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Lin M, Sun G, Hu X, Chen F, Zhu Y. Role of galacturonic acid in acrylamide formation: Insights from structural analysis. Food Chem 2024; 452:139282. [PMID: 38723562 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a neoformed compound in heated foods, mainly produced between asparagine (Asn) and glucose (Glc) during the Maillard reaction. Galacturonic acid (GalA), the major component of pectin, exhibits high activity in AA formation. This study investigated the pathway for AA formation between GalA and Asn. Three possible pathways were proposed: 1) The carbonyl group of GalA directly interacts with Asn to produce AA; 2) GalA undergoes an oxidative cleavage reaction to release α-dicarbonyl compounds, which subsequently leads to AA production; 3) 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid, the thermal degradation product of GalA, reacts with Asn to generate AA. Structural analysis revealed that the COOH group in GalA accelerated intramolecular protonation and electron transfer processes, thereby increasing the formation of AA precursors such as decarboxylated Schiff base and α-dicarbonyl compounds, promoting AA formation. This study provides a theoretical basis and new insights into the formation and control of AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Lin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guoyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuchen Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Yi R, Mojica M, Fahrenbach AC, James Cleaves H, Krishnamurthy R, Liotta CL. Carbonyl Migration in Uronates Affords a Potential Prebiotic Pathway for Pentose Production. JACS AU 2023; 3:2522-2535. [PMID: 37772180 PMCID: PMC10523364 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate biosynthesis is fundamental to modern terrestrial biochemistry, but how this collection of metabolic pathways originated remains an open question. Prebiotic sugar synthesis has focused primarily on the formose reaction and Kiliani-Fischer homologation; however, how they can transition to extant biochemical pathways has not been studied. Herein, a nonenzymatic pathway for pentose production with similar chemical transformations as those of the pentose phosphate pathway is demonstrated. Starting from a C6 aldonate, namely, gluconate, nonselective chemical oxidation yields a mixture of 2-oxo-, 4-oxo-, 5-oxo-, and 6-oxo-uronate regioisomers. Regardless at which carbinol the oxidation takes place, carbonyl migration enables β-decarboxylation to yield pentoses. In comparison, the pentose phosphate pathway selectively oxidizes 6-phosphogluconate to afford the 3-oxo-uronate derivative, which undergoes facile subsequent β-decarboxylation and carbonyl migration to afford ribose 5-phosphate. The similarities between these two pathways and the potential implications for prebiotic chemistry and protometabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Yi
- Earth-Life
Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-IE-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Mike Mojica
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- School
of Chemistry, Australian Centre for Astrobiology and the UNSW RNA
Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - H. James Cleaves
- Blue
Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington 98154, United States
| | | | - Charles L. Liotta
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Wegener S, Bornik MA, Kroh LW. D-Galacturonic Acid: A Highly Reactive Compound in Nonenzymatic Browning. 2. Formation of Amino-Specific Degradation Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6457-6465. [PMID: 26111613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermal treatment of aqueous solutions of D-galacturonic acid and L-alanine at pH 3, 5, and 8 led to rapid and more intensive nonenzymatic browning reactions compared to similar solutions of other uronic acids and to Maillard reactions of reducing sugars. The hemiacetal ring structures of uronic acids had a high impact on browning behavior and reaction pathways. Besides reductic acid (1,2-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one), 4,5-dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one (DHCP), furan-2-carboxaldehyde, and norfuraneol (4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(2H)-furanone) could be detected as typical products of nonenzymatic uronic acid browning reactions. 2-(2-Formyl-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)propanoic acid (FPA) and 1-(1-carboxyethyl)-3-hydroxypyridin-1-ium (HPA) were identified as specific reaction products of uronic acids with amine participation like l-alanine. In contrast, the structurally related D-galacturonic acid methyl ester showed less browning activity and degradation under equal reaction conditions. Pectin-specific degradation products such as 5-formyl-2-furanoic acid and 2-furanoic acid were found but could not be verified for d-galacturonic acid monomers alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Wegener
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria-Anna Bornik
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar W Kroh
- Institute of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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Anastasia L, Rota P, Anastasia M, Allevi P. Chemical structure, biosynthesis and synthesis of free and glycosylated pyridinolines formed by cross-link of bone and synovium collagen. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:5747-71. [PMID: 23873348 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the chemical structure, biosynthesis and synthesis of free and glycosylated pyridinolines (Pyds), fluorescent collagen cross-links, with a pyridinium salt structure. Pyds derive from the degradation of bone collagen and have attracted attention for their use as biochemical markers of bone resorption and to assess fracture risk prediction in persons suffering from osteoporosis, bone cancer and other bone or collagen diseases. We consider and critically discuss all reported syntheses of free and glycosylated Pyds evidencing an unrevised chemistry, original and of general utility, analysis of which allows us to also support a previously suggested non-enzymatic formation of Pyds in collagen better rationalizing and justifying the chemical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Anastasia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy.
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Van Lancker F, Adams A, De Kimpe N. Chemical Modifications of Peptides and Their Impact on Food Properties. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7876-903. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fien Van Lancker
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Adams
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Formyline, a new glycation compound from the reaction of lysine and 3-deoxypentosone. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Glycosylation of lysine-containing pentapeptides by glucuronic acid: new insights into the Maillard reaction. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:377-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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