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Li L, Zhao L, Yang J, Zhou L. Multifaceted effects of LRP6 in cancer: exploring tumor development, immune modulation and targeted therapies. Med Oncol 2024; 41:180. [PMID: 38898247 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-related protein 6 (LRP6), a member of the LDLR superfamily of cell surface receptors, is most widely known as a crucial co-receptor in the activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This signaling pathway is implicated in multiple biological processes, such as lipoprotein metabolism, protease regulation, cell differentiation, and migration. LRP6 is frequently overexpressed in a variety of tumors, including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer, and is generally considered an oncogene that promotes tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, there are exceptions; some studies have reported that LRP6 inhibits lung metastasis of breast cancer through its ectodomain (LRP6N), and patients with low LRP6 expression tend to have a poor prognosis. Thus, the role of LRP6 in tumors remains controversial. Although limited studies have shown that LRP6 is associated with the expression and roles of a variety of immune cells in tumors, the interaction of LRP6 with the tumor microenvironment (TME) is not fully understood. Furthermore, it is crucial to acknowledge that LRP6 can engage with alternative pathways, including the mTORC1, CXCL12/CXCR4, and KRAS signaling pathways mentioned earlier, resulting in the regulation of biological functions independent of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Due to the potential of LRP6 as a molecular target for cancer therapy, various treatment modalities have been developed to directly or indirectly inhibit LRP6 function, demonstrating promising anti-cancer effects across multiple cancer types. This review will concentrate on exploring the expression, function, and potential therapeutic applications of LRP6 in different cancer types, along with its influence on the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics and Immunology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Yang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxia Zhou
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Cytogenetics and Immunology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Genetic Study of Hematopathy, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Marjanović M, Mikecin Dražić AM, Mioč M, Paradžik M, Kliček F, Novokmet M, Lauc G, Kralj M. Salinomycin disturbs Golgi function and specifically affects cells in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260934. [PMID: 37545292 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) gives rise to cells with properties similar to cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting the EMT program to selectively eliminate CSCs is a promising way to improve cancer therapy. Salinomycin (Sal), a K+/H+ ionophore, was identified as highly selective towards CSC-like cells, but its mechanism of action and selectivity remains elusive. Here, we show that Sal, similar to monensin and nigericin, disturbs the function of the Golgi. Sal alters the expression of Golgi-related genes and leads to marked changes in Golgi morphology, particularly in cells that have undergone EMT. Moreover, Golgi-disturbing agents severely affect post-translational modifications of proteins, including protein processing, glycosylation and secretion. We discover that the alterations induced by Golgi-disturbing agents specifically affect the viability of EMT cells. Collectively, our work reveals a novel vulnerability related to the EMT, suggesting an important role for the Golgi in the EMT and that targeting the Golgi could represent a novel therapeutic approach against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Marjanović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Matea Mikecin Dražić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Mioč
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mladen Paradžik
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Filip Kliček
- GENOS, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska c. 83, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mislav Novokmet
- GENOS, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska c. 83, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- GENOS, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska c. 83, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Anees M, Mehrotra N, Tiwari S, Kumar D, Kharbanda S, Singh H. Polylactic acid based biodegradable hybrid block copolymeric nanoparticle mediated co-delivery of salinomycin and doxorubicin for cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122779. [PMID: 36842520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) are primarily responsible for chemoresistance, cancer reoccurrence and treatment failure in cancer patients. Eliminating CSCs along with bulk tumor is a necessity to achieve complete cancer inhibition. Salinomycin (SAL) has potential to specifically target and kill CSCs through blocking their multiple pathways simultaneously. SAL has also been reported to improve anti-cancer efficacy of numerous chemo-based drugs when used in combination therapy. However, clinical use of SAL is restricted due to its high off targeted toxicity. Herein, we have developed a PLA based hybrid block copolymer for concomitant delivery of SAL and doxorubicin (DOX) with an aim to reduce their adverse side effects and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the treatment. Designed PLA based nanoplatform showed high encapsulation and sustained release profile for both the drugs. Cytotoxicity evaluation on cancer cell lines confirmed the synergistic effect of SAL:DOX co-loaded NPs. Additionally, prepared SAL NPs were also found to be highly effective against chemo-resistant cancer cells and CSCs derived from cancer patient. Most importantly, encapsulation of SAL in PLA NPs improved its pharmacokinetics and biodistribution profile. Consequently, undesired toxicity with SAL NPs was significantly reduced which in-turn increased the dose tolerability in mice as compared to free SAL. Treatment of EAC tumor bearing mice with SAL:DOX co-loaded NPs resulted in excellent tumor regression and complete inhibition of cancer reoccurrence. These results conclude that concomitant delivery of SAL and DOX using PLA based block copolymeric nano-carrier have a strong potential for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Anees
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neha Mehrotra
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sachchidanand Tiwari
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- National Institute of Health and Family Welfare (NIHFW), New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - Harpal Singh
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Zou G, Park JI. Wnt signaling in liver regeneration, disease, and cancer. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023; 29:33-50. [PMID: 35785913 PMCID: PMC9845677 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver exhibits the highest recovery rate from acute injuries. However, in chronic liver disease, the long-term loss of hepatocytes often leads to adverse consequences such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in both liver regeneration and tumorigenesis. Therefore, manipulating the Wnt signaling has become an attractive approach to treating liver disease, including cancer. Nonetheless, given the crucial roles of Wnt signaling in physiological processes, blocking Wnt signaling can also cause several adverse effects. Recent studies have identified cancer-specific regulators of Wnt signaling, which would overcome the limitation of Wnt signaling target approaches. In this review, we discussed the role of Wnt signaling in liver regeneration, precancerous lesion, and liver cancer. Furthermore, we summarized the basic and clinical approaches of Wnt signaling blockade and proposed the therapeutic prospects of cancer-specific Wnt signaling blockade for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyi Zou
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Corresponding author : Gengyi Zou Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd Unit 1054, Houston, TX 77030, USA Tel: +1-713-792-3659, Fax: +1-713-794-5369, E-mail:
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA,Genetics and Epigenetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA,Jae-Il Park Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd. Unit 1052, Houston, TX 77030, USA Tel: +1-713-792-3659, Fax: +1-713-794-5369, E-mail:
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Overcoming apoptotic resistance afforded by Bcl-2 in lymphoid tumor cells: a critical role for dexamethasone. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:494. [PMID: 36539401 PMCID: PMC9767920 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that promotes cell survival and resistance to cell death. Predictably, Bcl-2 as well as other anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of human cancers. Approaches to overcome apoptotic resistance afforded by Bcl-2 in cells include anti-sense oligonucleotides, drugs that inhibit Bcl-2 function, and BH3 mimics have not been universally effective; thus, the need to understand the underlying mechanism of this resistance is vital. Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that act through their cognate receptors to control the transcription of numerous target genes, and in turn regulate a diverse array of biological processes. Synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone, are prescribed in many chemotherapy protocols for neoplasms of lymphoid origin based on their ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and promote apoptosis. However, lymphoid cells expressing Bcl-2 are resistant to glucocorticoid-induced cell death. We observed both pro- and anti-apoptotic characteristics in lymphoid cells expressing Bcl-2 following glucocorticoid treatment. These cells exhibited a profound change in their intracellular ionic composition, but a limited apoptotic ion flux and the absence of cell death. Provocatively, mimicking the loss of intracellular potassium using a low dose of a microbial toxin that acts as a potassium ionophore in combination with dexamethasone overcame the resistance afforded by Bcl-2 and killed the cells. Extending our study using other potassium ionophores revealed that direct depolarization of the mitochondria membrane potential coupled with prior treatment with glucocorticoids is the key mechanism for activating the cell death program and bypassing the resistance afforded by Bcl-2 in lymphoid cells. Finally, we show that the duration of dexamethasone pre-treatment is critical for regulating distinct genes and signaling pathways that sensitize the cells to die.
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Pashkunova-Martic I, Kukeva R, Stoyanova R, Pantcheva I, Dorkov P, Friske J, Hejl M, Jakupec M, Hohagen M, Legin A, Lubitz W, Keppler BK, Helbich TH, Ivanova J. Novel Salinomycin-Based Paramagnetic Complexes-First Evaluation of Their Potential Theranostic Properties. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2319. [PMID: 36365139 PMCID: PMC9692412 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Combining therapeutic with diagnostic agents (theranostics) can revolutionize the course of malignant diseases. Chemotherapy, hyperthermia, or radiation are used together with diagnostic methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In contrast to conventional contrast agents (CAs), which only enable non-specific visualization of tissues and organs, the theranostic probe offers targeted diagnostic imaging and therapy simultaneously. METHODS Novel salinomycin (Sal)-based theranostic probes comprising two different paramagnetic metal ions, gadolinium(III) (Gd(III)) or manganese(II) (Mn(II)), as signal emitting motifs for MRI were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectral analysis (IR), electroparamagnetic resonance (EPR), thermogravimetry (TG) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). To overcome the water insolubility of the two Sal-complexes, they were loaded into empty bacterial ghosts (BGs) cells as transport devices. The potential of the free and BGs-loaded metal complexes as theranostics was evaluated by in vitro relaxivity measurements in a high-field MR scanner and in cell culture studies. RESULTS Both the free Sal-complexes (Gd(III) salinomycinate (Sal-Gd(III) and Mn(II) salinomycinate (Sal-Mn(II)) and loaded into BGs demonstrated enhanced cytotoxic efficacy against three human tumor cell lines (A549, SW480, CH1/PA-1) relative to the free salinomycinic acid (Sal-H) and its sodium complex (Sal-Na) applied as controls with IC50 in a submicromolar concentration range. Moreover, Sal-H, Sal-Gd(III), and Sal-Mn(II) were able to induce perturbations in the cell cycle of treated colorectal and breast human cancer cell lines (SW480 and MCF-7, respectively). The relaxivity (r1) values of both complexes as well as of the loaded BGs, were higher or comparable to the relaxivity values of the clinically applied contrast agents gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadoteridol. CONCLUSION This research is the first assessment that demonstrates the potential of Gd(III) and Mn(II) complexes of Sal as theranostic agents for MRI. Due to the remarkable selectivity and mode of action of Sal as part of the compounds, they could revolutionize cancer therapy and allow for early diagnosis and monitoring of therapeutic follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Pashkunova-Martic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna & General Hospital of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rositsa Kukeva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radostina Stoyanova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivayla Pantcheva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, J. Bourchier Blvd., 1, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Peter Dorkov
- Chemistry Department, R&D, BIOVET Ltd., 39 Peter Rakov Str., 4550 Peshtera, Bulgaria
| | - Joachim Friske
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna & General Hospital of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Hejl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariam Hohagen
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry—Functional Materials, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Legin
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Lubitz
- BIRD-C GmbH, Dr. Bohrgasse 2–8, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K. Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas H. Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Structural Preclinical Imaging, Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Medical University of Vienna & General Hospital of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juliana Ivanova
- Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Kozjak Str., 1, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Jędrzejczyk M, Janczak J, Huczyński A. Molecular structure and spectroscopic studies of the product of acidic degradation of salinomycin and its potassium salt. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Tanaka Y, Tanabe E, Nonaka Y, Uemura M, Tajima T, Ochiai K. Ionophore Antibiotics Inhibit Type II Feline Coronavirus Proliferation In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081734. [PMID: 36016355 PMCID: PMC9415497 DOI: 10.3390/v14081734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) infect cats worldwide and cause severe systemic diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP has a high mortality rate, and drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been ineffective for the treatment of FIP. Investigating host factors and the functions required for FCoV replication is necessary to develop effective drugs for the treatment of FIP. FCoV utilizes an endosomal trafficking system for cellular entry after binding between the viral spike (S) protein and its receptor. The cellular enzymes that cleave the S protein of FCoV to release the viral genome into the cytosol require an acidic pH optimized in the endosomes by regulating cellular ion concentrations. Ionophore antibiotics are compounds that form complexes with alkali ions to alter the endosomal pH conditions. This study shows that ionophore antibiotics, including valinomycin, salinomycin, and nigericin, inhibit FCoV proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ionophore antibiotics should be investigated further as potential broad-spectrum anti-FCoV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-422-31-4151
| | - Eri Tanabe
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Nonaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
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Singhal S, Maheshwari P, Krishnamurthy PT, Patil VM. Drug Repurposing Strategies for Non-Cancer to Cancer Therapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2726-2756. [PMID: 35301945 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220317140557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Global efforts invested for the prevention and treatment of cancer need to be repositioned to develop safe, effective, and economic anticancer therapeutics by adopting rational approaches of drug discovery. Drug repurposing is one of the established approaches to reposition old, clinically approved off patent noncancer drugs with known targets into newer indications. The literature review suggests key role of drug repurposing in the development of drugs intended for cancer as well as noncancer therapeutics. A wide category of noncancer drugs namely, drugs acting on CNS, anthelmintics, cardiovascular drugs, antimalarial drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs have come out with interesting outcomes during preclinical and clinical phases. In the present article a comprehensive overview of the current scenario of drug repurposing for the treatment of cancer has been focused. The details of some successful studies along with examples have been included followed by associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priyal Maheshwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Vaishali M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
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Metal complexes of NSAIDs as potent anti-tumor chemotherapeutics: Mechanistic insights into cytotoxic activity via multiple pathways primarily by inhibition of COX–1 and COX–2 enzymes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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LC-HRMS-Based Identification of Transformation Products of the Drug Salinomycin Generated by Electrochemistry and Liver Microsome. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020155. [PMID: 35203758 PMCID: PMC8868298 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug salinomycin (SAL) is a polyether antibiotic and used in veterinary medicine as coccidiostat and growth promoter. Recently, SAL was suggested as a potential anticancer drug. However, transformation products (TPs) resulting from metabolic and environmental degradation of SAL are incompletely known and structural information is missing. In this study, we therefore systematically investigated the formation and identification of SAL derived TPs using electrochemistry (EC) in an electrochemical reactor and rat and human liver microsome incubation (RLM and HLM) as TP generating methods. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied to determine accurate masses in a suspected target analysis to identify TPs and to deduce occurring modification reactions of derived TPs. A total of 14 new, structurally different TPs were found (two EC-TPs, five RLM-TPs, and 11 HLM-TPs). The main modification reactions are decarbonylation for EC-TPs and oxidation (hydroxylation) for RLM/HLM-TPs. Of particular interest are potassium-based TPs identified after liver microsome incubation because these might have been overlooked or declared as oxidated sodium adducts in previous, non-HRMS-based studies due to the small mass difference between K and O + Na of 21 mDa. The MS fragmentation pattern of TPs was used to predict the position of identified modifications in the SAL molecule. The obtained knowledge regarding transformation reactions and novel TPs of SAL will contribute to elucidate SAL-metabolites with regards to structural prediction.
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12
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Qi D, Liu Y, Li J, Huang JH, Hu X, Wu E. Salinomycin as a potent anticancer stem cell agent: State of the art and future directions. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:1037-1063. [PMID: 34786735 PMCID: PMC9298915 DOI: 10.1002/med.21870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of cells within a tumor that can both self‐renew and differentiate into other cell types forming the heterogeneous tumor bulk. Since CSCs are involved in all aspects of cancer development, including tumor initiation, cell proliferation, metastatic dissemination, therapy resistance, and recurrence, they have emerged as attractive targets for cancer treatment and management. Salinomycin, a widely used antibiotic in poultry farming, was identified by the Weinberg group as a potent anti‐CSC agent in 2009. As a polyether ionophore, salinomycin exerts broad‐spectrum activities, including the important anti‐CSC function. Studies on the mechanism of action of salinomycin against cancer have been continuously and rapidly published since then. Thus, it is imperative for us to update its literature of recent research findings in this area. We here summarize the notable work reported on salinomycin's anticancer activities, intracellular binding target(s), effects on tumor microenvironment, safety, derivatives, and tumor‐specific drug delivery; after that we also discuss the translational potential of salinomycin toward clinical application based on current multifaceted understandings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Yunyi Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA.,LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Pharmacy, College Station, Texas, USA
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Jiang C, Zhou H, Sun H, He R, Song C, Cui T, Luan J, Fu J, Zhang Y, Jiao N, Wang H. Establishing an efficient salinomycin biosynthetic pathway in three heterologous Streptomyces hosts by constructing a 106-kb multioperon artificial gene cluster. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4668-4677. [PMID: 34436784 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin is a promising anticancer drug for chemotherapy. A highly productive biosynthetic gene cluster will facilitate the creation of analogs with improved therapeutic activity and reduced side effects. In this study, we engineered an artificial 106-kb salinomycin gene cluster and achieved efficient heterologous expression in three hosts: Streptomyces coelicolor CH999, S. lividans K4-114, and S. albus J1074. The six-operon artificial gene cluster consists of 25 genes from the native gene cluster organized into five operons and five fatty acid β-oxidation genes into one operon. All operons are driven by strong constitutive promoters. For K4-114 and J1074 harboring the artificial gene cluster, salinomycin production in shake flask cultures was 14.3 mg L-1 and 19.3 mg L-1 , respectively. The production was 1.3-fold and 1.7-fold higher, respectively, than that of the native producer S. albus DSM41398. K4-114 and J1074 harboring the native gene cluster produced an undetectable amount of salinomycin and 0.5 mg L-1 , respectively. CH999 harboring the artificial gene cluster produced 10.3 mg L-1 of salinomycin, which was 92% of the production by DSM41398. The efficient heterologous expression system based on the 106-kb multioperon artificial gene cluster established in this study will facilitate structural diversification of salinomycin, which is valuable for drug development and structure-activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanjuan Jiang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongluan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ruoting He
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chaoyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ji Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-infectives, Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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14
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Tefas LR, Barbălată C, Tefas C, Tomuță I. Salinomycin-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Overcoming the Hurdles in Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081120. [PMID: 34452081 PMCID: PMC8401311 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are reportedly responsible for the initiation and propagation of cancer. Since CSCs are highly resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy, they are considered the main cause of cancer relapse and metastasis. Salinomycin (Sali), an anticoccidial polyether antibiotic, has emerged as a promising new candidate for cancer therapy, with selective cytotoxicity against CSCs in various malignancies. Nanotechnology provides an efficient means of delivering Sali to tumors in view of reducing collateral damage to healthy tissues and enhancing the therapeutic outcome. This review offers an insight into the most recent advances in cancer therapy using Sali-based nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ruxandra Tefas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.T.); (C.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Cristina Barbălată
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.T.); (C.B.); (I.T.)
| | - Cristian Tefas
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor” Regional Institute for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 19–21 Croitorilor Street, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-740836136
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 Victor Babeș Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.R.T.); (C.B.); (I.T.)
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15
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Talkowski K, Kiełbasiński K, Peszek W, Grabarek BO, Boroń D, Oplawski M. Salinomycin Modulates the Expression of mRNAs and miRNAs Related to Stemness in Endometrial Cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:317-326. [PMID: 32564748 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x16666200621160742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinomycin, an ionophore antibiotic, has a strong anti-cancer effect, inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells and cancer stem cells. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the influence of salinomycin on the expression profile of genes related to stemness and miRNA regulating their expression in endometrial cancer cells. METHODS Endometrial cancer cells of cell line Ishikawa were exposed to salinomycin at concentrations in the range of 0.1-100 μM, with the aim of determining its pro-apoptotic potential and the concentration which would cause the death of 50% of the cells (Sulforhodamine B test). In the following stages, the cells were incubated with the drug at a concentration of 1μM for 12,24 and 48 hour periods and compared to the control. Determining the changes in the expression of the genes related to stemness and regulating their miRNA was done using the microarray technique and RTqPCR. ELISA assay was performed in order to determine the level of TGFβ2, COL14A1, CDH2, WNT5A in cell culture under salinomycin treatment in comparison to the control. RESULTS Salinomycin caused the apoptosis of cells. For the concentration of 0.1 μM, a decrease in the population of living cells by 11.9% was determined. For 1 μM, it was 49.8%, for 10 μM -69.4%, and for a concentration of 100 μM - 87.9%. The most noticeable changes in the expression caused by the addition of salinomycin into the culture were noted for mRNA: TGFβ2; WNT5A (up-regulated); COL14A1; CDH2 (down-regulated), as well as miRNA: hsa-miR-411 (up-regulated); hsa-miR-200a; hsa-miR-33a; hsa-miR-199a; hsa-miR-371-5p; hsa-miR-374; hsa-miR-374b (down-regulated). CONCLUSION It was confirmed that salinomycin has an influence on the stemness process. The most noticeable changes in the expression were noted for mRNA: TGFβ2; COL14A1; CDH2; WNT5A, as well as for miRNA: hsa-miR-200a; hsa-miR-33a; hsa-miR-199a; hsa-miR-371-5p; hsa-miR-411; hsa-miR- 374a; hsa-miR-374b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Talkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamil Kiełbasiński
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Ruda Slaska, Medical University of Silesia, Ruda Slaska, Poland
| | - Wojciech Peszek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beniamin O Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Oplawski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Burke RM, Dirkx RA, Quijada P, Lighthouse JK, Mohan A, O'Brien M, Wojciechowski W, Woeller CF, Phipps RP, Alexis JD, Ashton JM, Small EM. Prevention of Fibrosis and Pathological Cardiac Remodeling by Salinomycin. Circ Res 2021; 128:1663-1678. [PMID: 33825488 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Burke
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (R.M.B., R.A.D., P.Q., J.K.L., A.M., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Ronald A Dirkx
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (R.M.B., R.A.D., P.Q., J.K.L., A.M., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Pearl Quijada
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (R.M.B., R.A.D., P.Q., J.K.L., A.M., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Janet K Lighthouse
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (R.M.B., R.A.D., P.Q., J.K.L., A.M., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Amy Mohan
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (R.M.B., R.A.D., P.Q., J.K.L., A.M., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Meghann O'Brien
- Genomics Research Center (M.O., W.W., J.M.A.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Wojciech Wojciechowski
- Genomics Research Center (M.O., W.W., J.M.A.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Collynn F Woeller
- Environmental Medicine (C.F.W., R.P.P.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY.,Department of Medicine (C.F.W., R.P.P., J.D.A., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Environmental Medicine (C.F.W., R.P.P.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY.,Department of Medicine (C.F.W., R.P.P., J.D.A., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Jeffrey D Alexis
- Department of Medicine (C.F.W., R.P.P., J.D.A., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - John M Ashton
- Genomics Research Center (M.O., W.W., J.M.A.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (R.M.B., R.A.D., P.Q., J.K.L., A.M., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY.,Department of Medicine (C.F.W., R.P.P., J.D.A., E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY.,Pharmacology and Physiology (E.M.S.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, NY (E.M.S.)
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17
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Salinomycin-loaded injectable thermosensitive hydrogels for glioblastoma therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 598:120316. [PMID: 33540001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Local drug delivery approaches for treating brain tumors not only diminish the toxicity of systemic chemotherapy, but also circumvent the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of most chemotherapeutics to the brain. Recently, salinomycin has attracted much attention as a potential chemotherapeutic agent in a variety of cancers. In this study, poly (ethylene oxide)/poly (propylene oxide)/poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO, Pluronic F127) and poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide-b-ethylene glycol-b-dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA), the two most common thermosensitive copolymers, were utilized as local delivery systems for salinomycin in the treatment of glioblastoma. The Pluronic and PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogels released 100% and 36% of the encapsulated salinomycin over a one-week period, respectively. While both hydrogels were found to be effective at inhibiting glioblastoma cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and generating intracellular reactive oxygen species, the Pluronic formulation showed better biocompatibility, a superior drug release profile and an ability to further enhance the cytotoxicity of salinomycin, compared to the PLGA-PEG-PLGA hydrogel formulation. Animal studies in subcutaneous U251 xenograftednudemice also revealed that Pluronic + salinomycin hydrogel reduced tumor growth compared to free salinomycin- and PBS-treated mice by 4-fold and 6-fold, respectively within 12 days. Therefore, it is envisaged that salinomycin-loaded Pluronic can be utilized as an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel platform for local treatment of glioblastoma, providing a sustained release of salinomycin at the tumor site and potentially bypassing the BBB for drug delivery to the brain.
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18
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Biochemical pathways of copper complexes: progress over the past 5 years. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1086-1096. [PMID: 33486113 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element with vital roles in many metalloenzymes; it is also prominent among nonplatinum anticancer metallodrugs. Copper-based complexes are endogenously biocompatible, tenfold more potent than cisplatin, exhibit fewer adverse effects, and have a wide therapeutic window. In cancer biology, copper acts as an antitumor agent by inhibiting cancer via multiple pathways. Herein, we present an overview of advances in copper complexes as 'lead' antitumor drug candidates, and in understanding their biochemical and pharmacological pathways over the past 5 years. This review will help to develop more efficacious therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes for cancer treatments.
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19
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Wang YH, Chen YH, Shen WH. Amikacin Suppresses Human Breast Cancer Cell MDA-MB-231 Migration and Invasion. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040108. [PMID: 33233497 PMCID: PMC7712503 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used for treating gram-negative bacterial infections in cancer patients. In this study, our aims are to investigate the migratory inhibition effects of amikacin in human MDA-MB-231 cells. (2) Methods: We used a wound-healing assay, trans-well analysis, Western blotting, immunostaining and siRNA knockdown approaches to investigate how amikacin influenced MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion. (3) Results: Wound healing showed that the MDA-MB-231 cell migration rates decreased to 44.4% in the presence of amikacin. Trans-well analysis showed that amikacin treatment led to invasion inhibition. Western blotting demonstrated that amikacin induced thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) up-regulation. TXNIP was knocked down using siRNA in MDA-MB-231 cell. Using immunostaining analysis, we found that inhibition of TXNIP expression led to MDA-MB-231 pseudopodia extension; however, amikacin treatment attenuated the cell extension formation. (4) Conclusions: We observed inhibition of migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with amikacin. This suggests inhibition might be mediated by up-regulation of TXNIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsin Wang
- Division of Basic Research, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28970011 (ext. 1468)
| | - Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei City 251, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hao Shen
- Division of Basic Research, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
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20
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Salinomycin-Loaded Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Glioblastoma Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030477. [PMID: 32155938 PMCID: PMC7153627 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salinomycin is an antibiotic introduced recently as a new and effective anticancer drug. In this study, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were utilized as a drug carrier for salinomycin for potential use in glioblastoma (GBM) chemotherapy. The biocompatible polyethylenimine (PEI)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-IONPs (PEI-PEG-IONPs) exhibited an efficient uptake in both mouse brain-derived microvessel endothelial (bEnd.3) and human U251 GBM cell lines. The salinomycin (Sali)-loaded PEI-PEG-IONPs (Sali-PEI-PEG-IONPs) released salinomycin over 4 days, with an initial release of 44% ± 3% that increased to 66% ± 5% in acidic pH. The Sali-IONPs inhibited U251 cell proliferation and decreased their viability (by approximately 70% within 48 h), and the nanoparticles were found to be effective in reactive oxygen species-mediated GBM cell death. Gene studies revealed significant activation of caspases in U251 cells upon treatment with Sali-IONPs. Furthermore, the upregulation of tumor suppressors (i.e., p53, Rbl2, Gas5) was observed, while TopII, Ku70, CyclinD1, and Wnt1 were concomitantly downregulated. When examined in an in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB)-GBM co-culture model, Sali-IONPs had limited penetration (1.0% ± 0.08%) through the bEnd.3 monolayer and resulted in 60% viability of U251 cells. However, hyperosmotic disruption coupled with an applied external magnetic field significantly enhanced the permeability of Sali-IONPs across bEnd.3 monolayers (3.2% ± 0.1%) and reduced the viability of U251 cells to 38%. These findings suggest that Sali-IONPs combined with penetration enhancers, such as hyperosmotic mannitol and external magnetic fields, can potentially provide effective and site-specific magnetic targeting for GBM chemotherapy.
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21
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Synthesis of chemical tools to improve water solubility and promote the delivery of salinomycin to cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1835-1843. [PMID: 32104239 PMCID: PMC7027072 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and radiation are unable to eliminate all cancer cells, particularly apoptosis-resistant cancer cells, despite their ability to kill cancer cluster cells. Thus, it is important to identify methods that eliminate all cancer cells in order to prevent relapse. Salinomycin has the ability to control and eradicate different types of cancer, including breast cancer; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. The main difficulty in testing salinomycin activity and understanding the governing mechanisms is its low solubility in water (17 mg/l), which can hinder convenient delivery of salinomycin to the protein receptor at the cell surface of stem cells. In the present study, salinomycin was conjugated to the trans-activator of transcription-protein in order to facilitate its delivery to the cancer cells. Conjugated salinomycin demonstrated improved solubility in both in vitro. Salinomycin was tested in breast cancer cells (MCF7 and JIMT-1) by the cleavage of the linker through photolysis at l≥365 nm during in vitro analysis, in the present study.
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22
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Markowska A, Kaysiewicz J, Markowska J, Huczyński A. Doxycycline, salinomycin, monensin and ivermectin repositioned as cancer drugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1549-1554. [PMID: 31054863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the standard methods for the treatment of malignant tumors. It aims to cause lethal damage to cellular structures, mainly DNA. Noteworthy, in recent years discoveries of novel anticancer agents from well-known antibiotics have opened up new treatment pathways for several cancer diseases. The aim of this review article is to describe new applications for the following antibiotics: doxycycline (DOX), salinomycin (SAL), monensin (MON) and ivermectin (IVR) as they are known to show anti-tumor activity, but have not yet been introduced into standard oncological therapy. To date, these agents have been used for the treatment of a broad-spectrum of bacterial and parasitic infectious diseases and are widely available, which is why they were selected. The data presented here clearly show that the antibiotics mentioned above should be recognised in the near future as novel agents able to eradicate cancer cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs) across several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markowska
- Department of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Polna 33, 60-545 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Janina Markowska
- Department of Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego 82/84, 60-569 Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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23
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Antoszczak M, Steverding D, Huczyński A. Anti-parasitic activity of polyether ionophores. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:32-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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24
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A comprehensive review of salinomycin derivatives as potent anticancer and anti-CSCs agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:48-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Antoszczak M. A medicinal chemistry perspective on salinomycin as a potent anticancer and anti-CSCs agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:366-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Guberović I, Marjanović M, Mioč M, Ester K, Martin-Kleiner I, Šumanovac Ramljak T, Mlinarić-Majerski K, Kralj M. Crown ethers reverse P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14467. [PMID: 30262858 PMCID: PMC6160470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a widespread phenomenon exhibited by many cancers and represents a fundamental obstacle for successful cancer treatments. Tumour cells commonly achieve MDR phenotype through overexpression and/or increased activity of ABC transporters. P-glycoprotein transporter (P-gp, ABCB1) is a major cause of MDR and therefore represents a valuable target for MDR reversal. Several naturally occurring potassium ionophores (e.g. salinomycin) were shown to inhibit P-gp effectively. We have previously shown antitumour activity of a number of 18-crown-6 ether compounds that transport potassium ions across membranes. Here we present data on P-gp inhibitory activity of 16 adamantane-substituted monoaza- and diaza-18-crown-6 ether compounds, and their effect on MDR reversal in model cell lines. We show that crown ether activity depends on their lipophilicity as well as on the linker to adamantane moiety. The most active crown ethers were shown to be more effective in sensitising MDR cells to paclitaxel and adriamycin than verapamil, a well-known P-gp inhibitor. Altogether our data demonstrate a novel use of crown ethers for inhibition of P-gp and reversal of MDR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Guberović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marko Marjanović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Mioč
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katja Ester
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Martin-Kleiner
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Šumanovac Ramljak
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kata Mlinarić-Majerski
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Norouzi M, Abdali Z, Liu S, Miller DW. Salinomycin-loaded Nanofibers for Glioblastoma Therapy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9377. [PMID: 29925966 PMCID: PMC6010406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinomycin is an antibiotic that has recently been introduced as a novel and effective anti-cancer drug. In this study, PLGA nanofibers (NFs) containing salinomycin (Sali) were fabricated by electrospinning for the first time. The biodegradable PLGA NFs had stability for approximately 30 days and exhibited a sustained release of the drug for at least a 2-week period. Cytotoxicity of the NFs + Sali was evaluated on human glioblastoma U-251 cells and more than 50% of the treated cells showed apoptosis in 48 h. Moreover, NFs + Sali was effective to induce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cell apoptosis. Gene expression studies also revealed the capability of the NFs + Sali to upregulate tumor suppressor Rbl1 and Rbl2 as well as Caspase 3 while decreasing Wnt signaling pathway. In general, the results indicated anti-tumor activity of the Sali-loaded NFs suggesting their potential applications as implantable drug delivery systems in the brain upon surgical resection of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Norouzi
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Zahra Abdali
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Song Liu
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Donald W Miller
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Perut F, Sbrana FV, Avnet S, De Milito A, Baldini N. Spheroid-based 3D cell cultures identify salinomycin as a promising drug for the treatment of chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2305-2312. [PMID: 29469166 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a cartilage malignancy of adulthood that is treated by surgery alone, since chemotherapy is considered ineffective. Unfortunately, a large proportion of patients with CS develop lung metastases, and several die of the disease. In this study, we compared 3D-spheroid cultures and conventional cell monolayer models in order to identify the best way to select anticancer agents that could be effective for the systemic control of CS. Using SW1353 cells, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture model to mimic in vivo features of CS microenvironment and evaluated the efficacy of different drugs to modulate CS cell proliferation and survival in 2D versus 3D-cultures. Doxorubicin (DXR) and cisplatin, that are widely employed in sarcomas, were less effective on 3D-CS spheroids when compared to standard monolayer models, whereas treatment with the ionophore salinomycin (SAL) had a strong cytotoxic effect both on 2D and 3D-cultures. Furthermore, as demonstrated by the reduced viability and the enhanced DXR nuclear localization, SAL enhanced DXR cytotoxicity in 3D-CS spheroids also at sub-lethal doses. SAL activity on 3D-CS spheroids was mediated by a significant induction of apoptosis via caspase activation. This study demonstrates that preclinical tests significantly differ in monolayer and 3D cultures of CS cells. Using this approach, SAL, alone or, at sub-lethal concentrations, in combination with DXR, represents a promising agent for the systemic treatment of CS. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perut
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Francesca V Sbrana
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, 40136, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy
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Gao X, Zheng Y, Ruan X, Ji H, Peng L, Guo D, Jiang S. Salinomycin induces primary chicken cardiomyocytes death via mitochondria mediated apoptosis. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 282:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Idowu T, Samadder P, Arthur G, Schweizer F. Amphiphilic Modulation of Glycosylated Antitumor Ether Lipids Results in a Potent Triamino Scaffold against Epithelial Cancer Cell Lines and BT474 Cancer Stem Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9724-9738. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Temilolu Idowu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Pranati Samadder
- Department
of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department
of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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31
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Shikata Y, Kiga M, Futamura Y, Aono H, Inoue H, Kawada M, Osada H, Imoto M. Mitochondrial uncoupler exerts a synthetic lethal effect against β-catenin mutant tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:772-784. [PMID: 28107588 PMCID: PMC5406605 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The wingless/int‐1 (Wnt) signal transduction pathway plays a central role in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. When β‐catenin: a component of the Wnt pathway, is mutated into an active form, cell growth signaling is hyperactive and drives oncogenesis. As β‐catenin is mutated in a wide variety of tumors, including up to 10% of all sporadic colon carcinomas and 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas, it has been considered a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we screened an in‐house natural product library for compounds that exhibited synthetic lethality towards β‐catenin mutations and isolated nonactin, an antibiotic mitochondrial uncoupler, as a hit compound. Nonactin, as well as other mitochondrial uncouplers, induced apoptosis selectively in β‐catenin mutated tumor cells. Significant tumor regression was observed in the β‐catenin mutant HCT 116 xenograft model, but not in the β‐catenin wild type A375 xenograft model, in response to daily administration of nonactin in vivo. Furthermore, we found that expression of an active mutant form of β‐catenin induced a decrease in the glycolysis rate. Taken together, our results demonstrate that tumor cells with mutated β‐catenin depend on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for survival. Therefore, they undergo apoptosis in response to mitochondrial dysfunction following the addition of mitochondrial uncouplers, such as nonactin. These results suggest that targeting mitochondria is a potential chemotherapeutic strategy for tumor cells that harbor β‐catenin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shikata
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Kiga
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yushi Futamura
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Saitama, Japan
| | - Harumi Aono
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Numazu Branch, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Manabu Kawada
- Numazu Branch, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Shizuoka, Japan.,Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Mi Z, Pang Q, Wang A, Chen M, Liu X, Wei X, Liu T. Effects of salinomycin and 17‑AAG on proliferation of human gastric cancer cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627587 PMCID: PMC5562019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of 17-AAG combined with salinomycin treatment on proliferation and apoptosis of the SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell line. An MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells. Morphological alterations of cells were observed under inverted phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopes. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry analysis. The protein expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and Fas-ligand (L) were evaluated by immunocytochemistry. Salinomycin with a concentration range of 1–32 µmol/l was demonstrated to inhibit growth of SGC-7901 cells effectively, affect the morphology and apoptosis rate of cells, and arrest SGC-7901 cells in S phase. Furthermore, salinomycin significantly increased the protein expression of Fas-L and decreased the protein expression of NF-κB p65. The alterations in SGC-7901 cells co-treated with salinomycin and 17-AAG were more significant compared with cells treated with one drug only. In conclusion, the individual use of salinomycin and combined use with 17-AAG may significantly inhibit SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. The potential mechanisms may be associated with upregulation of Fas-L and downregulation of NF-κB. These results provide a basis for the potential use of salinomycin in gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Jumei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Zhikuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Qiuxia Pang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Aihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Meini Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Control, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- The First Ward of Department of Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shanxi 716000, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Pang Q, Wang A, Chen M, Wei X. An in vitro study on the effects of the combination of salinomycin with cisplatin on human gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627601 PMCID: PMC5561897 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of cisplatin (DDP) combined with salinomycin (SAL) on the gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, as well as to explore the mechanisms underlying their actions. An MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects of SAL, DDP and their combination on gastric cancer cell proliferation. Morphological alterations of cancer cells following treatment were observed under an inverted phase-contrast microscope and a fluorescence microscope. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. The expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and Fas protein ligand (L) in cancer cells was assessed using immunocytochemistry. The present results demonstrated that the combination of SAL and DDP significantly inhibited the proliferation (P<0.05) and altered the morphological characteristics of SGC-7901 cells, thus suggesting that SAL may enhance the susceptibility of gastric cancer cells to DDP. In addition, treatment with a combination of SAL and DDP resulted in S phase-arrest and increased the apoptotic rate of SGC-7901 cells. Furthermore, marked FasL upregulation and NF-κB p65 downregulation were observed in cancer cells treated with the combination of SAL and DDP. The results of the present study demonstrated that the combination of SAL and DDP induced the apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells, and suggested that the underlying mechanism may involve the upregulation of FasL and downregulation of NF-κB p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuwen Zhang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Jumei Zhao
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Qiuxia Pang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Aihong Wang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Meini Chen
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yanan, Shaanxi 716000, P.R. China
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Evaluation of growth inhibitory response of Resveratrol and Salinomycin combinations against triple negative breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1142-1151. [PMID: 28298074 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSVL) a dietary phytochemical showed to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Recently, Salinomycin (SAL) has gained importance as cancer therapeutic value for breast cancer (BC), however, its superfluxious toxicity delimits the utility. Taking the advantage of RSVL, the therapeutic efficacy of RSVL and SAL combination was studied in vitro and in vivo system. Firstly, the synergistic combination dose of RSVL and SAL was calculated and further, the efficacy was examined by wound healing, and Western blots analysis. Further, in vivo study was performed to confirm the effect of colony formation and apoptosis detection by flow cytometry based assays. Further, the molecular mode of action was determined at both transcript and translational level by quantitative Real Time PCR combination in Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma model.The combination of IC20 (R20) of RSVL and IC10 (S10) dose of SAL showed best synergism (CI<1) with ∼5 fold dose advantage of SAL. Gene expression results at mRNA and protein level revealed that the unique combination of RSVL and SAL significantly inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition (Fibronectin, Vimentin, N-Cadherin, and Slug); chronic inflammation (Cox2, NF-kB, p53), autophagy (Beclin and LC3) and apoptotic (Bax, Bcl-2) markers. Further, i n vivo study showed that low dose of SAL in combination with RSVL increased life span of Ehrlich ascitic mice. Overall, our study revealed that RSVL synergistically potentiated the anticancer potential of SAL against triple negative BC.
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35
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Harguindey S, Stanciu D, Devesa J, Alfarouk K, Cardone RA, Polo Orozco JD, Devesa P, Rauch C, Orive G, Anitua E, Roger S, Reshkin SJ. Cellular acidification as a new approach to cancer treatment and to the understanding and therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:157-179. [PMID: 28193528 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last few years, the understanding of the dysregulated hydrogen ion dynamics and reversed proton gradient of cancer cells has resulted in a new and integral pH-centric paradigm in oncology, a translational model embracing from cancer etiopathogenesis to treatment. The abnormalities of intracellular alkalinization along with extracellular acidification of all types of solid tumors and leukemic cells have never been described in any other disease and now appear to be a specific hallmark of malignancy. As a consequence of this intracellular acid-base homeostatic failure, the attempt to induce cellular acidification using proton transport inhibitors and other intracellular acidifiers of different origins is becoming a new therapeutic concept and selective target of cancer treatment, both as a metabolic mediator of apoptosis and in the overcoming of multiple drug resistance (MDR). Importantly, there is increasing data showing that different ion channels contribute to mediate significant aspects of cancer pH regulation and etiopathogenesis. Finally, we discuss the extension of this new pH-centric oncological paradigm into the opposite metabolic and homeostatic acid-base situation found in human neurodegenerative diseases (HNDDs), which opens novel concepts in the prevention and treatment of HNDDs through the utilization of a cohort of neural and non-neural derived hormones and human growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Harguindey
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Daniel Stanciu
- Institute of Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Jesús Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain and Scientific Director of Foltra Medical Centre, Teo, Spain
| | - Khalid Alfarouk
- Al-Ghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosa Angela Cardone
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Centre Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham,College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Gorka Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, SLFPB-EHU, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- BTI Biotechnology Institute ImasD, S.L. C/Jacinto Quincoces, 39, 01007 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, University François-Rabelais of Tours,10 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, Paris 75231, France
| | - Stephan J Reshkin
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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36
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Spectroscopic and structural studies of the first complex formed between salinomycin and organic amine. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Huang M, Deng Z, Tian J, Liu T. Synthesis and biological evaluation of salinomycin triazole analogues as anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:900-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Shi Q, Li Y, Bo S, Li X, Zhao P, Liu Q, Yang Z, Cong H, Deng H, Chen M, Chen S, Zhou X, Ding H, Jiang ZX. Discovery of a (19)F MRI sensitive salinomycin derivative with high cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5136-9. [PMID: 26997457 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinomycin is a promising anti-cancer agent which selectively targets cancer stem cells. To improve its potency and selectivity, an analog library of salinomycin was generated by site-specific modification and CuAAc derivatization. Through a cytotoxicity analysis of the library, a fluorinated analog with high potency, selectivity, and (19)F MRI sensitivity was discovered as a novel theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Early effects of the antineoplastic agent salinomycin on mitochondrial function. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1930. [PMID: 26492365 PMCID: PMC4632293 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salinomycin, isolated from Streptomyces albus, displays antimicrobial activity. Recently, a large-scale screening approach identified salinomycin and nigericin as selective apoptosis inducers of cancer stem cells. Growing evidence suggests that salinomycin is able to kill different types of non-stem tumor cells that usually display resistance to common therapeutic approaches, but the mechanism of action of this molecule is still poorly understood. Since salinomycin has been suggested to act as a K(+) ionophore, we explored its impact on mitochondrial bioenergetic performance at an early time point following drug application. In contrast to the K(+) ionophore valinomycin, salinomycin induced a rapid hyperpolarization. In addition, mitochondrial matrix acidification and a significant decrease of respiration were observed in intact mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and in cancer stem cell-like HMLE cells within tens of minutes, while increased production of reactive oxygen species was not detected. By comparing the chemical structures and cellular effects of this drug with those of valinomycin (K(+) ionophore) and nigericin (K(+)/H(+) exchanger), we conclude that salinomycin mediates K(+)/H(+) exchange across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Compatible with its direct modulation of mitochondrial function, salinomycin was able to induce cell death also in Bax/Bak-less double-knockout MEF cells. Since at the concentration range used in most studies (around 10 μM) salinomycin exerts its effect at the level of mitochondria and alters bioenergetic performance, the specificity of its action on pathologic B cells isolated from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) versus B cells from healthy subjects was investigated. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), proposed to mimic the tumor environment, attenuated the apoptotic effect of salinomycin on B-CLL cells. Apoptosis occurred to a significant extent in healthy B cells as well as in MSCs and human primary fibroblasts. The results indicate that salinomycin, when used above μM concentrations, exerts direct, mitochondrial effects, thus compromising cell survival.
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Resham K, Patel PN, Thummuri D, Guntuku L, Shah V, Bambal RB, Naidu V. Preclinical drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics of salinomycin, a potential candidate for targeting human cancer stem cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zhang C, Tian Y, Song F, Fu C, Han B, Wang Y. Salinomycin inhibits the growth of colorectal carcinoma by targeting tumor stem cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2469-76. [PMID: 26352531 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinomycin is a monocarboxylic polyether antibiotic that has been reported to induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells with specificity for cancer stem cells. However, its anticancer effect in colorectal cancer stem cells has never been reported. In the present study, we examined the ability of salinomycin to induce cell death in the colorectal cancer stem cell line CD44+EpCAM+ HCT-116, and we measured its in vivo tumor inhibition capacity. Salinomycin dose-dependently induced cytotoxicity in the CD44+EpCAM+ HCT-116 cells and inhibited colony formation. Salinomycin treatment was shown to induce apoptosis, as evidenced by nuclear fragmentation, an increase in the proportion of acridine orange/ethidium bromide-positive cells and an increase in the percentage of Annexin V-positive cells. Apoptosis was induced in colorectal cancer stem cells in a caspase-dependent manner, as shown by an increase in the levels of cleaved caspase-3, -8 and -9. JC-1 staining further revealed that salinomycin induced colorectal cancer cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, salinomycin treatment of xenograft mice inhibited the growth of tumors derived from the CD44+EpCAM+ HCT-116 cells. The present study demonstrated that the antibiotic salinomycin exerts an anti-colorectal cancer effect in vitro and in vivo, suggesting salinomycin as a potential drug for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Feiyu Song
- Jilin Connell Pharmaceutical Company, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Changhao Fu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Antoszczak M, Klejborowska G, Kruszyk M, Maj E, Wietrzyk J, Huczyński A. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Silybin Conjugates with Salinomycin and Monensin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:1378-86. [PMID: 26058448 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at development of multitarget drugs for the anticancer treatment, new silybin (SIL) conjugates with salinomycin (SAL) and monensin (MON) were synthesized, in mild esterification conditions, and their antiproliferative activity was studied. The conjugates obtained exhibit anticancer activity against HepG2, LoVo and LoVo/DX cancer cell lines. Moreover, MON-SIL conjugate exhibits higher anticancer potential and better selectivity than the corresponding SAL-SIL conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Antoszczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Greta Klejborowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Kruszyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Maj
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Huczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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SCHERZED AGMAL, HACKENBERG STEPHAN, FROELICH KATRIN, RAK KRISTEN, GINZKEY CHRISTIAN, HAGEN RUDOLF, SCHENDZIELORZ PHILIPP, KLEINSASSER NORBERT. Effects of salinomycin and CGP37157 on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:4455-4461. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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44
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Lu W, Li Y. Salinomycin suppresses LRP6 expression and inhibits both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in breast and prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1799-807. [PMID: 24905570 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling at the cell surface results in inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), leading to activation of mTORC1 signaling in cancer cells. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) is an essential Wnt co-receptor for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Salinomycin is a novel small molecule inhibitor of LRP6. In the present study, we found that LRP6 overexpression induced mTORC1 signaling activation in cancer cells, and that salinomycin was not only a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor, but also a strong mTORC1 signaling antagonist in breast and prostate cancer cells. Mechanistically, salinomycin activated GSK3β in cancer cells. Moreover, salinomycin was able to suppress the expression of cyclin D1 and survivin, two targets of both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling, in prostate and breast cancer cells, and displayed remarkable anticancer activity. Our results present novel mechanisms underlying salinomycin-mediated cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Lu
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255
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Kai M, Kanaya N, Wu SV, Mendez C, Nguyen D, Luu T, Chen S. Targeting breast cancer stem cells in triple-negative breast cancer using a combination of LBH589 and salinomycin. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:281-94. [PMID: 25904215 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of combining a histone deacetylase inhibitor (LBH589) and a breast cancer stem cells (BCSC)-targeting agent (salinomycin) as a novel combination therapy for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We performed in vitro studies using the TNBC cell lines to examine the combined effect. We used the mammosphere and ALDEFLUOR assays to estimate BCSC self-renewal capacity and distribution of BCSCs, respectively. Synergistic analysis was performed using CalcuSyn software. For in vivo studies, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 ALDH1-positive cells were injected into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency gamma (NSG) mice. After tumor formation, mice were treated with LBH589, salinomycin, or in combination. In a second mouse model, HCC1937 cells were first treated with each treatment and then injected into NSG mice. For mechanistic analysis, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed using cell and tumor samples. HCC1937 cells displayed BCSC properties including self-renewal capacity, an ALDH1-positive cell population, and the ability to form tumors. Treatment of HCC1937 cells with LBH589 and salinomycin had a potent synergistic effect inhibiting TNBC cell proliferation, ALDH1-positive cells, and mammosphere growth. In xenograft mouse models treated with LBH589 and salinomycin, the drug combination effectively and synergistically inhibited tumor growth of ALDH1-positive cells. The drug combination exerted its effects by inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle, and regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Combination of LBH589 and salinomycin has a synergistic inhibitory effect on TNBC BCSCs by inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle, and regulating EMT; with no apparent associated severe toxicity. This drug combination could therefore offer a new targeted therapeutic strategy for TNBC and warrants further clinical study in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Kai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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46
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Woeller CF, O'Loughlin CW, Roztocil E, Feldon SE, Phipps RP. Salinomycin and other polyether ionophores are a new class of antiscarring agent. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:3563-75. [PMID: 25538236 PMCID: PMC4319023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.601872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although scarring is a component of wound healing, excessive scar formation is a debilitating condition that results in pain, loss of tissue function, and even death. Many tissues, including the lungs, heart, skin, and eyes, can develop excessive scar tissue as a result of tissue injury, chronic inflammation, or autoimmune disease. Unfortunately, there are few, if any, effective treatments to prevent excess scarring, and new treatment strategies are needed. Using HEK293FT cells stably transfected with a TGFβ-dependent luciferase reporter, we performed a small molecule screen to identify novel compounds with antiscarring activity. We discovered that the polyether ionophore salinomycin potently inhibited the formation of scar-forming myofibroblasts. Salinomycin (250 nm) blocked TGFβ-dependent expression of the cardinal myofibroblast products α smooth muscle actin, calponin, and collagen in primary human fibroblasts without causing cell death. Salinomycin blocked phosphorylation and activation of TAK1 and p38, two proteins fundamentally involved in signaling myofibroblast and scar formation. Expression of constitutively active mitogen activated kinase kinase 6, which activates p38 MAPK, attenuated the ability of salinomycin to block myofibroblast formation, demonstrating that salinomycin targets the p38 kinase pathway to disrupt TGFβ signaling. These data identify salinomycin and other polyether ionophores as novel potential antiscarring therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles W O'Loughlin
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Elisa Roztocil
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Steven E Feldon
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Richard P Phipps
- From the Department of Environmental Medicine and Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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Yu SM, Kim SJ. Salinomycin causes dedifferentiation via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in rabbit articular chondrocytes. J Pharmacol Sci 2015; 127:196-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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48
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Hong EJ, Choi Y, Yang H, Kang HY, Ahn C, Jeung EB. Establishment of a rapid drug screening system based on embryonic stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:327-338. [PMID: 25546121 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into three germ layers following formation of embryonic bodies (EB). To investigate toxicity of pharmaceutical compounds, five toxic chemicals, indomethacin, dexamethasone, hydroxyurea, 5-fluorouracil, and cytosine arabinoside were applied in mouse ES cells during formation of EBs. Using microscopic evaluation, the size of EBs was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with pharmaceutical chemicals. While apoptosis-related proteins, cleaved caspase-3 and PARP, were decreased in compound-exposed EBs, necrosis-related protein (Hmgb1) was present in culture media of EBs, indicating that detection of Hmgb1 can result in activation of necrosis by pharmaceutical compounds. While pharmaceutical compounds impaired the differentiation of mES cells linked with spontaneous apoptotic cell death, it was determined that cytotoxic cell damage is necrosis-dependent in mES cells. In addition, an apoptotic transcript (Noxa mRNA) in toxicant-exposed EBs was decreased in parallel with apoptosis-related proteins. Following impairment of apoptosis, differentiation-related markers including un-differentiation (Sox2), endoderm (Hnf4), mesoderm (Bmp4), and ectoderm (Pax6) also fluctuated by treatment with pharmaceutical compounds. Taken together, the data imply that exposure to pharmaceutical compounds results in increased cell death hindering the spontaneous apoptosis of cells to undergo differentiation. Using both characteristics of ES cells like self-renewal or cellular pluripotency and potentials of ES cells for evaluation in toxicity of various compounds, the current study was conducted for establishment of a novel drug screening system beyond hidden virtues of the well-known chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Ju Hong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Cybulski W, Radko L, Rzeski W. Cytotoxicity of monensin, narasin and salinomycin and their interaction with silybin in HepG2, LMH and L6 cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 29:337-44. [PMID: 25500126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic effect of monensin, narasin and salinomycin followed by their co-action with silybin in the cell line cultures of human hepatoma (HepG2), chicken hepatoma (LMH) or rat myoblasts (L6) have been investigated. The effective concentration of the studied ionophoric polyethers has been assessed within two biochemical endpoints: mitochondrial activity (MTT assay) and membrane integrity (LDH assay) after 24h incubation of each compound and farther, the cytotoxicity influenced in course of their interaction with silybin was determined. The most affected endpoints were found for inhibition of mitochondrial activity of the hepatoma cell lines and their viability depended on concentration of the ionophoric polyether, as well as on the cell line tested. The rat myoblasts were more sensitive target for cellular membrane damage when compared to inhibition of mitochondrial activity. An interaction between the ionophoric polyethers and silybin resulted a considerable cytotoxicity decrease within all studied cell lines; the combination index (CI) showed differences of interaction mode and dependence on cell culture, concentration of silybin, as well as the assay used. The obtained results are of interest in respect to recent findings on applicability of salinomycin and monensin for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Cybulski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Rzeski
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
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50
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Lu Y, Ma W, Mao J, Yu X, Hou Z, Fan S, Song B, Wang H, Li J, Kang L, Liu P, Liu Q, Li L. Salinomycin exerts anticancer effects on human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cancer stem cells via modulation of Hedgehog signaling. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 228:100-7. [PMID: 25499043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer tissue contains a small population of cells that have the ability to self-renew, these cells are known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). The Hedgehog signal transduction pathway plays a central role in stem cell development, its aberrant activation has been shown to contribute to the development of breast cancer, making this pathway an attractive therapeutic target. Salinomycin (Sal) is a novel identified cancer stem cells (CSCs) killer, however, the molecular basis for its anticancer effects is not yet clear. In the current study, Sal's ability to modulate the activity of key elements in the Hedgehog pathway was examined in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, as well as in a subpopulation of cancer stem cells identified within this cancer cell line. We show here that Sal inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration while also inducing apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, in a subpopulation of MCF-7 cells with the CD44(+)/CD24(-) markers and high ALDH1 levels indicative of BCSCs, modulators of Hedgehog signaling Smo and Gli1 were significantly down-regulated upon treatment with Sal. These results demonstrate that Sal also inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of BCSCs, further establishing it as therapeutically relevant in the context of breast cancers and also indicating that modulation of Hedgehog signaling is one potential mechanism by which it exerts these anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Zhenhuan Hou
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Shujun Fan
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Pixu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Quentin Liu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China
| | - Lianhong Li
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Stem Cell Research of Liaoning Province, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, PR China.
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