1
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Leone M, Milton JP, Gryko D, Neuville L, Masson G. TBADT-Mediated Photocatalytic Stereoselective Radical Alkylation of Chiral N-Sulfinyl Imines: Towards Efficient Synthesis of Diverse Chiral Amines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400363. [PMID: 38376252 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein we describe a sustainable and efficient photocatalytic method for the stereoselective radical alkylation of chiral sulfinyl imines. By employing readily available non-prefunctionalized radical precursors and the cost-effective TBADT as a direct HAT photocatalyst, we successfully obtain diverse chiral amines with high yields and excellent diastereoselectivity under mild conditions. This method provides an efficient approach for accessing a diverse array of medicinally relevant compounds, including both natural and synthetic α-amino acids, aryl ethyl amines, and other structural motifs commonly found in approved pharmaceuticals and natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Leone
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Joseph P Milton
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, 78440, Porcheville, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, 78440, Porcheville, France
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2
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Liu J, Guo L, Chen Z, Guo Y, Zhang W, Peng X, Wang Z, Zeng YF. Photoredox-catalyzed unsymmetrical diamination of alkenes for access to vicinal diamines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3413-3416. [PMID: 38441256 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00330f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed unsymmetrical diamination of alkenes by using N-aminopyridinium salts and nitriles as the amination reagents has been developed. Various vicinal diamines were obtained in moderate to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, this protocol could be applied in the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that this methodology may undergo a radical pathway followed by a Ritter-type reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Xue Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
- MOE Key Lab of Rare Pediatric Diseases, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yao-Fu Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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3
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Mohiti M, Lu Y, He H, Ni SF, Somfai P. Regio- and Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2-Diamines by Formal Hydroamination of Enamines: Scope, Mechanism, and Asymmetric Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected Bis-Piperazines as a Privileged Scaffold. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303078. [PMID: 38205968 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
We have previously reported the first formal hydroamination of enamines for the synthesis of chiral 1,2-diamines. Here, we describe: (i) the discovery, optimization, and substrate expansion of this reaction; (ii) a novel and straightforward protocol for the "click-type" synthesis of enamines in quantitative yield utilizing sodium sulfate in a dual role as an ancillary and dehydrating agent without the need for workup or purification; (iii) the application of this methodology to the first enantioselective synthesis of orthogonally protected 1,1'-(1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethane-1,2-diyl) piperazines, a scaffold for rapid lead optimization in drug discovery; (iv) a computational investigation into the mechanism and rationalization of the enantioselectivities of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maziar Mohiti
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yu Lu
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hui He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Peter Somfai
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Yang LF, Xiong ZQ, Ouyang XH, Wang QA, Li JH. Cobalt-Promoted Photoredox 1,2-Amidoamination of Alkenes with N-Sulfonamidopyridin-1-ium Salts and Free Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:1667-1671. [PMID: 38380904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
A cobalt-promoted photoredox 1,2-amidoamination of alkenes with N-sulfonamidopyridin-1-ium salts and free amines for the synthesis of unsymmetrical vicinal diamines has been developed. The reaction handles N-(sulfonamido)pyridin-1-ium salts as the sulfonamidyl radical precursors and free amines as the nucleophilic terminating reagents to enable the formation of two new C(sp3)-N bonds in a single reaction step and offers a route to selectively producing unsymmetrical vicinal diamines with an exquisite selectivity and a good compatibility of functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qiu-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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5
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He M, Shi C, Luo M, Yang C, Guo L, Zhao Y, Xia W. Visible-Light-Driven Multicomponent Diamination and Oxyamination of Alkene. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1967-1979. [PMID: 38241611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an effective method for the synthesis of 2-alkoxyamides and 1,2-diamines through visible-light-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes. N-Aminopyridinium salts were employed as appropriate precursors to generate key amidyl radical intermediates via a photoinduced single-electron transfer (SET) process. The amidyl radicals would react with alkenes, followed by oxidation and nucleophilic addition. Excellent functional group tolerance and good yields demonstrate the synthetic potential of this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengping He
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengqi Luo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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6
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Kumar R. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed 1,2-Diaminations of Olefins: Synthetic Methodologies and Mechanistic Studies. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300705. [PMID: 37743249 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Diamines are synthetically important motifs in organo-catalysis, natural products, and drug research. Continuous utilization of transition-metal based catalyst in direct 1,2-diamination of olefines, in contrast to metal-free transformations, with numerous impressive advances made in recent years (2015-2023). This review summarized contemporary research on the transition-metal catalyzed/mediated [e. g., Cu(II), Pd(II), Fe(II), Rh(III), Ir(III), and Co(II)] 1,2-diamination (asymmetric and non-asymmetric) especially emphasizing the recent synthetic methodologies and mechanistic understandings. Moreover, up-to-date discussion on (i) paramount role of oxidant and catalyst (ii) key achievements (iii) generality and uniqueness, (iv) synthetic limitations or future challenges, and (v) future opportunities are summarized related to this potential area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana, INDIA
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7
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Xu Y, Wang B, Wang J, Zhou X, Chen J, Guo X, Deng GJ, Shao W. Regioselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Vicinal Diamines via Azidoimination of Alkenes with TMSN 3 and Ketimines. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37991479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
2-Azidoimines are versatile precursors to value-added vicinal unsymmetrical diamines, which are among the most common motifs in biologically active compounds. Herein, we report their operationally simple synthesis through a highly regioselective intermolecular azidoamination of olefins under metal-free conditions. The approach proceeded through azide and iminyl, two differentiated N-centered radicals. The synthetic potential of the protocols was further established via the condensation/amination sequential cascade and chemoselective, orthogonal transformations to access vicinal primary diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
| | - Boqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
| | - Jiaxing Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
| | - Xinjia Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
| | - Guo-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R, China
| | - Wen Shao
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, P. R, China
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8
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Nagamalla S, Thomas AA, Nirpal AK, Mague JT, Sathyamoorthi S. Ring Opening of Aziridines by Pendant Sulfamates Allows for Regioselective and Stereospecific Preparation of Vicinal Diamines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15989-16006. [PMID: 37903411 PMCID: PMC10799289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The ring opening of aziridines by pendant sulfamates is a viable strategy for the rapid preparation of vicinal diamines. Our reaction is compatible with both disubstituted cis- and trans-aziridines; unsubstituted, N-alkyl, and N-aryl sulfamates engage effectively. In all cases examined, the cyclization reaction is perfectly regioselective and stereospecific. Once activated, the product oxathiazinane heterocycles can be ring opened with a diverse range of nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Someshwar Nagamalla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Annu Anna Thomas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Appasaheb K. Nirpal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Shyam Sathyamoorthi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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9
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Ghosh SK, He L, Tang Z, Comito RJ. Selective and Functional-Group-Tolerant Photoalkylation of Imines by Energy-Transfer Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15209-15217. [PMID: 37875007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Basic amines show broad bioactivity and remain a promising source of new medicines. The direct photoalkylation of imines offers a promising strategy for complex amines. However, the lack of efficient imine photoreactivity hinders this reaction and remains a fundamental limitation in organic photochemistry. We report an efficient photoalkylation of imines that provides primary amines directly without protecting or leaving groups. The transformation effects C-H addition across N-H imines under energy-transfer photocatalysis by a ketone. Our method is distinguished from organometallic, metal-catalyzed, and photoredox approaches to imine alkylation by its lack of protecting groups and its broad scope, which includes unactivated alkanes, protic substrates, basic amines, heterocycles, and ketone imines. We highlight this scope through the condensation and alkylation of two pharmaceutical ketones, providing complex amines succinctly. Our mechanistic analysis supports a three-step process, involving hydrogen-atom transfer to an imine triplet excited state, intersystem crossing, and radical recombination, with photocatalytic enhancement through energy transfer. We further show that N-H imines are more photoreactive than N-substituted imines, a distinction partially explained by sterics and side reactions. To fully explain this distinction, we introduce the thermodynamic parameter excited-state hydrogen-atom affinity, which is highly effective at predicting the photoreactivity of imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata K Ghosh
- The University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Lizhe He
- The University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Zilu Tang
- The University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Robert J Comito
- The University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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10
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Geraci A, Stojiljković U, Antien K, Salameh N, Baudoin O. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Intermolecular C(sp 3 )-H Amidation for the Synthesis of Chiral 1,2-Diamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309263. [PMID: 37493209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral 1,2-diamines are privileged scaffolds among bioactive natural products, active pharmaceutical ingredients, ligands for transition-metal-based asymmetric catalysis and organocatalysts. Despite this interest, the construction of chiral 1,2-diamine motifs still remains a challenge. To address this, an iridium(III)-catalyzed intermolecular C(sp3 )-H amidation reaction was developed. This method relies on the design of a new, cheap and cleavable exo-protecting/directing group derived from camphorsulfonic acid, which is directly installed from easily accessible precursors, and furnishes scalemic free 1,2-diamines upon cleavage of both nitrogen substituents. It was found applicable to both α-secondary and α-tertiary-1,2-diamines, for which a two-step protocol involving intermolecular olefin hydroamination and C(sp3 )-H amidation was developed. Kinetic and computational studies provided insights into the observed reactivity difference between pairs of diastereoisomeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Geraci
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uros Stojiljković
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Antien
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nihad Salameh
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Wei Y, Liang Y, Luo R, Ouyang L. Recent advances of Cp*Ir complexes for transfer hydrogenation: focus on formic acid/formate as hydrogen donors. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7484-7497. [PMID: 37661697 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Transfer hydrogenation reactions offer synthetically powerful strategies to deliver various hydrogenated compounds with the advantages of efficiency, atom economy, and practicability. On one hand, formic acid/formate function as promising hydrogen sources owing to their readily obtainable, inexpensive, and easy to handle nature. On the other hand, Cp*Ir complexes show high activities in transfer hydrogenation. This review highlights progress achieved for transfer hydrogenation of CO, CC, and CN bonds of a variety of unsaturated substrates, as well as amides focusing on Cp*Ir complexes as catalysts and formic acid/formate as hydrogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiFei Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
| | - Yuqiu Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
| | - Renshi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, P. R. China.
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12
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Arachchi MK, Schaugaard RN, Schlegel HB, Nguyen HM. Scope and Mechanistic Probe into Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Trisubstituted-α-Tertiary Amines by Rhodium Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19642-19654. [PMID: 37651695 PMCID: PMC10581542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric reactions that convert racemic mixtures into enantioenriched amines are of significant importance due to the prevalence of amines in pharmaceuticals, with about 60% of drug candidates containing tertiary amines. Although transition-metal catalyzed allylic substitution processes have been developed to provide access to enantioenriched α-disubstituted allylic amines, enantioselective synthesis of sterically demanding α-tertiary amines with a tetrasubstituted carbon stereocenter remains a major challenge. Herein, we report a chiral diene-ligated rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric substitution of racemic tertiary allylic trichloroacetimidates with aliphatic secondary amines to afford α-trisubstituted-α-tertiary amines. Mechanistic investigation is conducted using synergistic experimental and computational studies. Density functional theory calculations show that the chiral diene-ligated rhodium promotes the ionization of tertiary allylic substrates to form both anti and syn π-allyl intermediates. The anti π-allyl pathway proceeds through a higher energy than the syn π-allyl pathway. The rate of conversion of the less reactive π-allyl intermediate to the more reactive isomer via π-σ-π interconversion was faster than the rate of nucleophilic attack onto the more reactive intermediate. These data imply that the Curtin-Hammett conditions are met in the amination reaction, leading to dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation. Computational studies also show that hydrogen bonding interactions between β-oxygen of allylic substrate and amine-NH greatly assist the delivery of amine nucleophile onto more hindered internal carbon of the π-allyl intermediate. The synthetic utility of the current methodology is showcased by efficient preparation of α-trisubstituted-α-tertiary amines featuring pharmaceutically relevant secondary amine cores with good yields and excellent selectivities (branched-linear >99:1, up to 99% enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhawee K Arachchi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Richard N Schaugaard
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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13
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Collins S, Sieber JD. Development of regiodivergent asymmetric reductive coupling reactions of allenamides to access heteroatom-rich organic compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10087-10100. [PMID: 37529849 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03013j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds of biological importance often contain multiple stereogenic C-heteroatom functional groups (e.g. amines, alcohols, and ethers). As a result, synthetic methods to access such compounds in a reliable and stereoselective fashion are important. In this feature article, we present a strategy to enable the introduction of multiple C-heteroatom functional groups in a regiodivergent cross-coupling approach through the use of reductive coupling chemistry employing allenamides. Such processes allow for opportunities to access different heteroatom substitution patterns from the same starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Collins
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Chemistry 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Joshua D Sieber
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Chemistry 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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14
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Mei Y, Zhang T, Hao X, Jin K, Zhang R, Duan C, Li Y. Visible-light-mediated α-amino alkylation of ketimines and aldimines for the synthesis of 1,2-diamines. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37466287 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00808h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated protocol to prepare 1,2-diamines has been successfully explored based on the photoredox/Brønsted acid co-catalyzed α-amino alkylations of imines with tertiary amines. Both ketimines and aldimines are applicable to this transformation. Various 1,2-diamines with different functional groups were produced in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, this approach could be performed on a gram scale, showing its practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Tiexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Xinyu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Kun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Yaming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, P.R. China.
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15
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Holst DE, Dorval C, Winter CK, Guzei IA, Wickens ZK. Regiospecific Alkene Aminofunctionalization via an Electrogenerated Dielectrophile. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37023348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Modular strategies to rapidly increase molecular complexity have proven immensely synthetically valuable. In principle, transformation of an alkene into a dielectrophile presents an opportunity to deliver two unique nucleophiles across an alkene. Unfortunately, the selectivity profiles of known dielectrophiles have largely precluded this deceptively simple synthetic approach. Herein, we demonstrate that dicationic adducts generated through electrolysis of alkenes and thianthrene possess a unique selectivity profile relative to more conventional dielectrophiles. Specifically, these species undergo a single and perfectly regioselective substitution reaction with phthalimide salts. This observation unlocks an appealing new platform for aminofunctionalization reactions. As an illustrative example, we implement this new reactivity paradigm to address a longstanding synthetic challenge: alkene diamination with two distinct nitrogen nucleophiles. Studies into the mechanism of this process reveal a key alkenyl thianthrenium salt intermediate that controls the exquisite regioselectivity of the process and highlight the importance of proton sources in controlling the reactivity of alkenyl sulfonium salt electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan E Holst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Céline Dorval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Casey K Winter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zachary K Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Dai JJ, Yin X, Li L, Rivera ME, Wang YC, Dai M. Modular and practical diamination of allenes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1774. [PMID: 36997504 PMCID: PMC10063549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vicinal diamines are privileged scaffolds in medicine, agrochemicals, catalysis, and other fields. While significant advancements have been made in diamination of olefins, diamination of allenes is only sporadically explored. Furthermore, direct incorporation of acyclic and cyclic alkyl amines onto unsaturated π systems is highly desirable and important, but problematic for many previously reported amination reactions including the diamination of olefins. Herein, we report a modular and practical diamination of allenes, which offers efficient syntheses of β,γ-diamino carboxylates and sulfones. This reaction features broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerability, and scalability. Experimental and computational studies support an ionic reaction pathway initiated with a nucleophilic addition of the in situ formed iodoamine to the electron deficient allene substrate. An iodoamine activation mode via a halogen bond with a chloride ion was revealed to substantially increase the nucleophilicity of the iodoamine and lower the activation energy barrier for the nucleophilic addition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xianglin Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mario E Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ye-Cheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Kumar R, Khanna Y, Kaushik P, Kamal R, Khokhar S. Recent Advancements on Metal-Free Vicinal Diamination of Alkenes: Synthetic Strategies and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300017. [PMID: 36869415 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative aminative vicinal difunctionalization of alkenes or related chemical feedstocks has emerged as sustainable and multipurpose strategies that can efficiently construct two -N bonds, and simultaneously prepare the synthetically fascinating molecules and catalysis in organic synthesis that typically required multi-step reactions. This review summarized the impressive breakthroughs on synthetic methodologies (2015-2022) documented especially over inter/intra-molecular vicinal diamination of alkenes with electron-rich or deficient diverse nitrogen sources. These unprecedented strategies predominantly involved iodine-based reagents/catalysts, which resent the interest of organic chemists due to their impressive role as flexible, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly reagents, resulting in a wide variety of synthetically useful organic molecules. Moreover, the information collected also describes the significant role of catalyst, terminal oxidant, substrate scope, synthetic applications, and their unsuccessful results to highlight the limitations. Special emphasis has been given to proposed mechanistic pathways to determine the key factors governing the issues of regioselectivity, enantioselectivity, and diastereoselectivity ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Yugam Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Parul Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, MMEC, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, Haryana (INDIA
| | - Raj Kamal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, INDIA
| | - Shiwani Khokhar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, INDIA
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18
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Han XL, Hu B, Fei C, Li Z, Yu Y, Cheng C, Foxman B, Luo J, Deng L. Catalytic Asymmetric Imine Cross-Coupling Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4400-4407. [PMID: 36800284 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic asymmetric cross-coupling of imines constitutes a particularly desirable method for the synthesis of chiral vicinal diamines directly from readily available achiral precursors. The potential of this method lies in the possibility of utilizing a variety of imines as reacting partners. However, the realization of highly stereoselective cross-coupling of two different imines proved to be a formidable challenge. Herein we report an unprecedented catalytic asymmetric cross-coupling reaction that tolerates a variety of ketimines and aldimines as nucleophiles and electrophiles, respectively. The realization of this reaction resulted from the development of a new chiral ammonium catalyst, which was guided by insights from studies of catalyst-substrate interactions. With a 0.5 mol % loading of an organocatalyst, this reaction proceeded in a highly diastereo- and enantioselective manner to afford a diverse range of chiral vicinal diamines as nearly single stereoisomers. This catalytic reaction establishes a new approach for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral vicinal diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lei Han
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Chao Fei
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Bruce Foxman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, United States
| | - Jisheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Li Deng
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, China
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19
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Kundu S, Roy L, Maji MS. Development of Carbazole-Cored Organo-Photocatalyst for Visible Light-Driven Reductive Pinacol/Imino-Pinacol Coupling. Org Lett 2022; 24:9001-9006. [PMID: 36469513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Benzoperylenocarbazole (BPC), a unique carbazole-based organophotocatalyst, is reported herein as a potent organo-photoreductant. Lower excited state oxidation potential (-2.0 V vs SCE) and reasonable excited state lifetime (4.61 ns) render BPC an effective photosensitizer. Under irradiation of blue light employing low catalyst loading (0.5 mol %), a plethora of vicinal diols and diamines were synthesized in excellent yields through reductive coupling of carbonyls and imines, respectively. Insight about the electronic structure of BPC was obtained by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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20
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Bouchet D, Varlet T, Masson G. Strategies toward the Difunctionalizations of Enamide Derivatives for Synthesizing α,β-Substituted Amines. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3265-3283. [PMID: 36318762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enamide and enecarbamate derivatives containing a nucleophilic center at the β-position from their nitrogen atom as well as a latent electrophilic site at their α-position are interesting motifs in organic chemistry. This dual reactivity─analogous that of the enamines─enables difunctionalization and increased structural complexity. Furthermore, an electron-withdrawing group on nitrogen drastically increases their stability. In that respect, enamides and enecarbamates are excellent partners for multicomponent transformations, and our research primarily focuses on these compounds in particular.Difunctionalization generally occurs through the nucleophilic addition of the enecarbamate on an electrophile to form iminium, which can subsequently react with a nucleophilic species. Although potent, such an approach is highly challenging due to the low stability of the intermediate iminium, leading to undesired hydrolysis or oligomerization. Epimerization, competitivity, and compatibility issues between the reaction partners are additional hindrances to developing these methodologies. To overcome these limitations, we described many complementary strategies.To control the enantioselectivity of these transformations, chiral phosphoric acids were found to be particularly well-suited to activate multiple reactants due to the formation of a hydrogen bonds network, allowing for an organized transition state in a chiral pocket. Interestingly, when deprotonated as phosphates, they can also play the role of ligands for Lewis acidic metals.To avoid iminium oligomerization, we successfully used stabilized α-arylated enamides. However, this approach was restricted to a simple nucleophilic addition at the β-position. To achieve the difunctionalizations of α-unsubstituted derivatives, we explored reversibly linked nucleophile and electrophile to address their compatibility problem. Alternatively, we devised a sequential methodology for resolving the stability issue of the N-acyl iminium based on its intermediate trapping using a temporary nucleophile (alcohol or thiol). Interestingly, the trapping agent could further be displaced by the desired final α-substituent under Lewis acidic or photocatalytic activation. This led us to design new chiral and bifunctional phosphoric acid catalysts bearing chromophores to merge asymmetric organocatalysis and photochemistry.These photocatalysis studies incited us to focus on radical processes to manage original functionalizations that would not be feasible otherwise. β-Alkylation and β-trifluoromethylation of enecarbamates via visible-light-promoted atom transfer radical additions were successfully performed. As β-allylations remained unattainable with the precedent methods, we eventually turned our attention to cerium(IV)-mediated oxidative single electron transfers. It allowed for singly occupied molecular orbital activation of these substrates to elicit their umpolung reactivity.Thus, the functionalization of enecarbamate derivatives appears as a valid synthetic strategy for obtaining important building blocks for agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, including diamines, haloamines, aminotryptamines, and less accessible trifluoromethylated or allylic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Bouchet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301, 1 avenue de la Terasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Varlet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301, 1 avenue de la Terasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, ICSN-CNRS UPR 2301, 1 avenue de la Terasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France.,HitCat, Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory, Seqens'Lab, 8 Rue de Rouen, Porcheville 78440, France
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21
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Wiley RE, McLaughlin MF, Johnson JS. Dearomatization of Cyclic Diphenylhydrazines: Harnessing the o-Semidine Rearrangement for the Synthesis of Spirocyclic Tetrahydroquinolines. Org Lett 2022; 24:8014-8018. [PMID: 36269213 PMCID: PMC9678246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel tetrahydroquinoline-containing spirocycles has been achieved through an acid-promoted dearomatization of cyclic diarylhydrazines. The reaction, proceeding through a dearomative o-semidine rearrangement, furnishes a stable, yet reactive spirocyclohexadieniminium ion, which can further be used as an electrophile or a diene in a one-pot sequence. These transformations efficiently produce novel diazaspirocycles and allow for further synthetic elaboration of the cyclohexadienamine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Wiley
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 25799-3290, United States
| | - Michael F McLaughlin
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 25799-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 25799-3290, United States
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22
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Novaes LFT, Wang Y, Liu J, Riart-Ferrer X, Cindy Lee WC, Fu N, Ho JSK, Zhang XP, Lin S. Electrochemical Diazidation of Alkenes Catalyzed by Manganese Porphyrin Complexes with Second-Sphere Hydrogen-Bond Donors. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xavier Riart-Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Wan-Chen Cindy Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Niankai Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Justin S. K. Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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23
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Zheng Y, Wang Z, Ye Z, Tang K, Xie Z, Xiao J, Xiang H, Chen K, Chen X, Yang H. Regioselective Access to Vicinal Diamines by Metal‐Free Photosensitized Amidylimination of Alkenes with Oxime Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212292. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Zhu‐Jun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Kai Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐Zhen Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐An Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics Nanning Normal University Nanning 530001 Guangxi P. R. China
| | - Hao‐Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 Henan P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha 410083 P. R. China
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24
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Hwang C, Lee Y, Kim M, Seo Y, Cho SH. Diborylmethyl Group as a Transformable Building Block for the Diversification of Nitrogen‐Containing Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209079. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiwon Hwang
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeosan Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Younggyu Seo
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE) Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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25
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Schiffers I, Frings M, Kübber BM, Truong KN, Rissanen K, Bolm C. Preparation of Enantiopure 3-Aminopiperidine and 3-Aminoazepane Derivatives from Ornithine and Lysine. Consecutive Syntheses of Pharmacologically Active Analogs, Such as Besifloxacin. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Schiffers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Frings
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Britta Maria Kübber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9B, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9B, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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26
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Zheng Y, Wang ZJ, Ye ZP, Tang K, Xie ZZ, Xiao JA, Xiang HY, Chen K, Chen XQ, Yang H. Regioselective Access to Vicinal Diamines by Metal‐Free Photosensitized Amidylimination of Alkenes with Oxime Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhi-Peng Ye
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Kai Tang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xie
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Nanning Normal University Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics CHINA
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Kai Chen
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hua Yang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering chang sha citylushan south road NO:932 410083 chang sha CHINA
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27
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Gasser VCM, Makai S, Morandi B. The advent of electrophilic hydroxylamine-derived reagents for the direct preparation of unprotected amines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9991-10003. [PMID: 35993918 PMCID: PMC9453917 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic aminating reagents have seen a renaissance in recent years as effective nitrogen sources for the synthesis of unprotected amino functionalities. Based on their reactivity, several noble and non-noble transition metal catalysed amination reactions have been developed. These include the aziridination and difunctionalisation of alkenes, the amination of arenes as well as the synthesis of aminated sulfur compounds. In particular, the use of hydroxylamine-derived (N-O) reagents, such as PONT (PivONH3OTf), has enabled the introduction of unprotected amino groups on various different feedstock compounds, such as alkenes, arenes and thiols. This strategy obviates undesired protecting-group manipulations and thus improves step efficiency and atom economy. Overall, this feature article gives a recent update on several reactions that have been unlocked by employing versatile hydroxylamine-derived aminating reagents, which facilitate the generation of unprotected primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina C M Gasser
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Szabolcs Makai
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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28
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Wang C, Liu B, Shao Z, Zhou J, Shao A, Zou LH, Wen J. Synthesis of 1,2-Diamines from Vinyl Sulfonium Salts and Arylamines. Org Lett 2022; 24:6455-6459. [PMID: 36037330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the synthesis of 1,2-diamines from vinyl sulfonium salts and arylamines under mild conditions was developed. This present synthetic protocol not only obviates the need for a transition-metal catalyst and an oxidizing reagent but also features a broad substrates scope. The practicability of this protocol is demonstrated by the one-pot synthesis, a scale-up reaction, and transformations of the products to diverse N-heterocyclic compounds. Mechanistic studies indicate that the formation of aziridine plays a key role during this diamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Biao Liu
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Shao
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Zhou
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Andong Shao
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Hua Zou
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wen
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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29
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Yang PF, Liang JX, Zhao HT, Shu W. Access to Enantioenriched 1, n-Diamines via Ni-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Unactivated Alkenes with Weakly Coordinating Groups. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xing Liang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Han-Tong Zhao
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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30
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Hwang C, Lee Y, Kim M, Seo Y, Cho SH. Diborylmethyl Group as a Transformable Building Block for the Diversification of Nitrogen‐Containing Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiwon Hwang
- POSTECH: Pohang University of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Yeosan Lee
- POSTECH: Pohang University of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Minjae Kim
- POSTECH: Pohang University of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Younggyu Seo
- POSTECH: Pohang University of Science and Technology Chemistry KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Seung Hwan Cho
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Chemistry San 31, HyojadongNamgu 37673 Pohang KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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31
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Li Q, Fang X, Pan R, Yao H, Lin A. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Sequential Hydroamination of 1,3-Enynes: Enantioselective Syntheses of Chiral Imidazolidinones. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11364-11376. [PMID: 35687857 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed sequential hydroamination of readily available 1,3-enynes is reported. The redox-neutral process provides an efficient route to synthesize a broad scope of imidazolidinones, thiadiazolidines, and imidazolidines. Asymmetric sequential hydroamination generates a series of synthetically valuable, enantioenriched imidazolidinones. Mechanistic studies revealed that the transformation occurred via an intermolecular enyne hydroamination pathway to give an allene intermediate. Subsequent intramolecular hydroamination of the allene intermediate proceeded under the Curtin-Hammett principle to provide enantioenriched imidazolidinone products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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32
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Xie J, Guo Z, Liu W, Zhang D, He Y, Yang X. Kinetic Resolution of 1,
2‐Diamines
via Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Electrophilic Aminations of Anilines. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Xie
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Shihua University Fushun 113001 China
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Dekun Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Yu‐Peng He
- Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Catalytic Science and Technology, Liaoning Shihua University Fushun 113001 China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016 China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University Shanghai 201210 China
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33
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Manipulating Reaction Energy Coordinate Landscape of Mechanochemical Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082570. [PMID: 35458767 PMCID: PMC9027841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral vicinal diamines, a unique class of optically-active building blocks, play a crucial role in material design, pharmaceutical, and catalysis. Traditionally, their syntheses are all solvent-based approaches, which make organic solvent an indispensable part of their production. As part of our program aiming to develop chemical processes with reduced carbon footprints, we recently reported a highly practical and environmentally-friendly synthetic route to chiral vicinal diamines by solvent-free mechanochemical diaza-Cope rearrangement. We herein showed that a new protocol by co-milling with common laboratory solid additives, such as silica gel, can significantly enhance the efficiency of the reaction, compared to reactions in the absence of additives. One possible explanation is the Lewis acidic nature of additives that accelerates a key Schiff base formation step. Reaction monitoring experiments tracing all the reaction species, including reactants, intermediates, and product, suggested that the reaction profile is distinctly different from ball-milling reactions without additives. Collectively, this work demonstrated that additive effect is a powerful tool to manipulate a reaction pathway in mechanochemical diazo-Cope rearrangement pathway, and this is expected to find broad interest in organic synthesis using mechanical force as an energy input.
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34
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Synthesis and evaluation of the antioxidant properties for some novel aminomethyl derivatives of 2,6-diisobornylphenol bearing a pinane moiety. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Zhang G, Zhang Q. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Sequential Hydroamination of 1,3-Enynes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Gurawa A, Kumar M, Kashyap S. Selective Azidooxygenation of Alkenes Enabled by Photo-induced Radical Transfer Using Aryl-λ 3-azidoiodane Species. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26623-26639. [PMID: 34661016 PMCID: PMC8515593 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The photolytic radical-induced vicinal azidooxygenation of synthetically important and diverse functionalized substrates including unactivated alkenes is reported. The photoredox-catalyst/additive-free protocol enables intermolecular oxyazidation by simultaneously incorporating two new functionalities; C-O and C-N across the C=C double bond in a selective manner. Mechanistic investigations reveal the intermediacy of the azidyl radical facilitated via the photolysis of λ3-azidoiodane species and cascade proceeding to generate an active carbon-centered radical. The late-stage transformations of azido- and oxy-moieties were amply highlighted by assembling high-value drug analogs and bioactive skeletons.
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37
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Dumoleijn K, Van Den Broeck E, Stavinoha J, Van Speybroeck V, Moonen K, Stevens C. Reductive imino-pinacol coupling reaction of halogenated aromatic imines and iminium ions catalyzed by precious metal catalysts using hydrogen. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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The Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Novel Imidazolidin-2-Ones via the Intramolecular Cyclization/Electrophilic Substitution of Urea Derivatives and the Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154432. [PMID: 34361587 PMCID: PMC8347191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 4-(het)arylimidazoldin-2-ones were obtained by the acid-catalyzed reaction of (2,2-diethoxyethyl)ureas with aromatic and heterocyclic C-nucleophiles. The proposed approach to substituted imidazolidinones benefits from excellent regioselectivity, readily available starting materials and a simple procedure. The regioselectivity of the reaction was rationalized by quantum chemistry calculations and control experiments. The anti-cancer activity of the obtained compounds was tested in vitro.
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39
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Pan HJ, Lin Y, Gao T, Lau KK, Feng W, Yang B, Zhao Y. Catalytic Diastereo- and Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines from Diols through Borrowing Hydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18599-18604. [PMID: 34125475 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present herein an unprecedented diastereoconvergent synthesis of vicinal diamines from diols through an economical, redox-neutral process. Under cooperative ruthenium and Lewis acid catalysis, readily available anilines and 1,2-diols (as a mixture of diastereomers) couple to forge two C-N bonds in an efficient and diastereoselective fashion. By identifying an effective chiral iridium/phosphoric acid co-catalyzed procedure, the first enantioconvergent double amination of racemic 1,2-diols has also been achieved, resulting in a practical access to highly valuable enantioenriched vicinal diamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Pan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yamei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kai Kiat Lau
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Binmiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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40
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Pan H, Lin Y, Gao T, Lau KK, Feng W, Yang B, Zhao Y. Catalytic Diastereo‐ and Enantioconvergent Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines from Diols through Borrowing Hydrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Jie Pan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Yamei Lin
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering Nanjing Normal University 1 Wenyuan Road Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Taotao Gao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kai Kiat Lau
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Binmiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Republic of Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207 China
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41
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Lv D, Sun Q, Zhou H, Ge L, Qu Y, Li T, Ma X, Li Y, Bao H. Iron‐Catalyzed Radical Asymmetric Aminoazidation and Diazidation of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Liang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Qu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Taian Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Yajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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42
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Sarkar S, Chatterjee R, Pal S, Majee A. Mild, Efficient and Metal‐Free Strategies for Direct Diamination of α, β‐Unsaturated Ketones Using Different Iodine Sources. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Rana Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Satyajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731235 India
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43
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Li Y, Ali A, Dong J, Zhang Y, Shi L, Liu Q, Fu J. Copper-Catalyzed Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes With Electron-Rich Amino Sources. Org Lett 2021; 23:4072-4077. [PMID: 33970646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic intermolecular diamination of unactivated alkenes with electron-rich amino sources is a challenge. Herein, by employing a directing-group strategy, a copper-catalyzed diamination of unactivated alkenes was realized. Symmetrical diamines were efficiently produced in a highly diastereoselective manner with readily available dialkylamines as amino sources, while a one-pot and two-step operation was necessary to produce the unsymmetrical diamines. These reactions were proposed to proceed through aziridinium intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Arshad Ali
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junchao Dong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lili Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics and Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junkai Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics and Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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44
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Lv D, Sun Q, Zhou H, Ge L, Qu Y, Li T, Ma X, Li Y, Bao H. Iron‐Catalyzed Radical Asymmetric Aminoazidation and Diazidation of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12455-12460. [PMID: 33749966 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Liang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Qu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Taian Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Yajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences 155 Yangqiao Road West Fuzhou Fujian 350002 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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45
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Cao J, Lv D, Yu F, Chiou MF, Li Y, Bao H. Regioselective Three-Component Synthesis of Vicinal Diamines via 1,2-Diamination of Styrenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:3184-3189. [PMID: 33792337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The vicinal diamine motif plays a significant role in natural products, drug design, and organic synthesis, and development of synthetic methods for the synthesis of diamines is a long-standing interest. Herein, we report a regioselective intermolecular three-component vicinal diamination of styrenes with acetonitrile and azodicarboxylates. The diamination products can be produced in moderate to excellent yields via the Ritter reaction. Synthetic applications and theoretical studies of this reaction have been conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Daqi Lv
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Mong-Feng Chiou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Bao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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46
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Wu Z, Hu M, Li J, Wu W, Jiang H. Recent advances in aminative difunctionalization of alkenes. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3036-3054. [PMID: 33734255 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02446e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes are versatile building blocks in modern organic synthesis. In the difunctionalization reactions of alkenes, two functional groups can be simultaneously introduced into the π system. This is an efficient strategy for the synthesis of multifunctional compounds with complex structures and has the advantages of atom and step economy. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds are widely found in natural products and synthetic compounds, such as dyes, pesticides, medicines, artificial resins, and so on. Many natural products with high biological activity and a broad range of drugs have nitrogen-containing functional groups. The research on the construction methods of C-N bonds has always been one of the most important tasks in organic synthesis, especially in drug synthesis, and the synthetic methods starting from simple and easily available raw materials have been a topic of interest to chemists. The aminative difunctionalization of alkenes can efficiently construct C-N bonds, and at the same time, prepare some compounds that usually require multiple steps of reaction. It is one of the most effective strategies for the simple and efficient synthesis of functionalized nitrogen-containing compounds. This review outlines the major developments focusing on the transition metal-catalyzed or metal-free diamination, aminohalogenation, aminocarbonation, amino-oxidation and aminoboronation reactions of alkenes from 2015-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Riart-Ferrer X, Sang P, Tao J, Xu H, Jin LM, Lu H, Cui X, Wojtas L, Zhang XP. Metalloradical activation of carbonyl azides for enantioselective radical aziridination. Chem 2021; 7:1120-1134. [PMID: 33869888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic azides have been increasingly employed as nitrogen sources for catalytic olefine aziridination due to their ease of preparation and generation of benign N2 as the only byproduct. Among common organic azides, carbonyl azides have not been previously demonstrated as effective nitrogen sources for intermolecular olefin aziridination despite the synthetic utilities of N-carbonyl aziridines. As a new application of metalloradical catalysis, we have developed a catalytic system that can effectively employ the carbonyl azide TrocN3 for highly asymmetric aziridination of alkenes at room temperature. The resulting enantioenriched N-Trocaziridines have been shown as valuable chiral synthons for stereoselective synthesis of other chiral aziridines and various chiral amines. The Co(II)-based metalloradical system, which proceeds with distinctive stepwise radical mechanism, may provide a general method for asymmetric synthesis of chiral aziridines from alkenes with organic azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Riart-Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Peng Sang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Jingran Tao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Li-Mei Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Hongjian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - X Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
- Lead contact
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Shimizu M, Higashino A, Mizota I, Zhu Y. N-Alkylation/aldol reaction of α-aldimino thioesters: a facile three-component coupling reaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13097-13104. [PMID: 35423863 PMCID: PMC8697212 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02000e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical calculation of the reactivity of α-imino thioesters indicates that they are very reactive substrates for Umpolung N-alkylation. In fact, treatment of α-aldimino thioesters with dialkylzinc reagents in the presence of aldehydes or imines gives three-component coupling products in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Shimizu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu Province China
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Asako Higashino
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Isao Mizota
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yusong Zhu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu Province China
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Agrawal T, Martin RT, Collins S, Wilhelm Z, Edwards MD, Gutierrez O, Sieber JD. Access to Chiral Diamine Derivatives through Stereoselective Cu-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Imines and Allenamides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5026-5046. [PMID: 33724828 PMCID: PMC8025098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chiral 1,2-diamino compounds are important building blocks in organic chemistry for biological applications and as asymmetric inducers in stereoselective synthesis that are challenging to prepare in a straightforward and stereoselective manner. Herein, we disclose a cost-effective and readily available Cu-catalyzed system for the reductive coupling of a chiral allenamide with N-alkyl substituted aldimines to access chiral 1,2-diamino synthons as single stereoisomers in high yields. The method shows broad reaction scope and high diastereoselectivity and can be easily scaled using standard Schlenk techniques. Mechanistic investigations by density functional theory calculations identified the mechanism and origin of stereoselectivity. In particular, the addition to the imine was shown to be reversible, which has implications toward development of catalyst-controlled stereoselective variants of the identified reductive coupling of imines and allenamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toolika Agrawal
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
| | - Robert T. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Stephen Collins
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
| | - Zachary Wilhelm
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mytia D. Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Joshua D. Sieber
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3208, United States
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Guanidine-Amide-Catalyzed Aza-Henry Reaction of Isatin-Derived Ketimines: Origin of Selectivity and New Catalyst Design. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071965. [PMID: 33807341 PMCID: PMC8037019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism and the enantioselectivity of the aza-Henry reaction of isatin-derived ketimine catalyzed by chiral guanidine–amide catalysts at the M06-2X-D3/6-311+G(d,p)//M06-2X-D3/6-31G(d,p) (toluene, SMD) theoretical level. The catalytic reaction occurred via a three-step mechanism: (i) the deprotonation of nitromethane by a chiral guanidine–amide catalyst; (ii) formation of C–C bonds; (iii) H-transfer from guanidine to ketimine, accompanied with the regeneration of the catalyst. A dual activation model was proposed, in which the protonated guanidine activated the nitronate, and the amide moiety simultaneously interacted with the ketimine substrate by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The repulsion of CPh3 group in guanidine as well as N-Boc group in ketimine raised the Pauli repulsion energy (∆EPauli) and the strain energy (∆Estrain) of reacting species in the unfavorable si-face pathway, contributing to a high level of stereoselectivity. A new catalyst with cyclopropenimine and 1,2-diphenylethylcarbamoyl as well as sulfonamide substituent was designed. The strong basicity of cyclopropenimine moiety accelerated the activation of CH3NO2 by decreasing the energy barrier in the deprotonation step. The repulsion between the N-Boc group in ketimine and cyclohexyl group as well as chiral backbone in the new catalyst raised the energy barrier in C–C bond formation along the si-face attack pathway, leading to the formation of R-configuration product. A possible synthetic route for the new catalyst is also suggested.
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