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Yang XL, Yang Y, Fu FD, Wu CJ, Qin F, Yuan JH. Optimal pressure in penile rehabilitation with a vacuum erection device: evidence based on a rat model. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:516-521. [PMID: 30924453 PMCID: PMC6732895 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuum erection device (VED), used to treat radical prostatectomy (RP)-associated erectile dysfunction, has attracted considerable attention. However, the optimal negative pressure remains to be determined. This investigation explored the optimal pressure for VED therapy in penile rehabilitation. Thirty-six 9-week-old male rats were randomly divided into six groups: control groups (sham group, bilateral cavernous nerve crush [BCNC] group) and VED therapy groups (−200 mmHg group, −300 mmHg group, −400 mmHg group, −500 mmHg group). BCNC group and VED therapy groups underwent BCNC surgery. Intracavernosal pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP) ratio was calculated to assess erectile function. Masson's trichrome (MT) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, immunohistochemistry, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to explore cellular and molecular changes of the penis. Compared to the BCNC group, ICP/MAP ratios in all VED treatment groups were improved significantly (all P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences among VED therapy groups. With increased pressure, complications gradually emerged and increased in frequency. Expression of molecular indicators, such as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), increased after VED therapy, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) decreased. In addition, VED therapy improved the outcomes of MT and TUNEL assay. This investigation demonstrated a pressure of −200 mmHg in a rat model is optimal for VED therapy for penile rehabilitation after RP. No further benefits were observed with increased pressure, despite an increase in complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Liang Yang
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fu-Dong Fu
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chang-Jing Wu
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Qin
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiu-Hong Yuan
- Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Chambers SK, Occhipinti S, Stiller A, Zajdlewicz L, Nielsen L, Wittman D, Oliffe JL, Ralph N, Dunn J. Five-year outcomes from a randomised controlled trial of a couples-based intervention for men with localised prostate cancer. Psychooncology 2019; 28:775-783. [PMID: 30716188 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosexual morbidity is common after prostate cancer treatment, however, long-term prospective research is limited. We report 5-year outcomes from a couples-based intervention in dyads with men treated for localised prostate cancer with surgery. METHODS A randomised controlled trial was conducted involving 189 heterosexual couples, where the man received a radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. The trial groups were peer support vs. nurse counselling versus usual care. Primary outcomes were sexual adjustment, unmet sexual supportive care needs, masculine self-esteem, marital satisfaction, and utilisation of erectile aids at 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year follow-up. RESULTS The effects of the interventions varied across the primary outcomes. Partners in the peer group had higher sexual adjustment than those in the usual care and nurses group at 2 and 3 years (P = 0.002-0.035). Men in usual care had lower unmet sexual supportive care needs than men in the peer and nurse groups (P = 0.001; P = 0.01) at 3 years. Women in usual care had lower sexual supportive care needs than women in the peer group at 2 and 3 years (P = 0.038; P = 0.001). Men in the peer and nurse group utilised sexual aids more than men in usual care; at 5 years 54% of usual care men versus 87% of men in peer support and 80% of men in the nurse group. CONCLUSION Peer and nurse-administered psychosexual interventions have potential for increasing men's adherence to treatments for erectile dysfunction. Optimal effects may be achieved through an integrated approach applying these modes of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne K Chambers
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer (ANZUP) Trials Group, Sydney, Australia.,Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stefano Occhipinti
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Anna Stiller
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leah Zajdlewicz
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lisa Nielsen
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ralph
- Australian and New Zealand Urogenital and Prostate Cancer (ANZUP) Trials Group, Sydney, Australia.,Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Jeff Dunn
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
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3
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Abstract
Although many cancer survivors diagnosed with early-stage disease will outlive their cancer, they may continue to experience long-term and/or latent side effects due to cancer treatment. Many of these side effects are common and contribute to worse quality of life, morbidity, and mortality for cancer survivors. This article summarizes the treatment side effects for several of the most prevalent cancers in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Gegechkori
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lindsay Haines
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jenny J Lin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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4
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Topical alprostadil (Vitaros ©) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction after non-nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Urologia 2017; 85:55-59. [PMID: 28967058 DOI: 10.5301/uj.5000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the treatment with topical alprostadil (Vitaros©) in post-robot assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) rehabilitation therapy of patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS Seventy-four patients were enrolled and underwent non-nerve-sparing RARP. INCLUSION CRITERIA age <75, preoperatively International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) >16, erection hardness score (EHS) ⩾2, weekly sexual intercourse ⩾1, affirmative answers to Sexual Encounter Profile Question (SEP-Q) 2 and SEP-Q3, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) ⩽5, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ⩽1, no moderate/severe cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Vitaros was administered ⩾2 twice a week. At month 6, the IIEF-5 decreased from 20.5 preoperative to 18.1 post-treatment. EHS score decreased from a mean of 3.3 to a mean of 3.0. The quality of life score decreased from an average of 5.1 to 2.3. Weekly sexual intercourse decreased from an average of 2.1 to 1.7. Six patients dropped out; 89.7% patients showed a positive SEP-Q2 and 77.8% a positive SEP-Q3. All patients responded positively to Global Assessment Questions (GAQ)-1 and 97% to GAQ-2. Of all 68 analyzed patients, 13 (17.6%) switched to intracavernous injection therapy. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Vitaros may become a viable alternative to common injective therapies in well-selected patients after RARP.
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The Protective Effect of Salidroside on Hypoxia-Induced Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Transformation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3530281. [PMID: 28798798 PMCID: PMC5535750 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3530281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Salidroside, a major active ingredient isolated from Rhodiola rosea, has a long application in Chinese medical history. It has widely demonstrated effects on fatigue, psychological stress, and depression and exhibits potential antihypoxia activity. Emerging evidence shows that hypoxia is an important independent risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of salidroside on hypoxia-induced phenotypic transformation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs). Our results showed that salidroside decreased the hypoxia-induced expression of collagen and content of vimentin, a corpus cavernosum smooth muscle synthetic protein, in vitro. Simultaneously, salidroside increased expression of the CCSMC contractile proteins, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and desmin. In vivo, similarly, the expressions of collagen and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α were increased in bilateral cavernous neurectomy (BCN) rats while they were decreased in the salidroside group. Among the phenotypic proteins, α-SMA and desmin increased and vimentin decreased after treating BCN rats with salidroside compared with the BCN alone group. Overall, our results demonstrate that salidroside has the ability to oppose hypoxia and can inhibit the CCSMC phenotypic transformation induced by hypoxia. Salidroside may provide a new treatment method for ED.
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Clavell-Hernández J, Wang R. The controversy surrounding penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:2-11. [PMID: 28217445 PMCID: PMC5313301 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2016.08.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical prostatectomy (RP) techniques have been refined in the last few decades. Despite nerve-sparing surgery, erectile dysfunction (ED) still seems to be affecting more than half of patients undergoing RP. Penile rehabilitation consists of understanding the mechanisms that affect erectile function (EF) and utilizing pharmacologic agents, devices or interventions to promote male sexual function before and after any insult to the penile erectile physiologic axis. There currently is a limited amount of clinical trials that assess treatments with the goal of recovering post-prostatectomy EF. The goal of this article is to assess a contemporary series of trials that study penile rehabilitation. Although the current evidence lacks to prove its irrefutable effectiveness, advancements in research and technology forecast a promising future in penile rehabilitation management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Clavell-Hernández
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Run Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA;; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Qian SQ, Gao L, Wei Q, Yuan J. Vacuum therapy in penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy: review of hemodynamic and antihypoxic evidence. Asian J Androl 2017; 18:446-51. [PMID: 26289397 PMCID: PMC4854102 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.159716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, hypoxia is a normal physiological condition in the flaccid penis, which is interrupted by regular nocturnal erections in men with normal erectile function.1 Lack of spontaneous and nocturnal erections after radical prostatectomy due to neuropraxia results in persistent hypoxia of cavernosal tissue, which leads to apoptosis and degeneration of cavernosal smooth muscle fibers. Therefore, overcoming hypoxia is believed to play a crucial role during neuropraxia. The use of a vacuum erectile device (VED) in penile rehabilitation is reportedly effective and may prevent loss of penile length. The corporal blood after VED use is increased and consists of both arterial and venous blood, as revealed by color Doppler sonography and blood gas analysis. A similar phenomenon was observed in negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). However, NPWT employs a lower negative pressure than VED, and a hypoperfused zone, which increases in response to negative pressure adjacent to the wound edge, was observed. Nonetheless, questions regarding ideal subatmospheric pressure levels, modes of action, and therapeutic duration of VED remain unanswered. Moreover, it remains unclear whether a hypoperfused zone or PO2 gradient appears in the penis during VED therapy. To optimize a clinical VED protocol in penile rehabilitation, further research on the mechanism of VED, especially real-time PO2 measurements in different parts of the penis, should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiuhong Yuan
- The Andrology Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041; Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Clavell-Hernandez J, Wang R. Penile rehabilitation following prostate cancer treatment: review of current literature. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:916-22; discussion 921. [PMID: 25851656 PMCID: PMC4814961 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.150838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiotherapy (RT) are highly effective in improving prostate cancer survival. However, both have a detrimental effect on erectile function (EF). Penile rehabilitation consists of understanding the mechanisms that cause erectile dysfunction (ED) and utilizing pharmacologic agents, devices or interventions to promote male sexual function. For the past decade, many researchers have pursued to define effective treatment modalities to improve ED after prostate cancer treatment. Despite the understanding of the mechanisms and well-established rationale for postprostate treatment penile rehabilitation, there is still no consensus regarding effective rehabilitation programs. This article reviews a contemporary series of trials that assess penile rehabilitation and explore treatment modalities that might play a role in the future. Published data and trials related to penile rehabilitation after RP and RT were reviewed and presented. Although recent trials have shown that most therapies are well-tolerated and aid in some degree on EF recovery, we currently do not have tangible evidence to recommend an irrefutable penile rehabilitation algorithm. However, advancements in research and technology will ultimately create and refine management options for penile rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Run Wang
- Division of Urology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Department of Urology, Houston, Texas; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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9
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Nakano Y, Miyake H, Chiba K, Fujisawa M. Impact of penile rehabilitation with low-dose vardenafil on recovery of erectile function in Japanese men following nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:892-6. [PMID: 24994781 PMCID: PMC4236335 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.126377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major complication after radical prostatectomy (RP); however, debate continues regarding the efficacy of penile rehabilitation in the recovery of the postoperative erectile function (EF). This study included a total of 103 consecutive sexually active Japanese men with localized prostate cancer undergoing nerve-sparing RP, and analyzed the postoperative EF, focusing on the significance of penile rehabilitation. In this series, 24 and 79 patients underwent bilateral and unilateral nerve-sparing RPs, respectively, and 10 or 20 mg of vardenafil was administered to 35 patients at least once weekly, who agreed to undergo penile rehabilitation. Twelve months after RP, 48 (46.6%) of the 103 patients were judged to have recovered EF sufficient for sexual intercourse without any assistance. The proportion of patients who recovered EF in those undergoing penile rehabilitation (60.0%) was significantly greater than that in those without penile rehabilitation (38.2%). Of several parameters examined, the preoperative International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) score and nerve-sparing procedure were significantly associated with the postoperative EF recovery rates in patients with and without management by penile rehabilitation, respectively. Furthermore, univariate analysis identified the preoperative IIEF-5 score, nerve-sparing procedure and penile rehabilitation as significant predictors of EF recovery, among which the preoperative IIEF-5 score and nerve-sparing procedure appeared to be independently associated with EF recovery. Considering these findings, despite the lack of independent significance, penile rehabilitation with low-dose vardenafil could exert a beneficial effect on EF recovery in Japanese men following nerve-sparing RP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideaki Miyake
- Division of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki cho, Chuo ku, Kobe, Japan
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10
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Aoun F, Peltier A, van Velthoven R. Penile rehabilitation after pelvic cancer surgery. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:876046. [PMID: 25785286 PMCID: PMC4345049 DOI: 10.1155/2015/876046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is the most common complication after pelvic radical surgery. Rehabilitation programs are increasingly being used in clinical practice but there is no high level of evidence supporting its efficacy. The principle of early penile rehabilitation stems from animal studies showing early histological and molecular changes associated with penile corporal hypoxia after cavernous nerve injury. The concept of early penile rehabilitation was developed in late nineties with a subsequent number of clinical studies supporting early pharmacologic penile rehabilitation. These studies included all available phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, intracavernosal injection and intraurethral use of prostaglandin E1 and to lesser extent vacuum erectile devices. However, these studies are of small number, difficult to interpret, and often with no control group. Furthermore, no studies have proven an in vivo derangement of endothelial or smooth muscle cell metabolism secondary to a prolonged flaccid state. The purpose of the present report is a synthetic overview of the literature in order to analyze the concept and the rationale of rehabilitation program of erectile dysfunction following radical pelvic surgery and the evidence of such programs in clinical practice. Emphasis will be placed on penile rehabilitation programs after radical cystoprostatectomy, radical prostatectomy, and rectal cancer treatment. Future perspectives are also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Aoun
- Department of Urology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger-Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Peltier
- Department of Urology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger-Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roland van Velthoven
- Department of Urology, Jules Bordet Institute, 1 Héger-Bordet Street, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Franklin Roosevelt Avenue, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Chambers SK, Occhipinti S, Schover L, Nielsen L, Zajdlewicz L, Clutton S, Halford K, Gardiner RA, Dunn J. A randomised controlled trial of a couples-based sexuality intervention for men with localised prostate cancer and their female partners. Psychooncology 2014; 24:748-56. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne K. Chambers
- School of Applied Psychology; Griffith University; Brisbane Australia
- Cancer Council Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia; Sydney Australia
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Health and Wellness Institute; Edith Cowan University; Perth Australia
| | | | - Leslie Schover
- Department of Behavioral Science; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston USA
| | | | | | | | - Kim Halford
- School of Psychology; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
| | - Robert A. Gardiner
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- Department of Urology; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Brisbane Australia
| | - Jeff Dunn
- Cancer Council Queensland; Brisbane Australia
- School of Medicine; Griffith University; Brisbane Australia
- School of Social Science; University of Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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12
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Miyake H, Behnsawy HM, Hinata N, Fujisawa M. Objective Assessment of Residual Nerve Tissues in Radical Prostatectomy Specimens by Immunohistochemical Staining of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase–positive Nerves and Its Impact on Postoperative Erectile Function. Urology 2014; 84:1395-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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A comparison of different oral therapies versus no treatment for erectile dysfunction in 196 radical nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy patients. Int J Impot Res 2014; 27:1-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Skolarus TA, Wolf AMD, Erb NL, Brooks DD, Rivers BM, Underwood W, Salner AL, Zelefsky MJ, Aragon-Ching JB, Slovin SF, Wittmann DA, Hoyt MA, Sinibaldi VJ, Chodak G, Pratt-Chapman ML, Cowens-Alvarado RL. American Cancer Society prostate cancer survivorship care guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64:225-49. [PMID: 24916760 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer survivors approach 2.8 million in number and represent 1 in 5 of all cancer survivors in the United States. While guidelines exist for timely treatment and surveillance for recurrent disease, there is limited availability of guidelines that facilitate the provision of posttreatment clinical follow-up care to address the myriad of long-term and late effects that survivors may face. Based on recommendations set forth by a National Cancer Survivorship Resource Center expert panel, the American Cancer Society developed clinical follow-up care guidelines to facilitate the provision of posttreatment care by primary care clinicians. These guidelines were developed using a combined approach of evidence synthesis and expert consensus. Existing guidelines for health promotion, surveillance, and screening for second primary cancers were referenced when available. To promote comprehensive follow-up care and optimal health and quality of life for the posttreatment survivor, the guidelines address health promotion, surveillance for prostate cancer recurrence, screening for second primary cancers, long-term and late effects assessment and management, psychosocial issues, and care coordination among the oncology team, primary care clinicians, and nononcology specialists. A key challenge to the development of these guidelines was the limited availability of published evidence for management of prostate cancer survivors after treatment. Much of the evidence relies on studies with small sample sizes and retrospective analyses of facility-specific and population databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted A Skolarus
- Assistant Professor of Urology, Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Research Investigator, HSR&D Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
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15
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Chung E, Brock G. Penile traction therapy and Peyronie's disease: a state of art review of the current literature. Ther Adv Urol 2013; 5:59-65. [PMID: 23372611 DOI: 10.1177/1756287212454932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, penile traction therapy (PTT) has gained considerable interest as a novel nonsurgical treatment option for men with Peyronie's disease (PD) and short penises. The current published literature suggests that selected cases of PD may benefit from a conservative approach with PTT, resulting in increased penile length and reduction of penile deformity. It appears to be safe and well tolerated but requires a great deal of patient compliance and determination. This article reviews the current literature pertaining to the use of PTT in men with PD, short penises and in the setting of pre- and postprosthesis corporal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chung
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Much of the progress in improving potency outcomes after radical prostatectomy has been achieved due to a better visualization of the neurovascular bundle responsible for erectile function. We review the current literature evaluating the existing imaging modalities to image the neurovascular bundle around the prostate pre, intra, and postoperatively, thereby enabling development of surgical techniques for better preservation of nerve function. RECENT FINDINGS Imaging modalities like multiphoton microscopy, optical coherence tomography, Coherent anti-Raman spectroscopy, exogenous fluoroscopy using prostate-specific membrane antigen, and so on have led to a better appreciation of the neurovascular bundle, thus encouraging novel techniques in nerve preservation during radical prostatectomy. SUMMARY In an age of heightened patient expectations and increasing life expectancy, better visualization of the neurovascular bundle around the prostate using novel imaging modalities may provide breakthroughs in improving potency outcomes after radical prostatectomy.
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17
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Kimura M, Caso JR, Bañez LL, Koontz BF, Gerber L, Senocak C, Donatucci CF, Vujaskovic Z, Moul JW, Polascik TJ. Predicting participation in and successful outcome of a penile rehabilitation programme using a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor with a vacuum erection device after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2012; 110:E931-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Tewari A, Srivastava A, Sooriakumaran P, Grover S, Dorsey P, Leung R. Technique of traction-free nerve-sparing robotic prostatectomy: delicate tissue handling by real-time penile oxygen monitoring. Int J Impot Res 2011; 24:11-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2011.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Experience with intracavernous injection in the treatment of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: dose considerations. Int J Impot Res 2011; 23:146-50. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Khorrami MH, Javid A, Moshtaghi D, Nourimahdavi K, Mortazavi A, Zia HR. Sildenafil efficacy in erectile dysfunction secondary to spinal cord injury depends on the level of cord injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 33:861-4. [PMID: 20050938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of sildenafil in the treatment of neurogenic erectile dysfunction (ED) secondary to upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) spinal cord injury (SCI). After taking consents 105 patients suffering from ED were enrolled in this prospective study. Seventy-two patients had signs and symptoms of UMN and 33 patients had signs and symptoms of LMN or mixed (UMN and LMN) spinal cord injuries. The patients took 50-100 mg sildenafil or placebo tablet at least 45 min before sexual intercourse. Based on a IIEF questionnaire, success in achieving erection adequate for sexual intercourse was compared between sildenafil and placebo groups in UMN and non-UMN spinal cord injuries. In patients with UMN disease, sildenafil was effective in 82% of patients and its efficacy was statistically higher than placebo (82 vs. 25%, p < 0.05). Twenty-eight per cent of patients with non-UMN disease had a favourable response to sildenafil that was not statistically different from placebo. Sildenafil seems more effective in the treatment of neurogenic ED secondary to UMN spinal cord injury compared with that secondary to LMN injury. Actually, its efficacy on LMN injuries does not seem different from placebo and administration of this treatment may not be effective in spinal cord injury which has caused LMN symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Khorrami
- Department of Urology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Neuroanatomic basis for traction-free preservation of the neural hammock during athermal robotic radical prostatectomy. Curr Opin Urol 2011; 21:49-59. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e32834120e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Liu SP. Penile Rehabilitation Following Radical Prostatectomy. UROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1879-5226(10)60004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Nangle MR, Proietto J, Keast JR. Impaired Cavernous Reinnervation after Penile Nerve Injury in Rats with Features of the Metabolic Syndrome. J Sex Med 2009; 6:3032-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Current Opinion in Oncology. Current world literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2009; 21:386-92. [PMID: 19509503 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Overview of contemporary penile rehabilitation therapies. Adv Urol 2009:481218. [PMID: 18784845 PMCID: PMC2531200 DOI: 10.1155/2008/481218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction affects a considerable number of men and is a significant quality of life issue. There has been a substantial amount of research on the treatment of post-prostatectomy ED, and now there is a rising interest in the concept of penile rehabilitation. The goal of penile rehabilitation is to moderate the destructive processes that occur after prostatectomy in order to preserve erectile function, either through spontaneous or assisted means. Methods. We reviewed published data and experiences of post-prostatectomy penile rehabilitation using regimented interventions of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, vacuum erectile device, and intracavernosal agents, and we present and analyze the research conducted. Results. These studies show improved objective and subjective clinical outcomes in regards to physical parameters, sexual satisfaction, and rates of spontaneous erections. Conclusion. These studies are often limited by small size, study period, and study design. There continues to be a need for large, randomized, placebo controlled trials with adequate followup to fully evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the various proposed penile rehabilitation regiments before a clear standard can be established.
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Rice KR, Dean RC. Vardenafil: efficacy, tolerability and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:553-62. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250902884108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smooth muscle apoptosis in the penis is common in prostatectomy patients and animal models of erectile dysfunction (ED). A critical regulator of smooth muscle apoptosis in the penis is the secreted protein Sonic hedgehog (SHH). Since SHH protein treatment of the penis prevents cavernous nerve (CN) injury-induced apoptosis, SHH has the potential to treat post-prostatectomy apoptosis. However, little is known about how SHH signaling is regulated in the adult penis. AIM The goal of this review is to examine what is known about SHH signaling in the penis, to offer insight as to how SHH inhibition induces apoptosis in penile smooth muscle, and to define the role of the SHH pathway in maintaining CN integrity. METHODS Information presented in this review was derived from a literature search using the National Library of Medicine PubMed Services. Search terms included SHH, apoptosis, smooth muscle, penis, ED, pelvic ganglia, corpora cavernosa, CN, regeneration, Schwann cell, neural activity, and transport. RESULTS In this review, we have discussed the role of the CN in regulation of SHH abundance and apoptosis induction in the penis, and have examined the function and localization of SHH signaling in the CN. CONCLUSION There is substantial potential to develop SHH for delivery to the penis of prostatectomy patients at the time of surgery in order to prevent apoptosis induction and long-term ED development. Studies are in progress that will identify if SHH may be used as a regenerative therapy to speed CN regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Podlasek
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Penile rehabilitation therapy with PDE-V inhibitors following radical prostatectomy: proceed with caution. Adv Urol 2009:852437. [PMID: 19255627 PMCID: PMC2648049 DOI: 10.1155/2009/852437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile rehabilitation therapy following radical prostatectomy is a much debated topic. Erectile dysfunction is still a significant contributor to postoperative morbidity following radical prostatectomy, despite meticulous nerve-sparing technique. Secondary smooth muscle changes in the penis have been identified as the underlying causes of penile atrophy, veno-occlusive dysfunction, and fibrosis. Initial observations that intracavernous injection therapies used on a regular basis postoperatively resulted in improvements in the return of spontaneous erectile function led to the development of penile rehabilitation protocols. Chronic dosing of PDE-V inhibitors is now commonly used by urologists after radical prostatectomy. Despite the current enthusiasm of penile rehabilitation therapy, current scientific evidence with clinical trials is still limited.
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The effect of platelet-rich plasma on cavernous nerve regeneration in a rat model. Asian J Androl 2009; 11:215-21. [PMID: 19151738 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2008.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on cavernous nerve (CN) regeneration and functional status in a nerve-crush rat model. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three equal groups: eight had a sham operation, eight underwent bilateral nerve crushing with no further intervention and eight underwent bilateral nerve crushing with an immediate application of PRP on the site of injury. Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 3 months and nerve regeneration was assessed by toluidine blue staining of CN and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining of penile tissue. Three months after surgery, in the group that underwent bilateral nerve crushing with no further intervention, the functional evaluation showed a lower mean maximal intracavernous pressure (ICP) and maximal ICP per mean arterial pressure (MAP) with CN stimulation than those in the sham group. In the group with an immediate application of PRP, the mean maximal ICP and maximal ICP/MAP were significantly higher than those in the injured control group. Histologically, the group with the application of PRP had more myelinated axons of CNs and more NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibres than the injured control group but fewer than the sham group. These results show that the application of PRP to the site of CN-crush injury facilitates nerve regeneration and recovery of erectile function. Our research indicates that clinical application of PRP has potential repairing effect on CN and peripheral nerves.
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Preclinical evidence for the benefits of penile rehabilitation therapy following nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Adv Urol 2008:594868. [PMID: 18604295 PMCID: PMC2441891 DOI: 10.1155/2008/594868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy remains a frequent problem despite the development of nerve-sparing techniques. This erectile dysfunction is believed to be neurogenic, enhanced by hypoxia-induced structural changes which result in additional veno-occlusive dysfunction. Recently, daily use of intracavernous vasoactive substances and oral use of PDE5-inhibitors have been clinically studied for treatment of postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction. Since these studies showed benefits of “penile rehabilitation therapy,” these effects have been studied in a preclinical setting. We reviewed experimental literature on erectile tissue preserving and neuroregenerative treatment strategies, and found that preservation of the erectile tissue by the use of intracavernous nitric oxide donors or vasoactive substances, oral PDE5-inhibitors, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy improved erectile function by antifibrotic effects and preservation of smooth muscle. Furthermore, neuroregenerative strategies using neuroimmunophilin ligands, neurotrophins, growth factors, and stem cell therapy show improved erectile function by preservation of NOS-containing nerve fibers.
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