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Wang Y, Ke J, Li S, Kong Q, Zhang M, Li M, Gu J, Chi M. Analysis and study of the mechanism of narcotic addiction and withdrawal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26957. [PMID: 38449641 PMCID: PMC10915384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcotic drugs refer to drugs that have anesthetic effects on the central nervous system, and they easily produce physical dependence and mental dependence and can be addictive due to continuous use, abuse or unreasonable use. In this paper, bioinformatics and data analysis and mining techniques were used to analyze the methylation differences in transcriptional and clinical data of narcotic addiction in public databases, to explore the mechanism of narcotic addiction, and to mine some norepinephrine drugs. This study confirmed the possibility of using norepinephrine as an auxiliary drug for drug addiction rehabilitation. In addition, we also conducted a similar analysis on the addiction of three drugs. The results showed that the differences in the body caused by the ingestion of opiates and cocaine were significantly greater than those caused by the ingestion of methamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jiawei Ke
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medical, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Qingling Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Meng Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
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Soliman E, Elshazly SM, Shewaikh SM, El-Shaarawy F. Reno- and hepato-protective effect of allopurinol after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: Crosstalk between xanthine oxidase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113868. [PMID: 37269893 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common cause of acute kidney injury and remote liver damage is an ultimate negative outcome. Current treatments for I/R typically involve the use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation. Xanthine oxidase (XO) and PPAR-γ contribute to renal I/R-induced oxidative stress; however, the crosstalk between the two pathways remains unexplored. In the present study, we report that XO inhibitor, allopurinol (ALP), protects kidney and liver after renal I/R by PPAR-γ activation. Rats with renal I/R showed reduced kidney and liver functions, increased XO, and decreased PPAR-γ. ALP increased PPAR-γ expression and improved liver and kidney functions. ALP also reduced inflammation and nitrosative stress indicated by reduction in TNF-α, iNOS, nitric oxide (NO), and peroxynitrite formation. Interestingly, rats co-treated with PPAR-γ inhibitor, BADGE, and ALP showed diminished beneficial effect on renal and kidney functions, inflammation, and nitrosative stress. This data suggests that downregulation of PPAR-γ contributes to nitrosative stress and inflammation in renal I/R and the use of ALP reverses this effect by increasing PPAR-γ expression. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential therapeutic value of ALP and suggests targeting XO-PPAR-γ pathway as a promising strategy for preventing I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Mustafa Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Samar M Shewaikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Fatma El-Shaarawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, El-Arish, 45511, Egypt.
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Li K, Zhang P, Chen L, Guan F. Effects of purine nucleotide administration on purine nucleotide metabolism in brains of heroin-dependent rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Modulation of gamma-irradiation and carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in the brain of female rats by flaxseed oil. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ismail AF, Moawed FS, Mohamed MA. Protective mechanism of grape seed oil on carbon tetrachloride-induced brain damage in γ-irradiated rats. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:317-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li K, He HT, Li HM, Liu JK, Fu HY, Hong M. Heroin affects purine nucleotides metabolism in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1104-8. [PMID: 22019714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of heroin on purine nucleotides metabolism in rat brain. METHODS Biochemical changes in association with heroin administration were compared between heroin-administered rats and non-heroin rats. HPLC method was used to detect the absolute content of purine nucleotides in brain tissues. Concentrations of uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) in plasma were measured. Enzymatic activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) in brain tissue were analyzed. Real-time PCR was used to determine the relative level of transcripts of ADA, XO, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT), hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) and adenosine kinase (AK) in brain tissue. RESULTS Compared with those in the saline group, the content of AMP and GTP of heroin group decreased significantly; the UA concentration in plasma, ADA and XO activities and the mRNA level of ADA and XO in brain tissues in heroin group increased significantly; the mRNA level of AK, APRT and HGPRT in brain tissues in heroin group decreased significantly (P<0.01). CONCLUSION Heroin administration may enhance the catabolism and inhibit the anabolism of purine nucleotides in brain. There may be a deficiency of purine nucleotides, especially GTP and AMP in rat brain exposed to heroin. Our findings may provide a new potential approach to study the mechanism of heroin addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, 965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Colucci R, Ghisu N, Tuccori M, Awwad O, Bin A, Zoppellaro C, Castagliuolo I, Gaion RM, Giron MC, Blandizzi C. Control of enteric neuromuscular functions by purinergic A(3) receptors in normal rat distal colon and experimental bowel inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:856-71. [PMID: 20860664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine A(3) receptors mediate beneficial effects in experimental colitis, but their involvement in enteric neuromuscular functions during bowel inflammation is undetermined. This study investigated the regulatory role of A(3) receptors on colonic motility in the presence of experimental colitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Colitis was induced in rats by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. A(3) receptors and adenosine deaminase (ADA, adenosine catabolic enzyme) mRNA were examined by RT-PCR. Tissue distribution of A(3) receptors was detected by confocal immunofluorescence. The effects of 2,3-ethyl-4,5-dipropyl-6-phenylpyridine-3-thiocarboxylate-5-carboxylate (MRS1523) (MRS, A(3) receptor antagonist), 2-chloro-N(6) -(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (2Cl-IB-MECA) (CIB, A(3) receptor agonist), dipyridamole (DIP, adenosine transport inhibitor) and ADA were assayed on contractile responses evoked by electrical stimulation (ES) or carbachol in colonic longitudinal muscle preparations (LMP). KEY RESULTS RT-PCR showed A(3) receptors and ADA mRNA in normal colon and their increased level in inflamed tissues. Immunofluorescence showed a predominant distribution of A(3) receptors in normal myenteric ganglia and an increased density during colitis. MRS enhanced ES-induced cholinergic contractions in normal LMP, but was less effective in inflamed tissues. After pretreatment with dipyridamole plus ADA, to reduce extracellular adenosine, CIB decreased cholinergic motor responses of normal LMP to ES, with enhanced efficacy in inflamed LMP. A(3) receptor ligands did not affect carbachol-induced contractions in LMP from normal or inflamed colon. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Normally, adenosine modulated colonic cholinergic motility via activation of A(3) receptors in the myenteric plexus. A(3) receptor-mediated tonic inhibitory control by adenosine was impaired in inflamed bowel, despite increased density of functioning and pharmacologically recruitable A(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Antonioli
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Mannelli P, Patkar A, Rozen S, Matson W, Krishnan R, Kaddurah- Daouk R. Opioid use affects antioxidant activity and purine metabolism: preliminary results. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:666-75. [PMID: 19760630 PMCID: PMC3183957 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE More must be learned about metabolic and biochemical alterations that contribute to the development and expression of drug dependence. Experimental opioid administration influences mechanisms and indices of oxidative stress, such as antioxidant compounds and purine metabolism. We examined perturbations of neurotransmitter-related pathways in opioid dependence (OD). METHODS In this preliminary study, we used a targeted metabolomics platform to explore whether biochemical changes were associated with OD by comparing OD individuals (n = 14) and non-drug users (n = 10). RESULTS OD patients undergoing short-term methadone detoxification showed altered oxidation-reduction activity, as confirmed by higher plasma levels of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol and increased GSH/GSSG ratio. OD individuals had also altered purine metabolism, showing increased concentration of guanine and xanthosine, with decreased guanosine, hypoxanthine and hypoxanthine/xanthine and xanthine/xanthosine ratios. Other drug use in addition to opioids was associated with partly different biochemical changes. CONCLUSIONS This is a preliminary investigation using metabolomics and showing multiple peripheral alterations of metabolic pathways in OD. Further studies should explore the metabolic profile of conditions of opioid abuse, withdrawal and long-term abstinence in relation to agonist and antagonist treatment and investigate biochemical signatures of opioid substances and medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mannelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, 2218 Elder Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Ashwin Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve Rozen
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wayne Matson
- Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ranga Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rima Kaddurah- Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Correspondence to: R. K. Daouk, Center for Pharmacometabolomics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA. Tel: 919-684-2611. Fax: (919) 681-7668.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirtieth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2007 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd.,Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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