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Yu CC, Chiang YT, Cham TM. Identification of the Constituents in Cnidii Fructus Active Against Trichomonas vaginalis Parasites. Dose Response 2022; 20:15593258221131646. [PMID: 36387775 PMCID: PMC9661559 DOI: 10.1177/15593258221131646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol extracts of Cnidii Fructus, the dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson, have been externally applied in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis. However, the precise identity of the major constituents responsible for activity against T. vaginalis is unknown, but there is probability they are coumarin derivatives. In this study, the anti-Trichomonas activity of 4 major coumarin derivative constituents of Cnidii Fructus, namely, osthole, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, and bergapten, was characterized in terms of the resulting kinetics of growth and morphology of T. vaginalis upon treatment. The results demonstrated that osthole and xanthotoxol had significant trichomonacidal ability, while isopimpinellin and bergapten displayed low or no inhibitory efficacy toward T. vaginalis parasites. Our study suggests that the coumarin derivatives osthole and xanthotoxol can be potentially used as a basis for the development and design of new drugs for application in alternative or synergistic therapy against T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chiang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Pharmacy Department, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Thau-Ming Cham
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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2
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Antiproliferative Effects of Alkaloids from the Bulbs of Crinum abyscinicum Hochst. ExA. Rich. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2529730. [PMID: 33178310 PMCID: PMC7648683 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2529730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crinum abyscinicum Hochst. ExA. Rich bulb is traditionally used in Ethiopia for the treatment of various ailments including internal parasites, mastitis, rabies, colic diseases of animals, and cancer. Despite its importance in traditional cancer treatment, no research work has been reported on the antiproliferative activity of the bulb extract and its major constituents. Phytochemical investigation of the bulb extract of C. abyscinicum by PTLC over silica gel resulted in the isolation of two alkaloids, which were unequivocally identified as 6-hydroxycrinamine and lycorine on the basis of 1H- and 13C-NMR and MS analysis. The bulb extract, 6-hydroxycrinamine, and lycorine possessed significant antiproliferative activity, lycorine being the most active exhibiting GI50 values of 2.8 μg/ml and 3.4 μg/ml against A2780 and MV4-11 cells, respectively. Cell cycle analysis and annexin V/propidium iodide double staining in A2780 cells revealed that both compounds increased the percentage of cells in the S-phase at 30 μg/ml without inducing apoptosis. Our results suggest that the antiproliferative activities of the bulb extract of C. abyscinicum, 6-hydroxycrinamine, and lycorine could support the traditional claim of the plant against cancer.
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Friedman M, Tam CC, Cheng LW, Land KM. Anti-trichomonad activities of different compounds from foods, marine products, and medicinal plants: a review. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:271. [PMID: 32907567 PMCID: PMC7479404 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichomoniasis, caused by the pathogenic parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease that contributes to reproductive morbidity in affected women and possibly to prostate cancer in men. Tritrichomonas foetus strains cause the disease trichomoniasis in farm animals (cattle, bulls, pigs) and diarrhea in domestic animals (cats and dogs). Because some T. vaginalis strains have become resistant to the widely used drug metronidazole, there is a need to develop alternative treatments, based on safe natural products that have the potential to replace and/or enhance the activity of lower doses of metronidazole. To help meet this need, this overview collates and interprets worldwide reported studies on the efficacy of structurally different classes of food, marine, and medicinal plant extracts and some of their bioactive pure compounds against T. vaginalis and T. foetus in vitro and in infected mice and women. Active food extracts include potato peels and their glycoalkaloids α-chaconine and α-solanine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and quercetin; the tomato glycoalkaloid α-tomatine; theaflavin-rich black tea extracts and bioactive theaflavins; plant essential oils and their compounds (+)-α-bisabolol and eugenol; the grape skin compound resveratrol; the kidney bean lectin, marine extracts from algae, seaweeds, and fungi and compounds that are derived from fungi; medicinal extracts and about 30 isolated pure compounds. Also covered are the inactivation of drug-resistant T. vaginalis and T. foetus strains by sensitized light; anti-trichomonad effects in mice and women; beneficial effects of probiotics in women; and mechanisms that govern cell death. The summarized findings will hopefully stimulate additional research, including molecular-mechanism-guided inactivations and human clinical studies, that will help ameliorate adverse effects of pathogenic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, 94710, USA.
| | - Christina C Tam
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- United States Department of Agriculture, Foodborne Toxins Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, California, 94710, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, USA
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Nair JJ, van Staden J. Antiprotozoal alkaloid principles of the plant family Amaryllidaceae. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126642. [PMID: 31515186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan-borne diseases are prominent amongst diseases caused by parasites. Given their alarming morbidity and mortality statistics, there is ever growing interest in new therapies against these diseases. Whilst synthetic drugs such as benznidazole and melarsoprol have had a profound influence on the clinical setup, there has been significant interest in the phytochemical platform to also deliver such drug candidates. The plant family Amaryllidaceae is recognizable for its isoquinoline alkaloids, which exhibit attractive molecular architectures and interesting biological properties. This survey focuses on the antiprotozoal activities of 73 of such substances described in 18 different species of the Amaryllidaceae. Of these, 2-O-acetyllycorine was identified as the most potent (IC50 0.15 μg/mL against Trypansoma brucei brucei). Also considered are structure-activity relationships which have served to modulate activities, as well as the plausible mechanisms that underpin these effects and afford insight to the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid antiprotozoal pharmacophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald J Nair
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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5
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Feng XP, Na X, Guo YF, Qian R, Zhang JQ, Chen Z, Yang R. Host-guest inclusion system of 1, 2-O, O-Diacetyllycorine (DALY) and α-cyclodextrin: Preparation, characterization, inclusion modes and anticancer activity. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Roy M, Liang L, Xiao X, Feng P, Ye M, Liu J. Lycorine: A prospective natural lead for anticancer drug discovery. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:615-624. [PMID: 30114645 PMCID: PMC7127747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Outline of the anticancer properties and associated molecular mechanism mediated by lycorine. Comprehensive analysis of the structure activity relationship associated with anticancer activity of lycorine. Summary of the pharmacological aspects and implications for future directions with this compound.
Nature is the most abundant source for novel drug discovery. Lycorine is a natural alkaloid with immense therapeutic potential. Lycorine is active in a very low concentration and with high specificity against a number of cancers both in vivo and in vitro and against various drug-resistant cancer cells. This review summarized the therapeutic effect and the anticancer mechanisms of lycorine. At the same time, we have discussed the pharmacology and comparative structure-activity relationship for the anticancer activity of this compound. The researches outlined in this paper serve as a foundation to explain lycorine as an important lead compound for new generation anticancer drug design and provide the principle for the development of biological strategies to utilize lycorine in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Roy
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Long Liang
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Peifu Feng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Molecular Biology Research Center & Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Tallini LR, Osorio EH, Santos VDD, Borges WDS, Kaiser M, Viladomat F, Zuanazzi JAS, Bastida J. Hippeastrum reticulatum (Amaryllidaceae): Alkaloid Profiling, Biological Activities and Molecular Docking. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122191. [PMID: 29232852 PMCID: PMC6149799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amaryllidaceae family has proven to be a rich source of active compounds, which are characterized by unique skeleton arrangements and a broad spectrum of biological activities. The aim of this work was to perform the first detailed study of the alkaloid constituents of Hippeastrum reticulatum (Amaryllidaceae) and to determine the anti-parasitological and cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) inhibitory activities of the epimers (6α-hydroxymaritidine and 6β-hydroxymaritidine). Twelve alkaloids were identified in H. reticulatum: eight known alkaloids by GC-MS and four unknown (6α-hydroxymaritidine, 6β-hydroxymaritidine, reticulinine and isoreticulinine) by NMR. The epimer mixture (6α-hydroxymaritidine and 6β-hydroxymaritidine) showed low activity against all protozoan parasites tested and weak AChE-inhibitory activity. Finally, a molecular docking analysis of AChE and BuChE proteins showed that isoreticulinine may be classified as a potential inhibitory molecule since it can be stabilized in the active site through hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana R Tallini
- Group of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028-Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Edison H Osorio
- Department of Basic Sciences, Catholic University Luis Amigó, SISCO, Transversal 51 A No. 67B-90, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Vanessa Dias Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29075-915 Vitória ES, Brazil.
| | - Warley de Souza Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, 29075-915 Vitória ES, Brazil.
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Medicinal Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Francesc Viladomat
- Group of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028-Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Angelo S Zuanazzi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, 90610-000 Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Group of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028-Barcelona, Spain.
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Bala V, Chhonker YS. Recent developments in anti-Trichomonas research: An update review. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:232-243. [PMID: 29175675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a major non-viral sexually-transmitted infection resulted into serious obstetrical and gynecological troubles. The increasing resistance to nitroimidazole therapy and recurrence makes it crucial to develop new drugs against trichomoniasis. Over the past few years, a large number of research articles highlighting the synthetic and natural product research to combat Trichomonas vaginalis have been published. Electronic databases were searched to collect all data from the year 2006 through June 2017 for anti-Trichomonas activity potential of synthetic and natural products. This review article put together the synthetic and natural product research to find out an effective metronidazole alternative to cure trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Bala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India.
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, USA.
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Mehriardestani M, Aliahmadi A, Toliat T, Rahimi R. Medicinal plants and their isolated compounds showing anti- Trichomonas vaginalis - activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 88:885-893. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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10
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Emir A, Emir C, Bozkurt B, Onur MA, Somer NU, Kaya GI. Application of HPLC-DAD for the quantification of Lycorine in Galanthus elwesii Hook. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000115063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Amaurocine: Anti- Trichomonas vaginalis protein produced by the basidiomycete Amauroderma camerarium. Exp Parasitol 2016; 161:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Sebben C, Giordani RB, de Andrade JP, Berkov S, Osorio EJ, Sobral M, de Almeida MV, Henriques AT, Bastida J, Zuanazzi JÂS. New lycosinine derivative from Hippeastrum breviflorum. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vieira PDB, Giordani RB, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Natural and synthetic compound anti-Trichomonas vaginalis: an update review. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1249-61. [PMID: 25786392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan that causes trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease of worldwide importance. However, the infection has long received much less attention than other parasitic and sexually transmitted diseases. This negligence leads to poor diagnosis and underestimated prevalence values, and consequently, it has been associated to increasing acquisition and transmission of HIV, pregnancy outcomes, infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and cervical and prostate cancer. In view of increased resistance to drugs belonging to the nitroimidazole class, new treatment alternatives are urgently needed. Natural products provide an immeasurable wealth of active molecules, and a great number of new drugs have been originated from these compounds. In addition, new synthetic products or derivatives from old drugs also provide an alternative to treat trichomonosis. Albeit many studies have been performed with natural products against T. vaginalis, none of them progressed to clinical trials. Overall, inadequate financial investments are made, and no alternative treatment for trichomonosis has been discovered; meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of people will remain infected and suffering the serious consequences of this nonviral STD. Thus, it is highlighted that clinical trials for better understanding the potential in vitro are necessary and urgent in order to furnish a new therapeutic alternative for trichomonosis treatment. The current review attempts to give an overview on the potential of natural and synthetic products as antitrichomonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 90610-000, RS, Brasil
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14
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He M, Qu C, Gao O, Hu X, Hong X. Biological and pharmacological activities of amaryllidaceae alkaloids. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the recent developments on biological and pharmacological activities of amaryllidaceae alkaloids with IC50or EC50values since 2005, supporting the potential therapeutic possibilities for the use of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Chunrong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Oude Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Xianming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
| | - Xuechuan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University)
- Ministry of Education
- Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Wuhan 430071
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Goodhew EB, Secor WE. Drug library screening against metronidazole-sensitive and metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis isolates. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 89:479-84. [PMID: 23794105 PMCID: PMC11316563 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metronidazole and tinidazole are effective treatments for most patients with trichomoniasis but not for individuals who are infected with very resistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis or persons with hypersensitivity to the 5-nitroimidazole drugs. Thus, there is a need for additional oral therapies to treat trichomoniasis. METHODS We screened the US Drug Collection Library against metronidazole-susceptible and resistant strains of T vaginalis. Activity was measured by incubating parasites and drugs for 48 h in the presence of tritiated thymidine. Growth inhibition was determined by the reduction of incorporated radioactivity by compounds at 20 μM in comparison to media control. Drugs that showed good initial activity were further tested to calculate IC50 values. Drugs with the most promise were tested together with metronidazole to see if there was any combinatorial effect. RESULTS Of the 1040 drugs in the library, 83 (8%) reduced growth of a metronidazole-susceptible T vaginalis strain by at least 20%. Of these, IC50 values were calculated for 27 compounds and 8 drugs were evaluated in combination with metronidazole. Disulfiram and nithiamide were non-5-nitroimidazole drugs that showed the best activity against parasites when used alone. Albendazole and coenzyme B12 were the most promising compounds to boost the efficacy of metronidazole. CONCLUSIONS No one drug was as effective as any of the 5-nitroimidazole compounds. However, disulfiram and nithiamide may be useful to treat individuals with hypersensitivity to 5-nitroimidazole drugs and albendazole and coenzyme B12 may be helpful in combination with metronidazole or tinidazole for treatment of persons with highly resistant T vaginalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Brook Goodhew
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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Abstract
Covering: July 2010 to June 2012. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 1126-1142. Recent progress on the isolation, identification, biological activity and synthetic studies of structurally diverse alkaloids from plants of the family Amaryllidaceae is summarized in this review. In addition, the structurally related alkaloids isolated from Sceletium species are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Towards a molecular understanding of the biosynthesis of amaryllidaceae alkaloids in support of their expanding medical use. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11713-41. [PMID: 23727937 PMCID: PMC3709753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaloids characteristically produced by the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllidaceae, bulbous plant species that include well know genera such as Narcissus (daffodils) and Galanthus (snowdrops), are a source of new pharmaceutical compounds. Presently, only the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, is produced commercially as a drug from cultivated plants. However, several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown great promise as anti-cancer drugs, but their further clinical development is restricted by their limited commercial availability. Amaryllidaceae species have a long history of cultivation and breeding as ornamental bulbs, and phytochemical research has focussed on the diversity in alkaloid content and composition. In contrast to the available pharmacological and phytochemical data, ecological, physiological and molecular aspects of the Amaryllidaceae and their alkaloids are much less explored and the identity of the alkaloid biosynthetic genes is presently unknown. An improved molecular understanding of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis would greatly benefit the rational design of breeding programs to produce cultivars optimised for the production of pharmaceutical compounds and enable biotechnology based approaches.
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