consumers: A case study with six colored Thai desserts. Food Res Int 2014; 64:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Ke LQ. Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Polysaccharides from L
entinus Edodes
Based on Enzymatic Treatment. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le-qin Ke
- College of Ecology; Lishui University; Lishui 323000 China
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Li S, Han D, Row KH. Optimization of enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from some marine algae by response surface methodology. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-011-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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