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Bernhard W, Barreto K, El-Sayed A, Gonzalez C, Viswas RS, Toledo D, Casaco A, DeCoteau J, Fonge H, Geyer CR. Pre-clinical study of IRDye800CW-nimotuzumab formulation, stability, pharmacokinetics, and safety. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:270. [PMID: 33711962 PMCID: PMC7953729 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a target for cancer therapy as it is overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers. Therapeutic antibodies that bind EGFR are being evaluated in clinical trials as imaging agents for positron emission tomography and image-guided surgery. However, some of these antibodies have safety concerns such as infusion reactions, limiting their use in imaging applications. Nimotuzumab is a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that is specific for EGFR and has been used as a therapy in a number of countries. Methods Formulation of IRDye800CW-nimotuzumab for a clinical trial application was prepared. The physical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties were tested to develop the specifications to determine stability of the product. The acute and delayed toxicities were tested and IRDye800CW-nimotuzumab was determined to be non-toxic. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetics analysis was used to determine the half-life of IRDye800CW-nimotuzumab. Results IRDye800CW-nimotuzumab was determined to be non-toxic from the acute and delayed toxicity study. The half-life of IRDye800CW-nimotuzumab was determined to be 38 ± 1.5 h. A bi-exponential analysis was also used which gave a t1/2 alpha of 1.5 h and t1/2 beta of 40.8 h. Conclusions Here, we show preclinical studies demonstrating that nimotuzumab conjugated to IRDye800CW is safe and does not exhibit toxicities commonly associated with EGFR targeting antibodies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08003-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Bernhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kris Barreto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ayman El-Sayed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raja Solomon Viswas
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - John DeCoteau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Clarence Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Liang R, Yang L, Zhu X. Nimotuzumab, an Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibody, in the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Control 2021; 28:1073274821989301. [PMID: 33504193 PMCID: PMC8482709 DOI: 10.1177/1073274821989301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in most of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) samples and is associated with poor outcomes. Therefore, targeting EGFR may be a promising strategy to improve patient prognosis. Nimotuzumab is a humanized anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that combination nimotuzumab and induction chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or concurrent chemoradiotherapy confer benefits for patients with NPC. Moreover, the side effects of such regimes are tolerable. In this review, we focus on the current data of nimotuzumab in clinical trials in the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renba Liang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High-Incidence-Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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3
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Shin HK, Kim MS, Lee JK, Lee SS, Ji YH, Kim JI, Jeong JH. Combination Effect of Cetuximab with Radiation in Colorectal Cancer Cells. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 96:713-20. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161009600513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the commonest malignant disorders and frequently associated with high expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), resulting in advanced disease and a poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the radiosensitizing effects of the selective EGFR inhibitor cetuximab in human CRC cell lines. Methods Four human CRC cell lines, CaCo-2, HCT-8, LoVo, and WiDr, were treated with cetuximab and/or radiation. The effects on cell proliferation and viability were measured by MTT and annexin-V staining, and clonogenic survival assay. The in vivo effect on the growth of CRC xenografts was assessed in athymic nude mice. Results Cetuximab in combination with radiation significantly inhibited the in vitro proliferation of CRC cells, with a concomitant increase in cell death, except in WiDr cells. Clonogenic survival assay confirmed that cetuximab worked as a radiosensitizer in three cetuximab-sensitivie CRC cells. However, no correlations were found between the radiosensitivity and EGFR expression level or mutation status of EGFR signaling molecules. In nude mice bearing CRC cell xenografts, cetuximab plus radiation significantly inhibited the tumor growth over either agent alone. Interestingly, the WiDr xenograft was also sensitive to cetuximab and/or radiation in vivo, suggesting host-mediated effects of cetuximab. Conclusions Cetuximab enhanced the radiosensitivity of CRC cells in vitro and efficiently inhibited xenograft tumor growth. This study provided a rationale for the clinical application of the selective EGFR inhibitor cetuximab in combination with radiation in CRC. Free full text available at www.tumorionline.it
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul
| | - Jin Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul
| | - Seung-Sook Lee
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul
| | | | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Food and Microbial Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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4
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Xing M, Wang X, Chi Y, Zhou D. Gene therapy for colorectal cancer using adenovirus-mediated full-length antibody, cetuximab. Oncotarget 2017; 7:28262-72. [PMID: 27058423 PMCID: PMC5053725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody, approved to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for years. It functions by blocking the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from receiving signals or interacting with other proteins. Although the demand for cetuximab for the treatment of cancer patients in clinics is increasing, the complicated techniques involved and its high cost limit its wide applications. Here, a new, cheaper form of cetuximab was generated for cancer gene therapy. This was achieved by cloning the full-length cetuximab antibody into two serotypes of adenoviral vectors, termed as AdC68-CTB and Hu5-CTB. In vivo studies showed that a single dose of AdC68-CTB or Hu5-CTB induced sustained cetuximab expression and dramatically suppressed tumor growth in NCI-H508– or DiFi-inoculated nude mice. In conclusion, gene therapy using adenovirus expressing full-length cetuximab could be a novel alternative method for the effective treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xing
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yudan Chi
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Ahel J, Dordevic G, Markic D, Mozetic V, Spanjol J, Grahovac B, Stifter S. Nuclear EGFR characterize still controlled proliferation retained in better differentiated clear cell RCC. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:183-5. [PMID: 25959864 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common solid kidney tumor representing 2-3% of all cancers, with the highest frequency occurring in Western countries. There was a worldwide and European annual increase in incidence of approximately 2% although incidence has been stabilized in last few years. One third of the patients already have metastases in the time of the diagnosis with poor prognosis because RCC are radio and chemoresistant. The prognostic value of EGFR over-expression in RCC is a controversial issue that could be explained by different histological types of study tumors and non-standardized criteria for evaluation of expression. Recent evidences points to a new mode of EGFR signaling pathway in which activated EGFR undergoes nuclear translocalization and then, as transcription factor, mediates gene expression and other cellular events required for highly proliferating activities. According to our observations, the membranous expression of EGFR associates with high nuclear grade and poor differentiated tumors. On the other hand, nuclear EGFR expression was high in low nuclear graded and well differentiated tumors with good prognosis. We hypothesize that this mode of EGFR signaling characterizes still controlled proliferation retained in well differentiated RCC with Furhman nuclear grade I or II.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ahel
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - G Dordevic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - D Markic
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - V Mozetic
- Medico Polyclinic, Agatićeva 8, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - J Spanjol
- Department of Urology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - B Grahovac
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Stifter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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McKinley ET, Watchmaker JM, Chakravarthy AB, Meyerhardt JA, Engelman JA, Walker RC, Washington MK, Coffey RJ, Manning HC. [(18)F]-FLT PET to predict early response to neoadjuvant therapy in KRAS wild-type rectal cancer: a pilot study. Ann Nucl Med 2015; 29:535-42. [PMID: 25899481 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-015-0974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT This pilot study evaluated the utility of 3'-deoxy-3'[18F]-fluorothymidine ([(18)F]-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy that included cetuximab in patients with wild-type KRAS rectal cancers. METHODS Baseline [(18)F]-FLT PET was collected prior to treatment initiation. Follow-up [(18)F]-FLT was collected after three weekly infusions of cetuximab, and following a combined regimen of cetuximab, 5-FU, and radiation. Imaging-matched biopsies were collected with each PET study. RESULTS Diminished [(18)F]-FLT PET was observed in 3/4 of patients following cetuximab treatment alone and in all patients following combination therapy. Reduced [(18)F]-FLT PET following combination therapy predicted disease-free status at surgery. Overall, [(18)F]-FLT PET agreed with Ki67 immunoreactivity from biopsy samples and surgically resected tissue, and was predictive of treatment-induced rise in p27 levels. CONCLUSION These results suggest that [(18)F]-FLT PET is a promising imaging biomarker to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy that included EGFR blockade with cetuximab in patients with rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot T McKinley
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical School, 1161 21st Ave. S., AA1105 MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232-2310, USA
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Yi CH, Ruan CP, Wang H, Xu XY, Zhao YP, Fang M, Ji J, Gu X, Gao CF. Function characterization of a glyco-engineered anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1439-46. [PMID: 25263334 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the biochemical features and activities of a glyco-engineered form of the anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (EGFR mAb) cetuximab in vitro. METHODS The genes encoding the Chinese hamster bisecting glycosylation enzyme (GnTIII) and anti-human EGFR mAb were cloned and coexpressed in CHO DG44 cells. The bisecting-glycosylated recombinant EGFR mAb (bisec-EGFR mAb) produced by these cells was characterized with regard to its glycan profile, antiproliferative activity, Fc receptor binding affinity and cell lysis capability. The content of galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) in the bisec-EGFR mAb was measured using HPAEC-PAD. RESULTS The bisec-EGFR mAb had a higher content of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues. Compared to the wild type EGFR mAb, the bisec-EGFR mAb exhibited 3-fold higher cell lysis capability in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay, and 1.36-fold higher antiproliferative activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma line A431. Furthermore, the bisec-EGFR mAb had a higher binding affinity for human FcγRIa and FcγRIIIa-158F than the wild type EGFR mAb. Moreover, α-Gal, which was responsible for cetuximab-induced hypersensitivity reactions, was not detected in the bisec-EGFR mAb. CONCLUSION The glyco-engineered EGFR mAb with more bisecting modifications and lower α-Gal content than the approved therapeutic antibody Erbitux shows improved functionality in vitro, and requires in vivo validations.
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8
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Guo P, You JO, Yang J, Jia D, Moses MA, Auguste DT. Inhibiting metastatic breast cancer cell migration via the synergy of targeted, pH-triggered siRNA delivery and chemokine axis blockade. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:755-65. [PMID: 24467226 PMCID: PMC3993942 DOI: 10.1021/mp4004699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because breast cancer patient survival inversely correlates with metastasis, we engineered vehicles to inhibit both the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) mediated migratory pathways. pH-responsive liposomes were designed to protect and trigger the release of Lcn2 siRNA. Liposomes were modified with anti-CXCR4 antibodies to target metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cells and block migration along the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis. This synergistic approach--coupling the CXCR4 axis blockade with Lcn2 silencing--significantly reduced migration in triple-negative human breast cancer cells (88% for MDA-MB-436 and 92% for MDA-MB-231). The results suggested that drug delivery vehicles engineered to attack multiple migratory pathways may effectively slow progression of MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
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9
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Chaiyasit K, Wiwanitkit V. Prostate specific antigen change after administration of nimotuzumab in prostate cancer. South Asian J Cancer 2014; 2:125. [PMID: 24455582 PMCID: PMC3892532 DOI: 10.4103/2278-330x.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kamon Chaiyasit
- Nutritional Clinic, Maefahlaung University Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Cheng YD, Yang H, Chen GQ, Zhang ZC. Molecularly targeted drugs for metastatic colorectal cancer. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2013; 7:1315-22. [PMID: 24204124 PMCID: PMC3817019 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s52485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The survival rate of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has significantly improved with applications of molecularly targeted drugs, such as bevacizumab, and led to a substantial improvement in the overall survival rate. These drugs are capable of specifically targeting the inherent abnormal pathways in cancer cells, which are potentially less toxic than traditional nonselective chemotherapeutics. In this review, the recent clinical information about molecularly targeted therapy for mCRC is summarized, with specific focus on several of the US Food and Drug Administration-approved molecularly targeted drugs for the treatment of mCRC in the clinic. Progression-free and overall survival in patients with mCRC was improved greatly by the addition of bevacizumab and/or cetuximab to standard chemotherapy, in either first- or second-line treatment. Aflibercept has been used in combination with folinic acid (leucovorin)-fluorouracil-irinotecan (FOLFIRI) chemotherapy in mCRC patients and among patients with mCRC with wild-type KRAS, the outcomes were significantly improved by panitumumab in combination with folinic acid (leucovorin)-fluorouracil-oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or FOLFIRI. Because of the new preliminary studies, it has been recommended that regorafenib be used with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI as first- or second-line treatment of mCRC chemotherapy. In summary, an era of new opportunities has been opened for treatment of mCRC and/or other malignancies, resulting from the discovery of new selective targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-dong Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Zhuang HQ, Bo QF, Yuan ZY, Wang J, Zhao LJ, Wang P. The different radiosensitivity when combining erlotinib with radiation at different administration schedules might be related to activity variations in c-MET-PI3K-AKT signal transduction. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 6:603-8. [PMID: 23745052 PMCID: PMC3671795 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s44505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper was to investigate the efficacy and activity variation associated with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction when combining erlotinib with radiation, using different administration schedules. MATERIALS AND METHODS Erlotinib was delivered to A973 cancer cells in the following three ways: (1) irradiation after administration, (2) irradiation upon administration, and, (3) irradiation before administration. The cell-survival rates were detected using colony-forming assays, while cell apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry. The expression levels of C-MET, p-C-MET, AKT, and p-AKT were determined via Western blotting analysis, under 6 Gy irradiation with/ without erlotinib. RESULTS The sensitizer enhancement ratios (SERs) of erlotinib irradiation after administration, irradiation upon administration, and irradiation before administration groups were 2.19, 1.53, and 1.38, respectively. A higher apoptosis rate was observed when irradiation was delivered after erlotinib. In addition, changes in cell apoptosis were found to be related to concurrent changes in C-MET, p-C-MET, AKT, and p-AKT expression. Protein expression increased in the combination groups, with trends showing a negative relationship with cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION The radiosensitive effect of erlotinib varied because of the different administration schedules; this variation may be related to PI3K signal transduction and its associated regulating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, and Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Zhuang HQ, Yuan ZY, Wang J, Wang P, Zhao LJ, Zhang BL. Research progress on criteria for discontinuation of EGFR inhibitor therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2012; 5:263-70. [PMID: 23082072 PMCID: PMC3475392 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s36103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) as therapeutic agents has prompted great interest in their further development and clinical testing for a wide variety of malignancies. However, most studies have focused on the efficacy of TKI, and few studies have been done on the criteria for their discontinuation. The current standard for drug discontinuation is “until progression”, based on change in tumor size. However, tumor size is not related to the gene expression which determines the efficacy of TKI in the final analysis, and it is also difficult to make a thorough and correct prediction based on tumor size when the TKI is discontinued. Nevertheless, clinical evaluation of the criteria for TKI discontinuation is still in its early days. Some promising findings have started to emerge. With the improving knowledge of EGFR and its inhibitors, it is expected that the criteria for discontinuation of EGFR inhibitor therapy will become clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Guo P, You JO, Yang J, Moses MA, Auguste DT. Using breast cancer cell CXCR4 surface expression to predict liposome binding and cytotoxicity. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8104-10. [PMID: 22884683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary cause of mortality in breast cancer is tumor aggressiveness, characterized by metastases to regional lymph nodes, bone marrow, lung, and liver. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) has been shown to mobilize breast cancer cells along chemokine gradients. Quantification of CXCR4 surface expression may predict the efficacy of anti-CXCR4 labeled liposomal therapeutics to target and kill breast cancer cells. We evaluated gene and surface receptor expression of CXCR4 on breast cancer cell lines distinguished as having low and high invasiveness, MDA-MB-175VII and HCC1500, respectively. CXCR4 surface expression did not correlate with invasiveness. MDA-MB-175VII exhibited more binding to anti-CXCR4 labeled liposomes relative to HCC1500. Increased binding correlated with greater cell death relative to IgG labeled liposomes. Quantitative cell characterization may be used to select targeted therapeutics with enhanced efficacy and minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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14
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Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma: relationship with tumor stage and survival after esophagectomy. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:941954. [PMID: 22792097 PMCID: PMC3389676 DOI: 10.1155/2012/941954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) is an aggressive tumor with increasing incidence in occidental countries. Several prognostic biomarkers have been proposed, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The aim of this study was to assess whether EGFR expression predicts EA staging and patient survival. Methods. In this historical cohort, consecutive patients with EA managed between 2000 and 2010 were considered eligible for the study. Surgical specimens of patients treated with transhiatal esophagectomy were evaluated to establish EGFR expression and tumor differentiation. Staging was classified according with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system. Survival was determined according to either medical register or patient's family contact. Results. Thirty-seven patients who underwent esophagectomy without presurgical chemotherapy or radiotherapy were studied. EGFR expression was found in 16 patients (43%). EGFR expression was more frequent as higher was the TNM (I and II = 0% versus III = 47% versus IV = 100%; P < 0.001). Average survival in months was significantly shorter in the group of patients with EGFR expression (10.5 versus 21.7; P = 0.001). Conclusions. In patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma treated with transhiatal esophagectomy, EGFR expression was related to higher TNM staging and shorter survival. EGFR expression might be assumed as a prognostic marker for esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Abstract
Drug resistance in cancer arises from a complex range of biochemical and molecular events, which ultimately result in tumor cell survival. Identifying key genes and signal pathways involved in the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance is essential for establishment of new drug targets for preventing further resistance development and spreading. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was the first growth factor receptor proposed as a target for cancer therapy. Significant progress in studying EGFR gene expression and mutation has been made in understanding the molecular events involved in EGFR-targeted agents. Recently, some individual chromosomal features such as EGFR copy number variation were demonstrated as new aspects related to drug sensitivity. Identifying these functional regulators of drug resistance will benefit therapeutic decision-making. In this study, we describe an extensive investigation of the published literature on mutation, amplification, and expression of EGFR and its downstream signaling that directly contribute to EGFR inhibitor resistance, including the gene status of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, PTEN, MEK, and AKT on response to therapy. Analysis of these gene signatures identified reveals general modes of action of multicomponent therapies and the mechanisms of specific drug combinations, highlights the potential value of molecular interaction profiles in the discovery of novel therapies, and provides more information for personalized cancer medicine.
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Modulation of endothelial cell network formation in vitro by molecular signaling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) exposed to cetuximab. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wiwanitkit V. Combination of EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors in breast cancer patient. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:1261. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors as promising cancer therapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:1172-80. [PMID: 20676117 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The year of 2005 was a watershed in the history of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors due to the important findings of selective killing in BRCA-deficient cancers by PARP inhibition. The findings made PARP inhibition one of the most promising new therapeutic approaches to cancers, especially to those with specific defects. With AZD2281 and BSI-201 entering phase III clinical trials, the final application of PARP inhibitors in clinic would come true soon. This current paper will review the major advances in targeting PARP for cancer therapy and discuss the existing questions, the answers to which may influence the future of PARP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics.
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are highly aggressive in patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB). Non-ultraviolet-related SCCs are the leading cause of death in patients with recessive dystrophic EB, particularly recessive dystrophic EB-generalized severe subtype (RDEB-GS). The mechanism of SCC development in patients with RDEB continues to be investigated and several theories have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya S Venugopal
- Department of Dermatology, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wang Y, Fang MZ, Jin HY. Recent advances in epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted therapy of colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1804-1809. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i17.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy has evolved recently as an important treatment modality for cancer, and the most extensively studied pathways for targeted therapy are those related to the drugs of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Much attention has been paid to the advantages and disadvantages of these drugs in clinical application. This paper provides a literature review of the recent advances in EGFR-targeted therapy of colorectal cancer.
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G protein-coupled receptors function as logic gates for nanoparticle binding and cell uptake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10667-72. [PMID: 20498042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912782107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
More selective interactions of nanoparticles with cells would substantially increase their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Thus, it would not only be highly desirable that nanoparticles can be addressed to any cell with high target specificity and affinity, but that we could unequivocally define whether they rest immobilized on the cell surface as a diagnostic tag, or if they are internalized to serve as a delivery vehicle for drugs. To date no class of targets is known that would allow direction of nanoparticle interactions with cells alternatively into one of these mutually exclusive events. Using MCF-7 breast cancer cells expressing the human Y(1)-receptor, we demonstrate that G protein-coupled receptors provide us with this option. We show that quantum dots carrying a surface-immobilized antagonist remain with nanomolar affinity on the cell surface, and particles carrying an agonist are internalized upon receptor binding. The receptor functions like a logic "and-gate" that grants cell access only to those particles that carry a receptor ligand "and" where the ligand is an agonist. We found that agonist- and antagonist-modified nanoparticles bind to several receptor molecules at a time. This multiligand binding leads to five orders of magnitude increased-receptor affinities, compared with free ligand, in displacement studies. More than 800 G protein-coupled receptors in humans provide us with the paramount advantage that targeting of a plethora of cells is possible, and that switching from cell recognition to cell uptake is simply a matter of nanoparticle surface modification with the appropriate choice of ligand type.
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Zhuang HQ, Wang J, Yuan ZY, Zhao LJ, Wang P, Wang CL. The drug-resistance to gefitinib in PTEN low expression cancer cells is reversed by irradiation in vitro. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2009; 28:123. [PMID: 19723324 PMCID: PMC2741431 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite of the recent success of EGFR inhibitory agents, the primary drug-resistant becomes a major challenge for EGFR inhibitor therapies. PTEN gene is an important positive regulatory factor for response to EGFR inhibitor therapy. Low-expression of PTEN is clearly one of the important reasons why tumor cells resisted to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Methods To investigate the drug-resistance reversal to gefitinb and the mechanism in PTEN low expression cells which radiated with X-rays in vitro, We demonstrated that H-157 lung cancer cells (low-expression of PTEN but phospho-EGFR overexpressed tumor cells) exposed to X-rays. The PTEN expressions and radiosensitizing effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitor before and after irradiation were observed. The cell-survival rates were evaluated by colony-forming assays. The cell apoptosis was investigated using FCM. The expressions of phospho-EGFR and PTEN were determined by Western blot analysis. Results The results showed that the PTEN expressions were significantly enhanced by X-rays. Moreover, the cell growth curve and survival curve were down-regulated in the gefitinib-treated groups after irradiation. Meanwhile, the radiation-induced apoptosis of tumor cells was increased by inhibition of the EGFR through up-regulation of PTEN. Conclusion These results suggested that PTEN gene is an important regulator on TKI inhibition, and the resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors might be reversed by irradiation in PTEN low expression cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, PR China.
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Zhuang HQ, Sun J, Yuan ZY, Wang J, Zhao LJ, Wang P, Ren XB, Wang CL. Radiosensitizing effects of gefitinib at different administration times in vitro. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1520-5. [PMID: 19432883 PMCID: PMC11159024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal administration time for applying epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors combined with radiotherapy has been unclear. We investigated the efficacy of combining gefitinib with radiation in different treatment schedules. We demonstrated that gefitinib was administered to A549 lung cancer cells in three ways (administration before irradiation, administration upon irradiation, administration after irradiation) to establish the radiosensitizing effect. Cell-survival rates were evaluated by colony-forming assays. Cell apoptosis and cell-cycle distribution were investigated using flow cytometry; meanwhile, the expression of P21, Cdc25c, Bcl-2, Bax, Rad51 and phosphorylated DNA-PKcs (phospho-DNA-PK) after 6 Gy irradiation and/or gefitinib were determined by Western blot analysis. The sensitizer enhancement ratios of the gefitinib administration before irradiation, administration upon irradiation, and administration after irradiation groups were 2.23, 1.51 and 1.30, respectively. A higher apoptosis rate and G(2)/M phase arrest were observed in cells at 48 h after exposure to 6 Gy irradiation when gefitinib was administrated before irradiation. Increased cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were further supported by the expression changes of Bcl-2, Bax, P21, Cdc25c, Rad51 and phospho-DNA-PK at the same time. The best radiosensitizing effect was obtained when gefitinib was delivered before irradiation. Apoptosis might be an important way of cell killing and G(2)/M phase arrest might be an important mechanism of apoptosis. The expression proportion changes of P21/Cdc25c proteins may play an important role in G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. Moreover, the pro-apoptotic/antiapoptotic and DNA repair factors may be important modulators taking part in the molecular events of the radiosensitizing effect of gefitinib combined with irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Zhuang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Lung Cancer Center, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China
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Niyazi M, Marini P, Daniel PT, Humphreys R, Jendrossek V, Belka C. Efficacy of a Triple Treatment with Irradiation, Agonistic TRAIL Receptor Antibodies and EGFR Blockade. Strahlenther Onkol 2009; 185:8-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-009-1856-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhuang HQ, Wang JJ, Liao AY, Wang JD, Zhao Y. The biological effect of 125I seed continuous low dose rate irradiation in CL187 cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:12. [PMID: 19175942 PMCID: PMC2655271 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the effectiveness and mechanism of 125I seed continuous low-dose-rate irradiation on colonic cell line CL187 in vitro. Methods The CL187 cell line was exposed to radiation of 60Coγ ray at high dose rate of 2 Gy/min and 125I seed at low dose rate of 2.77 cGy/h. Radiation responses to different doses and dose rates were evaluated by colony-forming assay. Under 125I seed low dose rate irradiation, a total of 12 culture dishes were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control group, and 2, 5, and 10 Gy irradiation groups. At 48 h after irradiation, apoptosis was detected by Annexin and Propidium iodide (PI) staining. Cell cycle arrests were detected by PI staining. In order to investigate the influence of low dose rate irradiation on the MAPK signal transduction, the expression changes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Raf under continuous low dose rate irradiation (CLDR) and/or EGFR monoclonal antibodies were determined by indirect immunofluorescence. Results The relative biological effect (RBE) for 125I seeds compared with 60Co γ ray was 1.41. Apoptosis rates of CL187 cancer cells were 13.74% ± 1.63%, 32.58% ± 3.61%, and 46.27% ± 3.82% after 2 Gy, 5 Gy, and 10 Gy irradiation, respectively; however, the control group apoptosis rate was 1.67% ± 0.19%. G2/M cell cycle arrests of CL187 cancer cells were 42.59% ± 3.21%, 59.84% ± 4.96%, and 34.61% ± 2.79% after 2 Gy, 5 Gy, and 10 Gy irradiation, respectively; however, the control group apoptosis rate was 26.44% ± 2.53%. P < 0.05 vs. control groups by Student's t-test were found in every treated group both in apoptosis and in G2/M cell cycle arrest. After low dose rate irradiation, EGFR and Raf expression increased, but when EGFR was blocked by a monoclonal antibody, EGFR and Raf expression did not change. Conclusion 125I seeds resulted in more effective inhibition than 60Co γ ray high dose rate irradiation in CL187 cells. Apoptosis following G2/M cell cycle arrest was the main mechanism of cell-killing effects under low dose rate irradiation. CLDR could influence the proliferation of cells via MAPK signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Qing Zhuang
- Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Manning HC, Merchant NB, Foutch AC, Virostko JM, Wyatt SK, Shah C, McKinley ET, Xie J, Mutic NJ, Washington MK, LaFleur B, Tantawy MN, Peterson TE, Ansari MS, Baldwin RM, Rothenberg ML, Bornhop DJ, Gore JC, Coffey RJ. Molecular imaging of therapeutic response to epidermal growth factor receptor blockade in colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 14:7413-22. [PMID: 19010858 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate noninvasive molecular imaging methods as correlative biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy of cetuximab in human colorectal cancer cell line xenografts grown in athymic nude mice. The correlation between molecular imaging and immunohistochemical analysis to quantify epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding, apoptosis, and proliferation was evaluated in treated and untreated tumor-bearing cohorts. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Optical imaging probes targeting EGF receptor (EGFR) expression (NIR800-EGF) and apoptosis (NIR700-Annexin V) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Proliferation was assessed by 3'-[18F]fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography. Assessment of inhibition of EGFR signaling by cetuximab was accomplished by concomitant imaging of NIR800-EGF, NIR700-Annexin V, and [18F]FLT in cetuximab-sensitive (DiFi) and insensitive (HCT-116) human colorectal cancer cell line xenografts. Imaging results were validated by measurement of tumor size and immunohistochemical analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, caspase-3, and Ki-67 immediately following in vivo imaging. RESULTS NIR800-EGF accumulation in tumors reflected relative EGFR expression and EGFR occupancy by cetuximab. NIR700-Annexin V accumulation correlated with cetuximab-induced apoptosis as assessed by immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3. No significant difference in tumor proliferation was noted between treated and untreated animals by [18F]FLT positron emission tomography or Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Molecular imaging can accurately assess EGF binding, proliferation, and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer xenografts. These imaging approaches may prove useful for serial, noninvasive monitoring of the biological effects of EGFR inhibition in preclinical studies. It is anticipated that these assays can be adapted for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Charles Manning
- Vanderbilt Institute of Imaging Science, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Tonra JR, Prewett M, Corcoran E, Hicklin DJ, Zhu Z. In vivo method for establishing synergy between antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 525:545-xv. [PMID: 19252838 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-554-1_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapy for cancer is shifting towards an approach of inhibiting multiple pathways, justified in part by the ability of cancer cells to overcome the inhibition of a single pathway. However the literature is replete with preclinical data supporting the anticancer potential of numerous combinations of targeted agents, making it difficult to select the combination strategies to invest in through clinical development. One characteristic of a combination strategy that can be utilized for prioritization is synergy. Synergy indicates that the effect of the combination is greater than that predicted from the monotherapy potencies. Here we describe a detailed method for establishing synergy between two treatments in vivo. We utilized this method to establish that antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 are synergistic with regard to antitumor effects, in a BxPC-3 subcutaneous xenograft model for pancreatic cancer.
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Cetuximab enhances the efficacy of bortezomib in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:387-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tortora G, Ciardiello F, Gasparini G. Combined targeting of EGFR-dependent and VEGF-dependent pathways: rationale, preclinical studies and clinical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:521-30. [PMID: 18594498 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity, redundancy of molecular pathways and effects of the microenvironment contribute to the survival, motility and metastasis of cells in solid tumors. It is unlikely that tumors are entirely dependent on only one abnormally activated signaling pathway; consequently, treatment with an agent that interferes with a single target may be insufficient. Combined blockade of functionally linked and relevant multiple targets has become an attractive therapeutic strategy. The EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) pathways and VEGF-dependent angiogenesis have a pivotal role in cancer pathogenesis and progression. Robust experimental evidence has shown that these pathways are functionally linked and has demonstrated a suggested role for VEGF in the acquired resistance to anti-ERBB drugs when these receptors are pharmacologically blocked. Combined inhibition of ERBB and VEGF signaling interferes with a molecular feedback loop responsible for acquired resistance to anti-ERBB agents and promotes apoptosis while ablating tumor-induced angiogenesis. To this aim, either two agents highly selective against VEGF and ERBB respectively, or, alternatively, a single multitargeted agent, can be used. Preclinical studies have proven the efficacy of both these approaches and early clinical studies have provided encouraging results. This Review discusses the experimental rationale for, preclinical studies of and clinical trials on combined blockade of ERBB and VEGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Tortora
- Clinical Unit and Laboratories of Molecular Therapy at the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Liver regeneration and tumor stimulation--a review of cytokine and angiogenic factors. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12:966-80. [PMID: 18181006 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-007-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Liver resection for metastatic (colorectal carcinoma) tumors is often followed by a significant incidence of tumor recurrence. Cellular and molecular changes resulting from hepatectomy and the subsequent liver regeneration process may influence the kinetics of tumor growth and contribute to recurrence. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that factors involved in liver regeneration may also stimulate the growth of occult tumors and the reactivation of dormant micrometastases. An understanding of the underlying changes may enable alternative strategies to minimize tumor recurrence and improve patient survival after hepatectomy.
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Ceresa BP, Vanlandingham PA. Molecular Mechanisms that Regulate Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inactivation. Clin Med Oncol 2008; 2:47-61. [PMID: 21892266 PMCID: PMC3161635 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is the prototypical receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). These cell surface receptors are integral membrane proteins that bind ligands on their extracellular domain and relay that information to within the cell. The activated EGFR regulates diverse cell fates such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. These signaling properties are important for the appropriate development and maintenance of an organism. However, when inappropriately controlled, due to EGFR overexpression or hyperactivation, these signaling events are characteristic of many cancers. It remains unclear whether the uncontrolled EGFR activity leads to cell transformation or is a consequence of cell transformation. Regardless of the cause, increased EGFR activity serves both as a biomarker in the diagnosis of some cancers and is a molecular target for anti-cancer therapies. The promising results with current anti-EGFR therapies suggest that the receptor is a viable molecular target for a limited number of applications. However, to become an effective therapeutic target for other cancers that have elevated levels of EGFR activity, current approaches for inhibiting EGFR signaling will need to be refined. Here we describe the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR inactivation and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for inhibiting EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Ceresa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190
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