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The Vehicles of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes Interfere with Antimicrobial Effect, Biofilm Polysaccharidic Matrix, and Pastes' Physicochemical Properties. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123123. [PMID: 36551879 PMCID: PMC9775961 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the pH, volumetric alteration, antimicrobial action, and effect on biofilm matrix polysaccharides of calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes with different vehicles available in endodontics: CH + propylene glycol (CHP), UltraCal XS®, Metapaste®, and Metapex®. The pH was analyzed at different time intervals using a pH meter. For volumetric alteration, a microtomographic assay was performed before and after immersion in water. Enterococcus faecalis was chosen for microbiological tests. The bacterial viability and extracellular matrix were quantified with direct contact evaluation (dentin blocks) and at the intratubular level (dentin cylinders) using LIVE/DEAD BacLight and Calcofluor White dyes via confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used to analyze pH and direct contact assays, while one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to analyze volumetric alteration and intratubular decontamination (α = 0.05). Higher pH values were obtained during the initial days. Volumetric alterations were similar in all groups. Lower bacterial viability was obtained for dentin blocks and cylinders when CH pastes were used. UltraCal XS and Metapex had lower values for the extracellular matrix. The pH of all CH pastes decreased with time and did not promote medium alkalization for up to 30 days. CH paste can reduce bacterial viability through direct contact and at an intratubular level; however, UltraCal XS and Metapex are involved with lower volumes of extracellular matrices.
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Selvabalaji A, Selvi M, Chonat A, Ananthan V, Mani E, Chinnaswamy A. A comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of triphala and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament: An In Vitro study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2022; 14:S774-S780. [PMID: 36110780 PMCID: PMC9469354 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_168_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The goal for placement of intracanal medicament during pulpal therapy procedures is to eradicate the bacteria and the exotoxins from the infected root canal, thereby preventing and controlling pulpal and periradicular infections. Chemo-mechanical preparation is considered an essential step in root canal disinfection; but to accomplish the total elimination of bacteria in highly complex root canal anatomy is difficult. Intracanal medicaments help eliminate bacteria by remaining in the root canal, and calcium hydroxide has been recommended as one of the most effective antimicrobial dressings during endodontic therapy. The herbal agents offer an alternative to synthetic compounds. They have been considered either non-toxic or less toxic. The rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant strains and side effects caused by synthetic drugs have prompted researchers to look for herbal alternatives. Aim and Objective: The in vitro study aims to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of triphala and calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis as an intracanal medicament Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of triphala and calcium hydroxide was evaluated against E. faecalis cultured and incubated for various time frames in 42 intact, caries-free, human, single-rooted teeth with straight roots and mature apices. The comparison of the number of counted colonies after each incubation time and based on the type of drug used inside the canal is evaluated using non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 14.0. Results: Efficacy of calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis was best in the first 72-hr time duration compared with triphala. Triphala showed significant antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis that was closely parallel to the calcium hydroxide group in one week. Calcium hydroxide and triphala had complete eradication of Enterococcus faecalis in a given one-month time duration.
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Briseño-Marroquín B, Ismael Y, Callaway A, Tennert C, Wolf TG. Antibacterial effect of silver diamine fluoride and potassium iodide against E. faecalis, A. naeslundii and P. micra. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:175. [PMID: 33827520 PMCID: PMC8025376 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine in vitro the bactericidal potential of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) alone, potassium iodide (PI) alone, and the two in combination (SDF + PI) against three bacterial species commonly found in root canal samples (Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces naeslundii and Parvimonas micra).
Methods The potential bactericidal rates for SDF, PI and SDF + PI against E. faecalis, A. naeslundii and P. micra were calculated as reduction of bacteria colony forming units. Results The bactericidal potential of SDF was at 99.97–100% against E. faecalis and 100% against A. naeslundii and P. micra. SDF + PI showed a 100% bactericidal effect against P. micra, 99.89–99.98% against E. faecalis and 99.98–100% against A. naeslundii. The bactericidal effect of PI was 99.51–99.98% against E. faecalis, 99.27–99.95% against A. naeslundii and 99.93–100% against P. micra. The differences between controls and bacteria exposed to the antibacterial agents were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions SDF had an effective bactericidal effect against the examined bacteria. However, the limitations of this in vitro study do not allow a recommendation of the employment of these solutions as root canal irrigants. Additional investigations are necessary to assess their endodontic clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Briseño-Marroquín
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yasmine Ismael
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Angelika Callaway
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Tennert
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gerhard Wolf
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Sipert CR, Oliveira AP, Caldeira CL. Cytotoxicity of intracanal dressings on apical papilla cells differ upon activation with E. faecalis LTA. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180291. [PMID: 30810637 PMCID: PMC6382323 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of modified triple antibiotic paste and an experimental composition using calcium hydroxide on lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-primed apical papilla cells (APC). Material and Methods Human APC were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity of modified Triple Antibiotic Paste (mTAP – Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Cefaclor at 1:1:1) and of a paste of Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Calcium hydroxide (CMC – 1:1:2) and modified CMC (mCMC – 2:2:1) by using MTT assay. The substances were reconstituted in DMEM at 1,000 µg/mL and ¼ serially diluted before being kept in contact with cells for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Further, cells were primed with 1 µg/mL of Enterococcus faecalis LTA for 7 days prior to the viability test with 1,000 µg/mL of each substance. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA respectively followed by Tukey’s post-test. Significance levels were set at p<0.05. Results In the first assay, the higher cytotoxic rates were reached by mTAP for all experimental periods. CMC was found toxic for APC at 5 and 7 days, whereas mCMC did not affect the cell viability. Only CMC and mCMC were able to induce some cellular proliferation. In the second assay, when considering the condition with medium only, LTA-primed cells significantly proliferated in comparison to LTA-untreated ones. At this context, mTAP and CMC showed similar cytotoxicity than the observed for LTA-untreated cells, while mCMC was shown cytotoxic at 7 days only for LTA-primed APC. Comparing the medications, mTAP was more cytotoxic than CMC and mCMC. Conclusion mTAP showed higher cytotoxicity than CMC and mCMC and the effect of topic antimicrobials might differ when tested against apical papilla cells under physiological or activated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Sipert
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Dentística, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Aline Pereira Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Dentística, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Celso Luiz Caldeira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Dentística, São Paulo, Brasil
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Makade CS, Shenoi PR, Morey E, Paralikar AV. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and efficacy of herbal oils and extracts in disinfection of gutta percha cones before obturation. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 42:264-272. [PMID: 29142874 PMCID: PMC5682142 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.4.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Literature has shown that micro-organisms contaminate gutta percha (GP) during storage and manipulation. Till date herbal extracts are not explored as an alternative medicament for pre-operative chairside disinfection of GP cones. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and efficacy of lemon grass oil (LG), basil oil (BO), and obicure tea extract (OT) in disinfecting GP cones before obturation. Materials and Methods Agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of LG, BO, OT, and sodium hypochlorite (control) against common contaminants, namely, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. One hundred and twenty GP cones were contaminated and cut into 2. First half was placed in the broth and incubated; whereas the second was treated with herbal extracts for 1 minute and then incubated for 24 hours in the broth. Any inhibition in bacterial growth was noted with presence/absence of turbidity. Two-way analysis of variance and χ2 test were used to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts to decontaminate GP. Results LG showed the highest inhibition zones (29.9 ± 6.9 mm) for all tested organisms, followed by OT extract (16.3 ± 1.8 mm), sodium hypochlorite (16.0 ± 1.6 mm), and BO (14.5 ± 5.3 mm). Statistically significant difference was observed between LG and other herbal extracts (p < 0.05). Conclusions All extracts proved to be potential rapid chairside disinfectants of GP cones with LG showing the highest antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetana S Makade
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
| | - Pratima R Shenoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
| | - Elakshi Morey
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
| | - Ameya V Paralikar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
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Dens Evaginatus: A Problem-Based Approach. Case Rep Dent 2015; 2015:393209. [PMID: 26779353 PMCID: PMC4686639 DOI: 10.1155/2015/393209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dens evaginatus is an uncommon developmental anomaly of human dentition characterized by the presence of tubercle on the occlusal surface of mandibular premolars and lingual surface of anterior teeth. Due to occlusal trauma this tubercle tends to fracture thus exposing the pathway to the pulp chamber of teeth. This case report is about the presentation of dens evaginatus in mandibular premolars bilaterally; among them tooth 44 was associated with chronic apical periodontitis. Fractured tubercle of three premolars was sealed with composite resin. Root canal treatment was performed with tooth 44. Routine endodontic treatment did not result in remission of infection. Therefore, culture and sensitivity tests were performed to identify the cause and modify treatment plan accordingly. Triple antibiotic paste was used as an intracanal medicament to disinfect the root canal that resulted in remission of infection.
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Hamza MOB, Gufran K, Baroudi K. Assessment of the Potential of CFC (Calcium hydroxide Flagyl Ciprofloxacin) for the Rapid Disinfection of Resilon and Gutta-Percha. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC40-3. [PMID: 26557614 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13442.6619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obturating materials exposed to the dental operating environment has been shown to be contaminated, making rapid chair side disinfection mandatory to ensure the sterility of the root canals. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of CFC (combination of Calcium hydroxide, Flagyl and Ciprofloxacin) for the rapid disinfection of Gutta-percha and Resilon cones. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy new Gutta-percha and Resilon cones were randomly selected, contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 4 group according to the irrigant used for disinfection {Group I: 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl), Group II: MTAD, Group III: 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), Group IV: CFC (a combination of Calcium hydroxide, Flagyl and Ciprofloxacin)}. All the samples were placed in a centrifuge tube with BHI broth after being washed with sterile water. The samples were then incubated for 7 days at 37(o)C. Samples were randomly plated on Mac Conkey agar plate and the colony count was recorded and the observations were drawn. RESULTS A 5.25% NaOCl required 1 minute exposure for effective disinfection of all the samples. MTAD could eliminate E.faecalis from gutta-percha samples in 30 seconds whereas it required 1 minute of exposure for Resilon cones. Both 2% CHX and CFC could not disinfect the samples with 1 minute exposure and a minimum of 5 minute exposure was required. CONCLUSION A 5.25% NaOCl and Biopure MTAD required less chair side time to disinfect all the samples effectively when compared with 2% CHX and CFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Omer Bin Hamza
- Lecturer, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Gufran
- Lecturer, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Salman Bin Abdul Aziz University , Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kusai Baroudi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Al-Farabi Colleges , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bimix antimicrobial scaffolds for regenerative endodontics. J Endod 2014; 40:1879-84. [PMID: 25201643 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Eliminating and/or inhibiting bacterial growth within the root canal system has been shown to play a key role in the regenerative outcome. The aim of this study was to synthesize and determine in vitro both the antimicrobial effectiveness and cytocompatibility of bimix antibiotic-containing polydioxanone-based polymer scaffolds. METHODS Antibiotic-containing (metronidazole [MET] and ciprofloxacin [CIP]) polymer solutions (distinct antibiotic weight ratios) were spun into fibers as a potential mimic to the double antibiotic paste (DAP, a MET/CIP mixture). Fiber morphology, chemical characteristics, and tensile strength were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile testing, respectively. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested over time (aliquot collection) against Enterococcus faecalis (Ef), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). Similarly, cytotoxicity was evaluated in human dental pulp stem cells. Data were statistically analyzed (P < .05). RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that electrospinning was able to produce antibiotic-containing fibers with a diameter mostly in the nanoscale. The tensile strength of 1:1MET/CIP scaffolds was significantly (P < .05) higher than pure polydioxanone (control). Meanwhile, all other groups presented similar strength as the control. Aliquots obtained from antibiotic-containing scaffolds inhibited the growth of Ef, Pg, and Fn, except pure MET, which did not show an inhibitory action toward Pg or Fn. Antibiotic-containing aliquots promoted slight human dental pulp stem cell viability reduction, but none of them were considered to be cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the incorporation of multiple antibiotics within a nanofibrous scaffold holds great potential toward the development of a drug delivery system for regenerative endodontics.
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Sierra M, Sanhueza A, Alcántara R, Sánchez G. Antimicrobial evaluation of copper sulfate (II) on strains of Enterococcus faecalis. In vitro study. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2013.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Balakrishnan R, Dubey S, Dhole TKN, Boruah LC, Srivastava S. Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of Metapex, Metronidazole, BioPure MTAD, Aztreonam on Bacteroides fragilis and Propionibacterium acne. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:327-30. [PMID: 23956535 PMCID: PMC3740644 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.114361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative antibacterial efficacy of Biopure MTAD, Metapex, Metronidazole, and Aztreonam against two obligate anerobic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial efficacy of selected medicaments against two obligate anaerobic bacteria Bacteroides fragilis and Propionibacterium acnes was done by Agar disc-diffusion method. Pre-sterilized Whatman paper discs, 6 mm in diameter and soaked with the test solution, were prepared and placed onto the previously seeded agar Petri plates. Each plate was incubated in anaerobic jar for anerobic environment at 37°C for 48 hours. A zone of inhibition was recorded for each plate and the results were analysed statistically. Saline and ethanol used as control group in this study. Results: Biopure MTAD, Metapex and Metronidazole were effective against all the selected microorganisms. Aztreonam was effective against Bacteroides fragilis. Saline and ethanol used as control were ineffective. Conclusions: Metronidazole showed the superior antibacterial property amongst the tested medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Babu Banarasi Das College of Dental Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gharib A, Faezizadeh Z, Godarzee M. Therapeutic Efficacy of Epigallocatechin Gallate-Loaded Nanoliposomes against Burn Wound Infection by Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:68-75. [DOI: 10.1159/000345761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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da Silva JM, Andrade Junior CV, Zaia AA, Pessoa OF. Microscopic cleanliness evaluation of the apical root canal after using calcium hydroxide mixed with chlorhexidine, propylene glycol, or antibiotic paste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 111:260-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Flanagan D. Calcium hydroxide paste as a surface detoxifying agent for infected dental implants: two case reports. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2009; 35:204-9. [PMID: 19813427 DOI: 10.1563/1548-1336-35.4.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental implant treatment is successful; however, an implant can become infected during or after osseointegration. The two case reports presented here demonstrate, anecdotally, the effectiveness of endodontic calcium hydroxide paste for the surface treatment of infected, healing, or osseointegrated dental implants. Calcium hydroxide may be an appropriate surface detoxifying agent for local dental implant infections. A sequence of calcium hydroxide and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate surface treatment may provide a broad range of antimicrobial action for detoxifying recalcitrant infections. Calcium hydroxide should not be left in the surgical site.
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Baik JE, Kum KY, Yun CH, Lee JK, Lee K, Kim KK, Han SH. Calcium hydroxide inactivates lipoteichoic acid from Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2008; 34:1355-1359. [PMID: 18928846 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide is a widely used endodontic medicament for eliminating viable bacteria and inactivating virulence factors. Enterococcus faecalis, a pathogenic gram-positive bacterium, has been associated with refractory apical periodontitis. Because lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a major virulence factor of gram-positive bacteria, we examined whether calcium hydroxide could detoxify LTA from E. faecalis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that calcium hydroxide-killed E. faecalis was less potent than heat-killed bacteria in stimulating the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by a murine macrophage line, RAW 264.7 (P < 0.05). Pretreatment of LTA with calcium hydroxide remarkably abrogated the ability of LTA to induce the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.05). Furthermore, calcium hydroxide-treated LTA was not able to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2, which recognizes functionally intact LTA. These results suggest that calcium hydroxide could detoxify LTA, resulting in attenuation of the inflammatory responses to E. faecalis and its LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University; Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University
| | - Jin-Kyung Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Kangseok Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University
| | - Kack Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Research Institute, and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University; International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Song W, Shi Y, Xiao M, Lu H, Qu T, Li P, Wu G, Tian Y. In vitro bactericidal activity of recombinant human beta-defensin-3 against pathogenic bacterial strains in human tooth root canal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:237-43. [PMID: 18775647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensin-3 (HBD3), an endogenous antimicrobial peptide, has strong broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to obtain recombinant HBD3 (rHBD3) and to test the hypothesis that the antimicrobial characteristics of HBD3 may offer an advantage over conventional medicine in reducing intracanal bacteria. Genetic engineering was used to obtain active rHBD3 and analysis revealed that it exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity at low micromolar concentrations against not only Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli but also against some critical pathogenic microbes in infected root canals, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. In an in vitro antibacterial experiment, rHBD3 significantly eliminated pathogenic bacteria in root canals. The ratio of bacterial death was up to 98%. We conclude that HBD3 has the potential to eliminate bacteria effectively and rapidly in the local microenvironment of the root canal system and that it may contribute to successful endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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