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Kumar N, Goel N. Recent development of imidazole derivatives as potential anticancer agents. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer, one of the key health problems globally, is a group of related diseases that share a number of characteristics primarily the uncontrolled growth and invasive to surrounding tissues. Chemotherapy is one of the ways for the treatment of cancer which uses one or more anticancer agents as per chemotherapy regimen. Limitations of most anticancer drugs due to a variety of reasons such as serious side effects, drug resistance, lack of sensitivity and efficacy etc. generate the necessity towards the designing of novel anticancer lead molecules. In this regard, the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic molecules is an appealing research area. Among heterocyclic compounds, nitrogen containing heterocyclic molecules has fascinated tremendous consideration due to broad range of pharmaceutical activity. Imidazoles, extensively present in natural products as well as synthetic molecules, have two nitrogen atoms, and are five membered heterocyclic rings. Because of their countless physiological and pharmacological characteristics, medicinal chemists are enthused to design and synthesize new imidazole derivatives with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. The aim of this present chapter is to discuss the synthesis, chemistry, pharmacological activity, and scope of imidazole-based molecules in anticancer drug development. Finally, we have discussed the current challenges and future perspectives of imidazole-based derivatives in anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore , Madhya Pradesh 453552 , India
| | - Nidhi Goel
- Department of Chemistry , Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh 221005 , India
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Abstract
In the past decade, automated microscopy has become an important tool for the drug discovery and development process. The establishment of imaging modalities as screening tools depended on technological breakthroughs in the domain of automated microscopy and automated image analysis. These types of assays are often referred to as high content screening or high content analysis (HCS/HCA). The driving force to adopt imaging for drug development is the quantity and quality of cellular information that can be collected and the enhanced physiological relevance of cellular screening compared to biochemical screening. Most imaging in drug development is performed on fixed cells as this allows uncoupling the preparation of the cells from the acquisition of the images. Live-cell imaging is technically challenging, but is very useful for many aspects of the drug development pipeline such as kinetic studies of compound mode of action or to analyze the motion of cellular components. Most vendors of HCS microscopy systems offer the option of environmental chambers and onboard pipetting on their platforms. This reflects the wish and desire of many customers to have the ability to perform live-cell assays on their HCS automated microscopes. This book chapter summarizes the challenges and advantages of live-cell imaging in drug discovery. Examples of applications are presented and the motivation to perform these assays in kinetic mode is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Esner
- High Throughput Technology Development Studio (HT-TDS), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 3, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Felix Meyenhofer
- High Throughput Technology Development Studio (HT-TDS), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Département de Médecine, Faculté des Sciences, University of Fribourg, 1, Rte., Albert Gockel, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bickle
- High Throughput Technology Development Studio (HT-TDS), Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Ali I, Lone MN, Aboul-Enein HY. Imidazoles as potential anticancer agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1742-1773. [PMID: 30108886 PMCID: PMC6084102 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a black spot on the face of humanity in this era of science and technology. Presently, several classes of anticancer drugs are available in the market, but issues such as toxicity, low efficacy and solubility have decreased the overall therapeutic indices. Thus, the search for new promising anticancer agents continues, and the battle against cancer is far from over. Imidazole is an aromatic diazole and alkaloid with anticancer properties. There is considerable interest among scientists in developing imidazoles as safe alternatives to anticancer chemotherapy. The present article describes the structural, chemical, and biological features of imidazoles. Several classes of imidazoles as anticancer agents based on their mode of action have been critically discussed. A careful observation has been made into pharmacologically active imidazoles with better or equal therapeutic effects compared to well-known imidazole-based anticancer drugs, which are available on the market. A brief discussion of the toxicities of imidazoles has been made. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of imidazole based anticancer drug development are conferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi-110025 , India . ;
| | - Mohammad Nadeem Lone
- Department of Chemistry , Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University) , New Delhi-110025 , India . ;
| | - Haasan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department , Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division , National Research Centre , Dokki , Giza 12622 , Egypt
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Berges N, Arens K, Kreusch V, Fischer R, Di Fiore S. Toward Discovery of Novel Microtubule Targeting Agents: A SNAP-tag-Based High-Content Screening Assay for the Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics and Cell Cycle Progression. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:387-398. [PMID: 28328318 DOI: 10.1177/2472555216685518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are used for the treatment of cancer. Novel MTAs could provide additional and beneficial therapeutic options. To improve the sensitivity and throughput of standard immunofluorescence assays for the characterization of MTAs, we used SNAP-tag technology to produce recombinant tubulin monomers. To visualize microtubule filaments, A549 cells transfected with SNAP-tubulin were stained with a membrane-permeable, SNAP-reactive dye. The treatment of SNAP-tubulin cells with stabilizing MTAs such as paclitaxel resulted in the formation of coarsely structured microtubule filaments, whereas depolymerizing MTAs such as nocodazole resulted in diffuse staining patterns in which the tubulin filaments were no longer distinguishable. By combining these components with automated microscopy and image analysis algorithms, we established a robust high-content screening assay for MTAs with a Z' factor of 0.7. Proof of principle was achieved by testing a panel of 10 substances, allowing us to identify MTAs and to distinguish between stabilizing and destabilizing modes of action. By extending the treatment of the cells from 2 to 20 h, our assay also detected abnormalities in cell cycle progression and in the formation of microtubule spindles, providing additional readouts for the discovery of new MTAs and facilitating their early identification during drug-screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Berges
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Division Molecular Biology Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Arens
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Division Molecular Biology Aachen, Germany.,Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Verena Kreusch
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Division Molecular Biology Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Division Molecular Biology Aachen, Germany.,2 Institute for Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefano Di Fiore
- 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Division Molecular Biology Aachen, Germany
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Clare RH, Cook DAN, Johnston KL, Ford L, Ward SA, Taylor MJ. Development and validation of a high-throughput anti-Wolbachia whole-cell screen: a route to macrofilaricidal drugs against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:64-9. [PMID: 25278497 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114551518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new, safe, and affordable macrofilaricidal drugs for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis treatment and control. The Anti-Wolbachia Consortium (A·WOL) aims to provide a novel treatment with macrofilaricidal activity by targeting the essential bacterial symbiont Wolbachia. The consortium is currently screening a diverse range of compounds to find new chemical space to drive this drug discovery initiative and address this unmet demand. To increase the throughput and capacity of the A·WOL cell-based screen, we have developed a 384-well format assay using a high-content imaging system (Operetta) in conjunction with optimized Wolbachia growth dynamics in the C6/36 Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line. This assay uses texture analysis of cells stained with SYTO 11 as a direct measure of bacterial load. This validated assay has dramatically increased the capacity and throughput of the A·WOL compound library screening program 25-fold, enriching the number of new anti-Wolbachia hits identified for further development as potential macrofilaricides for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Clare
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darren A N Cook
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kelly L Johnston
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise Ford
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Magalhães HI, Wilke DV, Bezerra DP, Cavalcanti BC, Rotta R, de Lima DP, Beatriz A, Moraes MO, Diniz-Filho J, Pessoa C. (4-Methoxyphenyl)(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methanone inhibits tubulin polymerization, induces G2/M arrest, and triggers apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Prudent R, Vassal-Stermann É, Nguyen CH, Mollaret M, Viallet J, Desroches-Castan A, Martinez A, Barette C, Pillet C, Valdameri G, Soleilhac E, Di Pietro A, Feige JJ, Billaud M, Florent JC, Lafanechère L. Azaindole derivatives are inhibitors of microtubule dynamics, with anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic activities. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:673-85. [PMID: 23004938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Drugs targeting microtubules are commonly used for cancer treatment. However, the potency of microtubule inhibitors used clinically is limited by the emergence of resistance. We thus designed a strategy to find new cell-permeable microtubule-targeting agents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using a cell-based assay designed to probe for microtubule polymerization status, we screened a chemical library and identified two azaindole derivatives, CM01 and CM02, as cell-permeable microtubule-depolymerizing agents. The mechanism of the anti-tumour effects of these two compounds was further investigated both in vivo and in vitro. KEY RESULTS CM01 and CM02 induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and exerted potent cytostatic effects on several cancer cell lines including multidrug-resistant (MDR) cell lines. In vitro experiments revealed that the azaindole derivatives inhibited tubulin polymerization and competed with colchicines for this effect, strongly indicating that tubulin is the cellular target of these azaindole derivatives. In vivo experiments, using a chicken chorioallantoic xenograft tumour assay, established that these compounds exert a potent anti-tumour effect. Furthermore, an assay probing the growth of vessels out of endothelial cell spheroids showed that CM01 and CM02 exert anti-angiogenic activities. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CM01 and CM02 are reversible microtubule-depolymerizing agents that exert potent cytostatic effects on human cancer cells of diverse origins, including MDR cells. They were also shown to inhibit angiogenesis and tumour growth in chorioallantoic breast cancer xenografts. Hence, these azaindole derivatives are attractive candidates for further preclinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Prudent
- Institut Albert Bonniot, CRI INSERM/UJF U823, La Tronche Cedex, France
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Zhao TT, Lu X, Yang XH, Wang LM, Li X, Wang ZC, Gong HB, Zhu HL. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxysalicylaldoxime derivatives as novel antitubulin agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3233-41. [PMID: 22512906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxysalicylaldoxime derivatives (1h-20h) have been designed and synthesized, and their biological activities were also evaluated as potential antiproliferation and tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Among all the compounds, 2h showed the most potent activity in vitro, which inhibited the growth of MCF-7, Hep-G2 and A549 cell lines with IC(50) values of 0.70 ± 0.05, 0.68 ± 0.02 and 0.86 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. Compound 2h also exhibited significant tubulin polymerization inhibitory activity (IC(50)=3.06 ± 0.05 μM). The result of flow cytometry (FCM) demonstrated that compound 2h induced cell apoptosis. Docking simulation was performed to insert compound 2h into the crystal structure of tubulin at colchicine binding site to determine the probable binding model. Based on the preliminary results, compound 2h with potent inhibitory activity in tumor growth may be a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Qian Y, Zhang HJ, Lv PC, Zhu HL. Synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of guanidine derivatives as novel antitubulin agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nohara LL, Lema C, Bader JO, Aguilera RJ, Almeida IC. High-content imaging for automated determination of host-cell infection rate by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:565-70. [PMID: 20688189 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease affects 8-11 million people, mostly in Latin America. Sequelae include cardiac, peripheral nervous and/or gastrointestinal disorders, thus placing a large economic and social burden on endemic countries. The pathogenesis and the evolutive pattern of the disease are not fully clarified. Moreover, available drugs are partially effective and toxic, and there is no vaccine. Therefore, there is an urgent need to speed up basic and translational research in the field. Here, we applied automated high-content imaging to generate multiparametric data on a cell-by-cell basis to precisely and quickly determine several parameters associated with in vitro infection of host cell by Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Automated and manual quantifications were used to determine the percentage of T. cruzi-infected cells in a 96-well microplate format and the data generated was statistically evaluated. Most importantly, this automated approach can be widely applied for discovery of potential drugs as well as molecular pathway elucidation not only in T. cruzi but also in other human intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Nohara
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA
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Li WT, Hwang DR, Song JS, Chen CP, Chuu JJ, Hu CB, Lin HL, Huang CL, Huang CY, Tseng HY, Lin CC, Chen TW, Lin CH, Wang HS, Shen CC, Chang CM, Chao YS, Chen CT. Synthesis and Biological Activities of 2-Amino-1-arylidenamino Imidazoles as Orally Active Anticancer Agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2409-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901501s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tai Li
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Ren Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Ping Chen
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiunn-Jye Chuu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Bo Hu
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Heng-Liang Lin
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Lung Huang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Yi Huang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huan-Yi Tseng
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Chung Lin
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Wei Chen
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang Ming University, Shih-Pai, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Sheng Wang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chang Shen
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Sheng Chao
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan, ROC
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