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Afshar M, Yazdan-Ashoori S, Engert JC, Thanassoulis G. Drugs for Prevention and Treatment of Aortic Stenosis: How Close Are We? Can J Cardiol 2021; 37:1016-1026. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Heymann MF, Lezot F, Heymann D. Bisphosphonates in common pediatric and adult bone sarcomas. Bone 2020; 139:115523. [PMID: 32622877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic strategies proposed currently for bone sarcomas are based on neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, delayed en-bloc wide resection, and adjuvant chemotherapy. Unfortunately, bone sarcomas are characterized by high rates of poor drug response, with a high risk of drug resistance, local recurrence and/or a high propensity for induced metastases. The pathogenesis of bone sarcomas is strongly associated with dysregulation of local bone remodeling and increased osteolysis that plays a part in tumor development. In this context, bisphosphonates (BPs) have been proposed as a single agent or in combination with conventional drugs to block bone resorption and the vicious cycle established between bone and sarcoma cells. Pre-clinical in vitro studies revealed the potential "anti-tumor" activities of nitrogen-bisphosphonates (N-BPs). In pre-clinical models, N-BPs reduced significantly primary tumor growth in osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, and the installation of lung metastases. In chondrosarcoma, N-BPs reduced the recurrence of local tumors after intralesional curettage, and increased overall survival. In pediatric and adult osteosarcoma patients, N-BPs have been assessed in combination with conventional chemotherapy and surgery in randomized phase 3 studies with no improvement in clinical outcome. The lack of benefit may potentially be explained by the biological impact of N-BPs on macrophage differentiation/recruitment which may alter CD8+-T lymphocyte infiltration. Thanks to their considerable affinity for the mineralized extracellular matrix, BPs are an excellent platform for drug delivery in malignant bone sites with reduced systemic toxicity, which opens up new opportunities for their future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Francoise Heymann
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Frederic Lezot
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, U1238, Faculty of Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; University of Sheffield, Dept of Oncology and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Sheffield, UK.
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Sung CM, Kim RJ, Hah YS, Gwark JY, Park HB. In vitro effects of alendronate on fibroblasts of the human rotator cuff tendon. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:19. [PMID: 31926548 PMCID: PMC6955091 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-3014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone mineral density of the humeral head is an independent determining factor for postoperative rotator cuff tendon healing. Bisphosphonates, which are commonly used to treat osteoporosis, have raised concerns regarding their relationships to osteonecrosis of the jaw and to atypical fracture of the femur. In view of the prevalence of rotator cuff tear in osteoporotic elderly people, it is important to determine whether bisphosphonates affect rotator cuff tendon healing. However, no studies have investigated bisphosphonates’ cytotoxicity to human rotator cuff tendon fibroblasts (HRFs) or bisphosphonates’ effects on rotator cuff tendon healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of alendronate (Ald), a bisphosphonate, and its effects on HRF wound healing. Methods HRFs were obtained from human supraspinatus tendons, using primary cell cultures. The experimental groups were control, 0.1 μM Ald, 1 μM Ald, 10 μM Ald, and 100 μM Ald. Alendronate exposure was for 48 h, except during a cell viability analysis with durations from 1 day to 6 days. The experimental groups were evaluated for cell viability, cell cycle and cell proliferation, type of cell death, caspase activity, and wound-healing ability. Results The following findings regarding the 100 μM Ald group contrasted with those for all the other experimental groups: a significantly lower rate of live cells (p < 0.01), a higher rate of subG1 population, a lower rate of Ki-67 positive cells, higher rates of apoptosis and necrosis, a higher number of cells with DNA fragmentation, higher caspase-3/7 activity (p < 0.001), and a higher number of caspase-3 positive staining cells. In scratch-wound healing analyses of all the experimental groups, all the wounds healed within 48 h, except in the 100 μM Ald group (p < 0.001). Conclusions Low concentrations of alendronate appear to have little effect on HRF viability, proliferation, migration, and wound healing. However, high concentrations are significantly cytotoxic, impairing cellular proliferation, cellular migration, and wound healing in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Meen Sung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ra Jeong Kim
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Young-Sool Hah
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Gwark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea, 51472
| | - Hyung Bin Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea, 51472.
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Buranrat B, Prawan A, Senggunprai L, Kukongviriyapan V. Inhibition of growth and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells by pamidronate. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3977-3983. [PMID: 31611937 PMCID: PMC6781803 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pamidronate has been hypothesized to effectively inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis in bone tissue. Furthermore, pamidronate (Pami) exerts various direct effects against several cancer cell types, including growth and migration. The present study aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of Pami's effect on the proliferation and migration of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. KKU-100 cells were used to determine the effects of Pami on cell death and migration. The following were assessed: Sulforhodamine B, colony formation, apoptosis via flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase-3 activity. In addition, the effects of the test compound on the mevalonate (MVA) signaling pathway were determined via western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Cell migration was observed via wound healing, Matrigel and gelatin zymography. The results indicated that Pami induced CCA cell death and inhibited colony formation in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 444.67±44.05 µM at 24 h and 147.33±17.01 µM at 48 h. Furthermore, Pami treatment suppressed colony formation at a lower concentration than growth inhibition with IC50 values of 5.36±0.31 µM. The mechanism of growth inhibition was determined to potentially be associated with increased ROS generation and stimulated caspase-3 enzyme activity, leading to the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, Pami treatment interfered with the MVA signaling pathway by reducing Rac1 protein levels and modulating the gene and protein expression of RhoA. Furthermore, Pami suppressed CCA cell migration by decreasing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 levels. Additionally, Pami treatment activated CCA cell death and inhibited CCA migration at low concentrations. Pami significantly decreased the protein expression levels of Rac1 in the MVA signaling pathway and may therefore be beneficial for developing a novel chemotherapeutic method for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Buranrat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Muang, MahaSarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Auemduan Prawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Laddawan Senggunprai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Veerapol Kukongviriyapan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand.,Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen 40002, Thailand
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Doris MK, Everett RJ, Shun-Shin M, Clavel MA, Dweck MR. The Role of Imaging in Measuring Disease Progression and Assessing Novel Therapies in Aortic Stenosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:185-197. [PMID: 30621990 PMCID: PMC6323414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aortic stenosis represents a growing health care burden in high-income countries. Currently, the only definitive treatment is surgical or transcatheter valve intervention at the end stages of disease. As the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology evolves, many promising therapies are being investigated. These seek to both slow disease progression in the valve and delay the transition from hypertrophy to heart failure in the myocardium, with the ultimate aim of avoiding the need for valve replacement in the elderly patients afflicted by this condition. Noninvasive imaging has played a pivotal role in enhancing our understanding of the complex pathophysiology underlying aortic stenosis, as well as disease progression in both the valve and myocardium. In this review, the authors discuss the means by which contemporary imaging may be used to assess disease progression and how these approaches may be utilized, both in clinical practice and research trials exploring the clinical efficacy of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mhairi K Doris
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Russell J Everett
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Shun-Shin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- Department of Medicine, Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc R Dweck
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Barillari G, Monini P, Sgadari C, Ensoli B. The Impact of Human Papilloma Viruses, Matrix Metallo-Proteinases and HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Onset and Progression of Uterine Cervix Epithelial Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1418. [PMID: 29747434 PMCID: PMC5983696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of uterine cervix epithelial cells by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) is associated with the development of dysplastic/hyperplastic lesions, termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), a leading cause of death worldwide. CIN is particularly frequent and aggressive in women infected by both HPV and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), as compared to the general female population. In these individuals, however, therapeutic regimens employing HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) have reduced CIN incidence and/or clinical progression, shedding light on the mechanism(s) of its development. This article reviews published work concerning: (i) the role of HPV proteins (including HPV-E5, E6 and E7) and of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in CIN evolution into invasive CC; and (ii) the effect of HIV-PI on events leading to CIN progression such as basement membrane and extracellular matrix invasion by HPV-positive CIN cells and the formation of new blood vessels. Results from the reviewed literature indicate that CIN clinical progression can be monitored by evaluating the expression of MMPs and HPV proteins and they suggest the use of HIV-PI or their derivatives for the block of CIN evolution into CC in both HIV-infected and uninfected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Higuchi T, Takeuchi A, Munesue S, Yamamoto N, Hayashi K, Kimura H, Miwa S, Inatani H, Shimozaki S, Kato T, Aoki Y, Abe K, Taniguchi Y, Aiba H, Murakami H, Harashima A, Yamamoto Y, Tsuchiya H. Anti-tumor effects of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug zaltoprofen on chondrosarcoma via activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and suppressing matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1944-1954. [PMID: 29573200 PMCID: PMC5943440 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical resection is the only treatment for chondrosarcomas, because of their resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; therefore, additional strategies are crucial to treat chondrosarcomas. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which has been reported as a possible therapeutic target in certain malignancies including chondrosarcomas. In this study, we demonstrated that a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, zaltoprofen, could induce PPARγ activation and elicit anti-tumor effects in chondrosarcoma cells. Zaltoprofen was found to induce expressions of PPARγ mRNA and protein in human chondrosarcoma SW1353 and OUMS27 cells, and induce PPARγ-responsible promoter reporter activities. Inhibitory effects of zaltoprofen were observed on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2); these effects were dependent on PPARγ activation and evidenced by silencing PPARγ. Moreover, we showed a case of a patient with cervical chondrosarcoma (grade 2), who was treated with zaltoprofen and has been free from disease progression for more than 2 years. Histopathological findings revealed enhanced expression of PPARγ and reduced expression of MMP2 after administration of zaltoprofen. These findings demonstrate that zaltoprofen could be a promising drug against the malignant phenotypes in chondrosarcomas via activation of PPARγ and inhibition of MMP2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Higuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Seiichi Munesue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inatani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shingo Shimozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yu Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kensaku Abe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yuta Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hisaki Aiba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Hideki Murakami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Ai Harashima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8641, Japan
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Pawade TA, Newby DE, Dweck MR. Calcification in Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 66:561-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Levels of Cytokines and Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the Synovial Fluid of Osteoarthritic Horses Treated With Pamidronate. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.03.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Yin H, Zhou W, Meng J, Zhang D, Wu Z, Wang T, Wang J, Wang P, Shi X, Wu S, Zhao J, Xiao J. Prognostic factors of patients with spinal chondrosarcoma: a retrospective analysis of 98 consecutive patients in a single center. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3572-8. [PMID: 24833099 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chondrosarcoma (CHS) in the spine is relatively rare and minimal information has been published in the literature regarding this subject. The objective of our study was to discuss the factors that may affect outcomes of patients with spinal CHS. METHODS Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors for recurrence, distant metastasis, and survival of spinal CHS. T test, χ (2) test and rank sum test were used to analyze a single factor for recurrence and metastasis, while survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Factors with p values of ≤0.1 were subjected to multivariate analyses by binary logistic regression analyses or Cox regression analyses. p Values of ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 98 patients with spinal CHS were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 49.7 months (range 6-178). Recurrence was detected in 42 patients after initial surgery in our center, while distant metastasis and death occurred in 24 and 32 cases, respectively. The statistical analyses suggested that pathology grade III was closely related with distant metastasis which was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Total en bloc spondylectomy could significantly decrease the risk of recurrence, distant metastasis, and death of patients with spinal CHS. CONCLUSIONS Total en bloc spondylectomy could significantly decrease the risk of recurrence and distant metastasis, and meanwhile improve overall survival of spinal CHS. Distant metastasis which was closely associated with pathology grade III was an adverse prognostic factor for overall survival of spinal CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Yin
- Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is involved in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-enhanced cell motility and matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression in human chondrosarcoma cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15459-78. [PMID: 23892595 PMCID: PMC3759868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is the primary malignancy of bone that is characterized by a potent capacity to invade locally and cause distant metastasis, and is therefore associated with poor prognoses. Chondrosarcoma further shows a predilection for metastasis to the lungs. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a small molecule in the neurotrophin family of growth factors that is associated with the disease status and outcome of cancers. However, the effect of BDNF on cell motility in human chondrosarcoma cells is mostly unknown. Here, we found that human chondrosarcoma cell lines had significantly higher cell motility and BDNF expression compared to normal chondrocytes. We also found that BDNF increased cell motility and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in human chondrosarcoma cells. BDNF-mediated cell motility and MMP-1 up-regulation were attenuated by Trk inhibitor (K252a), ASK1 inhibitor (thioredoxin), JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and p38 inhibitor (SB203580). Furthermore, BDNF also promoted Sp1 activation. Our results indicate that BDNF enhances the migration and invasion activity of chondrosarcoma cells by increasing MMP-1 expression through a signal transduction pathway that involves the TrkB receptor, ASK1, JNK/p38, and Sp1. BDNF thus represents a promising new target for treating chondrosarcoma metastasis.
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Power PF, Mak IWY, Singh S, Popovic S, Gladdy R, Ghert M. ETV5 as a regulator of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in human chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:493-501. [PMID: 22968857 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a unique type of bone cancer in that it does not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and therefore many affected patients die from metastatic disease. Metastasis has been correlated with the upregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of proteases, which can degrade extracellular components. ETV5 is a transcription factor which has shown to be overexpressed in various types of invasive tumors. We hypothesized that ETV5 regulates MMP2 in human chondrosarcoma with the protease acting as a downstream effector. Gene knock-down of ETV5 in human chondrosarcoma cells reduces MMP2 mRNA expression as well as decreased protein production and significantly decreased MMP2 activity. With plasmid transfected ETV5 upregulation, MMP2 expression is similarly upregulated at the gene expression and protein levels. Data from our bone resorption studies revealed that when a matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibitor is added to the growth media of chondrosarcoma cells, collagen released from bone chips incubated with the cells decreased by 27%. This data suggests that ETV5 has a significant role in regulating MMP2 expression and therefore matrix resorption in human chondrosarcoma, and thus may be a targetable upstream effector of the metastatic cascade in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia F Power
- Department of Health Science Graduate Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Mavrogenis AF, Gambarotti M, Angelini A, Palmerini E, Staals EL, Ruggieri P, Papagelopoulos PJ. Chondrosarcomas revisited. Orthopedics 2012; 35:e379-90. [PMID: 22385450 DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20120222-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant bone tumors with pure hyaline cartilage differentiation; myxoid changes, calcification, or ossification may be present. Several subtypes of chondrosarcomas exist. Behavior patterns vary, ranging from slow-growing nonmetastasizing lesions to aggressive metastasizing sarcomas. Symptoms are usually mild, with duration ranging from several months to years, and usually consist of persistent, dull, aching pain or palpable masses. Radiographic findings include bone expansion with cortical thickening, radiolucent areas with variably distributed punctate or ring-like matrix calcifications, cortical erosion or destruction, endosteal scalloping, and scant or absent periosteal reaction; extension into the soft tissue may be present. Histological differential diagnosis from benign cartilaginous lesions can be achieved by increased cellularity, enlarged plump nuclei, binucleated cells, hyperchromatic nuclear pleomorphism, and permeation of cortical or medullary bone. Atypia is usually mild to moderate; necrosis and mitoses can be seen, particularly in high-grade lesions. Adequate surgery is the mainstay of treatment. High-grade and pelvic chondrosarcomas are best managed with wide resection. Because of the low metastatic potential and low local recurrence rate noted with intralesional surgery, low-grade chondrosarcomas can be treated with curettage (with or without treatment of the defect cavity) with a local adjuvant, such as phenol or cryotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be considered for mesenchymal and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Radiation therapy can be considered after incomplete resection or if resection is not feasible or would cause unacceptable morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F Mavrogenis
- First Department of Orthopaedics, ATTIKON University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 41 Ventouri St, 15562 Holargos, Athens, Greece.
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The Bone Niche of Chondrosarcoma: A Sanctuary for Drug Resistance, Tumour Growth and also a Source of New Therapeutic Targets. Sarcoma 2011; 2011:932451. [PMID: 21647363 PMCID: PMC3103994 DOI: 10.1155/2011/932451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-forming tumours representing around 20% of malignant primary tumours of bone and affect mainly adults in the third to sixth decade of life. Unfortunately, the molecular pathways controlling the genesis and the growth of chondrosarcoma cells are still not fully defined. It is well admitted that the invasion of bone by tumour cells affects the balance between early bone resorption and formation and induces an “inflammatory-like” environment which establishes a dialogue between tumour cells and their environment. The bone tumour microenvironment is then described as a sanctuary that contributes to the drug resistance patterns and may control at least in part the tumour growth. The concept of “niche” defined as a specialized microenvironment that can promote the emergence of tumour stem cells and provide all the required factors for their development recently emerges in the literature. The present paper aims to summarize the main evidence sustaining the existence of a specific bone niche in the pathogenesis of chondrosarcomas.
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Broadhead ML, Clark JCM, Dass CR, Choong PFM, Myers DE. Therapeutic targeting of osteoclast function and pathways. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:169-81. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.546351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage tumours. They are poorly responsive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Treatment is usually limited to surgical resection; however, survival of patients with high-grade chondrosarcoma is poor, even with wide surgical resection. Induction of apoptosis in chondrosarcoma cells, either directly or by enhancement of the response to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, may be a route by which outcome can be improved. In this article, we review potential molecular targets that regulate chondrocyte apoptosis and discuss the experimental evidence for their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuor Jamil
- Osteoarticular Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Bovée JVMG, Hogendoorn PCW, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Cartilage tumours and bone development: molecular pathology and possible therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10:481-8. [PMID: 20535132 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a group, cartilage tumours are the most common primary bone lesions. They range from benign lesions, such as enchondromas and osteochondromas, to malignant chondrosarcoma. The benign lesions result from the deregulation of the hedgehog signalling pathway, which is involved in normal bone development. These lesions can be the precursors of malignant chondrosarcomas, which are notoriously resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cytogenetic studies and mouse models are beginning to identify genes and signalling pathways that have roles in tumour progression, such as hedgehog, p53, insulin-like growth factor, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, hypoxia-inducible factor, matrix metalloproteinases, SRC and AKT, suggesting potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO BOX 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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