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Julian L, Lorenzo A, Chenuet JP, Bonzon M, Marchal C, Vignon L, Collings DA, Walters M, Jackson B, Varsani A. Evidence of multiple introductions of beak and feather disease virus into the Pacific islands of Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia). J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2466-2472. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a circular ssDNA virus that causes psittacine beak and feather disease and has almost global presence. Here, we report for the first time the presence of in Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia). One hundred and sixty-eight exotic and 79 endemic birds were sampled in Nouvelle-Calédonie, 26 were found to be positive for BFDV. We characterized the full genomes of 26 isolates and phylogenetic analysis placed nine of the isolates into the BFDV-J strain, with the remaining 17 isolates from Deplanche’s Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus deplanchii) forming a novel strain, BFDV-P. Of more concern was the discovery of an infected bird from the vulnerable and endemic New Caledonian Parakeet (Cyanoramphus saisseti). Our results reveal that there have been at least two introductions of BFDV into Nouvelle-Calédonie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Almudena Lorenzo
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Jean-Paul Chenuet
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Marianne Bonzon
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Celine Marchal
- Direction des Affaires Vétérinaires, Alimentaires et Rurales, Port Laguerre, BP.42 - 98890 Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Laurent Vignon
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - David A. Collings
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Walters
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bethany Jackson
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine – Auckland Zoological Park, Motions Road, Western Springs, Auckland 1022, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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The welfare and suitability of parrots as companion animals: a review. Anim Welf 2006. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn recent years there has been an increased interest in studies related to the welfare of avian species commonly kept as companion animals, specifically those in the order Psittaciformes, commonly referred to as ‘parrots’. During this time the biology and behaviour of wild parrots has also become better understood, aiding the assessment of welfare in captive environments. The impact of the pet trade on wild parrot populations has also become clear. This order now has more globally threatened species than almost any other major group of birds. Many significant aspects of parrot behaviour in the wild, such as flocking, social interaction with conspecifics, foraging on a variety of foods and flight, are denied to varying degrees to parrots kept as companion animals. Captive parrots show high levels of stereotypy, suggesting poor welfare. Welfare may be improved by appropriate environmental enrichment and changes in the social environment of captive parrots kept as companion animals; however, such changes require that caretakers have sufficient knowledge, resources and motivation to accommodate such conditions. The concept of companion animal suitability is an important consideration when developing regulations or policy aimed at improving the welfare of animals kept as companions. Although individual exceptions exist and the level of suitability may vary depending on species, in general, their presence in the pet trade has resulted in serious animal welfare and conservation challenges for parrots, indicating that these animals may be unsuitable as human companions.
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