Characterization of Spindlin1 isoform2 in mouse testis

The Spin1 interactor, Spindoc, is dispensable for meiotic division, but essential for haploid spermatid development in mice

In mammals, germline development undergoes dramatic morphological and molecular changes and is epigenetically subject to intricate yet exquisite regulation. Which epigenetic players and how they participate in the germline developmental process are not fully characterized. Spin1 is a multifunctional epigenetic protein reader that has been shown to recognize H3 "K4me3-R8me2a" histone marks, and more recently the non-canonical bivalent H3 "K4me3-K9me3/2" marks as well. As a robust Spin1-interacting cofactor, Spindoc has been identified to enhance the binding of Spin1 to its substrate histone marks, thereby modulating the downstream signaling; However, the physiological role of Spindoc in germline development is unknown. We generated two Spindoc knockout mouse models through CRISPR/Cas9 strategy, which revealed that Spindoc is specifically required for haploid spermatid development, but not essential for meiotic divisions in spermatocytes. This study unveiled a new epigenetic player that participates in haploid germline development.

Spin1z induces the male pathway in the chicken by down-regulating Tcf4

SPINDLIN1-Z (SPIN1Z), a member of the Spin/Ssty(Y-linked spermiogenesis specific transcript) protein family, participates in the early embryonic development process. Our previous RNA-seq analysis indicates that the level of Spin1z was abundantly expressed in male embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and primitive germ cells (PGCs), we speculate that Spin1z may play an important role in chicken male differentiation. Therefore, the loss- and gain-of-function experiments provide solid evidence that Spin1z is both necessary and sufficient to initiate male development in chicken. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and the dual-luciferase assay was performed to further confirm that Spin1z contributed to chicken male differentiation by inhibiting the Tcf4 transcription. Our findings provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanism for chicken male differentiation.

Spindlin-1 recognizes methylations of K20 and R23 of histone H4 tail

Using methods combining cross-linking, pull-down assays, and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture with mass spectrometry, we identified that the Tudor domain-containing protein Spindlin-1 recognizes trimethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3). The binding affinity of Spindlin-1 to H4K20me3 is weaker than that to H3K4me3, indicating H4K20me3 as a secondary substrate for Spindlin-1. Structural studies of Spindlin-1 in complex with the H4K20me3 peptide indicate that Spindlin-1 attains a distinct binding mode for H4K20me3 recognition. Further biochemical analysis identified that Spindlin-1 also binds methylated R23 of H4, providing new clues for the function of Spindlin-1.

SPIN1 is a proto-oncogene and SPIN3 is a tumor suppressor in human seminoma

SPIN1 is necessary for normal meiotic progression in mammals. It is overexpressed in human ovarian cancers and some cancer cell lines. Here, we examined the functional significance and regulation of SPIN1 and SPIN3 in the TCam-2 human seminoma cell line. We found that while SPIN1 overexpression reduced apoptosis in these cells, SPIN3 overexpression induced it. Similarly, SPIN1 upregulated and SPIN3 downregulated CYCD1, which is a downstream target of the PI3K/AKT pathway and contributes to apoptosis resistance in cancer cell lines. It appears that SPIN1 is pro-oncogenic and SPIN3 acts as a tumor suppressor in TCam-2 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SPIN3 tumor suppressor activity. However, both SPIN1 and SPIN3 stimulated cell cycle progression. In addition, using luciferase reporters carrying SPIN1 or SPIN3 mRNA 3′UTRs, we found that PUM1 and PUM2 targeted and repressed SPINs. We also found that PUM1 itself strongly stimulated apoptosis and moderately slowed cell cycle progression in TCam-2 cells, suggesting that PUM1, like SPIN3, is a tumor suppressor. Our findings suggest that acting, at least in part, through SPIN1 and SPIN3, PUM proteins contribute to a mechanism promoting normal human male germ cell apoptotic status and thus preventing cancer.

The office visit

This article summarizes the current office-based evaluation of male infertility and offers speculation, based on current research, on the future evolution of this encounter. A comprehensive history, physical examination, and semen analysis remain paramount to directing the evaluation; however, new advances continue to refine diagnostic and treatment algorithms. Interpretation of the routine semen analysis as well as adjunctive assessments, including reactive oxygen species, DNA fragmentation, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) are discussed. The analysis of genetic and endocrine abnormalities is reviewed.

The use of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in identifying biomarkers of male infertility

Although male factors account for approximately 50% of all infertility, the mechanisms underlying their origin are unknown. Currently, clinicians rely primarily on semen analyses to predict male reproductive potential and chart treatment success. Even when invasive procedures are performed, the causes of male factor infertility frequently remain elusive. Recently, the advent of new technologies has spurred the search for novel male infertility biomarkers, and the detection of genes, proteins, or metabolites unique to the infertile male holds much promise. The concept that a cost-effective, noninvasive, and accurate set of biomarkers can be identified to diagnose male factor infertility is tantalizing. This review focuses on the various methodologies used in the discovery of novel biomarkers along with their findings. Specific attention is paid to recent advances in the fields of genetics, proteomics, and metabolomics.

Chromatin affinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry defining the interactome of histone modification patterns

DNA and histone modifications direct the functional state of chromatin and thereby the readout of the genome. Candidate approaches and histone peptide affinity purification experiments have identified several proteins that bind to chromatin marks. However, the complement of factors that is recruited by individual and combinations of DNA and histone modifications has not yet been defined. Here, we present a strategy based on recombinant, uniformly modified chromatin templates used in affinity purification experiments in conjunction with SILAC-based quantitative mass spectrometry for this purpose. On the prototypic H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 histone modification marks we compare our method with a histone N-terminal peptide affinity purification approach. Our analysis shows that only some factors associate with both, chromatin and peptide matrices but that a surprisingly large number of proteins differ in their association with these templates. Global analysis of the proteins identified implies specific domains mediating recruitment to the chromatin marks. Our proof-of-principle studies show that chromatin templates with defined modification patterns can be used to decipher how the histone code is read and translated.

Surfing the wave, cycle, life history, and genes/proteins expressed by testicular germ cells. Part 3: developmental changes in spermatid flagellum and cytoplasmic droplet and interaction of sperm with the zona pellucida and egg plasma membrane

Spermiogenesis constitutes the steps involved in the metamorphosis of spermatids into spermatozoa. It involves modification of several organelles in addition to the formation of several structures including the flagellum and cytoplasmic droplet. The flagellum is composed of a neck region and middle, principal, and end pieces. The axoneme composed of nine outer microtubular doublets circularly arranged to form a cylinder around a central pair of microtubules is present throughout the flagellum. The middle and principal pieces each contain specific components such as the mitochondrial sheath and fibrous sheath, respectively, while outer dense fibers are common to both. A plethora of proteins are constituents of each of these structures, with each playing key roles in functions related to the fertility of spermatozoa. At the end of spermiogenesis, a portion of spermatid cytoplasm remains associated with the released spermatozoa, referred to as the cytoplasmic droplet. The latter has as its main feature Golgi saccules, which appear to modify the plasma membrane of spermatozoa as they move down the epididymal duct and hence may be partly involved in male gamete maturation. The end product of spermatogenesis is highly streamlined and motile spermatozoa having a condensed nucleus equipped with an acrosome. Spermatozoa move through the female reproductive tract and eventually penetrate the zona pellucida and bind to the egg plasma membrane. Many proteins have been implicated in the process of fertilization as well as a plethora of proteins involved in the development of spermatids and sperm, and these are high lighted in this review.