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Cook S, Hooser BN, Williams DC, Kortz G, Aleman M, Minor K, Koziol J, Friedenberg SG, Cullen JN, Shelton GD, Ekenstedt KJ. Canine models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth: MTMR2, MPZ, and SH3TC2 variants in golden retrievers with congenital hypomyelinating polyneuropathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2023; 33:677-691. [PMID: 37400349 PMCID: PMC10530471 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypomyelinating polyneuropathy (HPN) restricted to the peripheral nervous system was reported in 1989 in two Golden Retriever (GR) littermates. Recently, four additional cases of congenital HPN in young, unrelated GRs were diagnosed via neurological examination, electrodiagnostic evaluation, and peripheral nerve pathology. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all four GRs, and variants from each dog were compared to variants found across >1,000 other dogs, all presumably unaffected with HPN. Likely causative variants were identified for each HPN-affected GR. Two cases shared a homozygous splice donor site variant in MTMR2, with a stop codon introduced within six codons following the inclusion of the intron. One case had a heterozygous MPZ isoleucine to threonine substitution. The last case had a homozygous SH3TC2 nonsense variant predicted to truncate approximately one-half of the protein. Haplotype analysis using 524 GR established the novelty of the identified variants. Each variant occurs within genes that are associated with the human Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) group of heterogeneous diseases, affecting the peripheral nervous system. Testing a large GR population (n = >200) did not identify any dogs with these variants. Although these variants are rare within the general GR population, breeders should be cautious to avoid propagating these alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Cook
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Blair N Hooser
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D Colette Williams
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gregg Kortz
- VCA Sacramento Veterinary Referral Center, Sacramento CA, USA
| | - Monica Aleman
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katie Minor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Koziol
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jonah N Cullen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kari J Ekenstedt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Quitt PR, Brühschwein A, Matiasek K, Wielaender F, Karkamo V, Hytönen MK, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Dengler B, Leeb T, Lohi H, Fischer A. A hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in German Shepherd dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1455-1465. [PMID: 33734486 PMCID: PMC8163122 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shaking puppy syndrome is commonly attributed to abnormal myelination of the central nervous system. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To report the long-term clinical course and the imaging characteristics of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in German Shepherd dogs. ANIMALS AND METHODS Three related litters with 11 affected dogs. RESULTS The 11 affected dogs experienced coarse, side-to-side tremors of the head and trunk, which interfered with normal goal-oriented movements and disappeared at rest. Signs were noticed shortly after birth. Nine dogs were euthanized, 3 dogs underwent pathological examination, and 2 littermates were raised by their breeder. Tremors improved gradually until 6 to 7 months of age. Adult dogs walked with severe residual pelvic limb ataxia. One dog developed epilepsy with tonic-clonic seizures at 15 months of age. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed homogenous hyperintense signal of the entire subcortical white matter in 3 affected 7-week-old dogs and a hypointense signal in a presumably unaffected littermate. Subcortical white matter appeared isointense to gray matter at 15 and 27 weeks of age on repeated MRI. Abnormal white matter signal with failure to display normal gray-white matter contrast persisted into adulthood. Cerebellar arbor vitae was not visible at any time point. Clinical signs, MRI findings, and pathological examinations were indicative of a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. All parents of the affected litters shared a common ancestor and relatedness of the puppies suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. CONCLUSION We describe a novel hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in German Shepherd dogs with a suspected inherited origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia R Quitt
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Brühschwein
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Wielaender
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veera Karkamo
- Production and Companion Animal Pathology Section, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjo K Hytönen
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Berett Dengler
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Gutierrez-Quintana R, McLaughlin M, Grau Roma L, Hammond G, Gray A, Lowrie M. Spongiform leucoencephalomyelopathy in border terriers: clinical, electrophysiological and imaging features. Vet Rec 2019; 185:375. [PMID: 31346136 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel spongiform leucoencephalomyelopathy was reported in border terrier puppies in 2012 causing a shaking puppy phenotype, but no information regarding clinical progression, imaging or electrophysiological findings were available. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, electrophysiological and MRI features of this disease in seven dogs and compare them with human white matter disorders. All cases presented with cerebellar ataxia and severe generalised coarse body tremors, which started at three weeks of age. The three cases that were not euthanased showed slow but progressive improvement over several months. Brainstem auditory evoked response demonstrated a normal wave I, reduced amplitude of wave II and an absence of waves III-VII. MRI revealed bilateral and symmetrical T2-weighted hyperintensities affecting the brainstem and cerebellar white matter. Histological examination of the brain and spinal cord showed spongiform change affecting the white matter of the cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord with decreased myelin content. In summary, this leucoencephalomyelopathy has a pathognomonic clinical presentation with defining MRI and electrophysiological characteristics, and it is the first report to describe a long-term improvement of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark McLaughlin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Llorenc Grau Roma
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - Gawain Hammond
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexander Gray
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Neurology Service, Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, UK
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Caramalac S, Caramalac S, Frazílio F, Palumbo M. Tremor de cabeça idiopático em cães - relato de dois casos. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Tremor de cabeça idiopático é uma forma de discinesia paroxística reconhecida como hereditária e associada a determinadas raças, sendo relatado, sobretudo, em Buldogue Inglês, Dobermann Pinscher e Boxer. Conhecido também como head bobbing ou tremor de cabeça episódico, os cães acometidos apresentam crises caracterizadas por tremores limitados à região de cabeça, de direção horizontal, vertical ou ambos, sendo geralmente relacionados a um evento desencadeante. Foram atendidos, no Hospital Veterinário da UFMS, dois caninos da raça Buldogue Inglês (um macho de um ano e uma fêmea de sete meses) com histórico de tremores episódicos restritos à região de cabeça. Exames físicos e neurológicos completos foram realizados, não sendo constatada qualquer alteração. Com base na raça, no histórico, na ausência de outros sinais clínicos e na exclusão de outras causas de tremores, foi dado o diagnóstico de head bobbing. Tal enfermidade caracteriza-se por tremores restritos à região de cabeça, associados a uma condição genética benigna. Não é considerada uma forma de convulsão, uma vez que o animal permanece alerta e responsivo aos estímulos ambientais, os tremores podem ser interrompidos por distrações ou qualquer interação com o ambiente, não sendo responsivos à terapia com anticonvulsivantes. De acordo com a revisão de literatura realizada, estes são os primeiros casos diagnosticados e relatados no Brasil.
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Lowrie M, Garosi L. Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: Tremors and twitches. Vet J 2016; 214:109-16. [PMID: 27387736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on important new findings in the field of involuntary movements (IM) in dogs and illustrates the importance of developing a clear classification tool for diagnosing tremor and twitches. Developments over the last decade have changed our understanding of IM and highlight several caveats in the current tremor classification. Given the ambiguous association between tremor phenomenology and tremor aetiology, a more cautious definition of tremors based on clinical assessment is required. An algorithm for the characterisation of tremors is presented herein. The classification of tremors is based on the distinction between tremors that occur at rest and tremors that are action-related; tremors associated with action are divided into postural or kinetic. Controversial issues are outlined and thus reflect the open questions that are yet to be answered from an evidence base of peer-reviewed published literature. Peripheral nerve hyper-excitability (PNH; cramps and twitches) may manifest as fasciculations, myokymia, neuromyotonia, cramps, tetany and tetanus. It is anticipated that as we learn more about the aetiology and pathogenesis of IMs, future revisions to the classification will be needed. It is therefore the intent of this work to stimulate discussions and thus contribute to the development of IM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lowrie
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, 5 Delven Lane, Castle Donington, Derby DE74 2LJ, UK.
| | - Laurent Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin SG5 3HR, UK
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Martin-Vaquero P, da Costa RC, Simmons JK, Beamer GL, Jäderlund KH, Oglesbee MJ. A novel spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy in Border Terrier puppies. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:402-6. [PMID: 22269031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Martin-Vaquero
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Leukoencephalopathy associated with parvovirus infection in Cretan hound puppies. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3169-75. [PMID: 20592142 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01582-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukoencephalopathies in dogs encompass presumably inherited conditions such as leukodystrophies, hypomyelination or spongiform degeneration, but other causes, such as virus infections and toxic or nutritional factors, might also play a contributory role. In this report, we provide evidence of parvovirus infection and replication in the brains of five 6-week-old Cretan hound puppies suffering from a puppy shaker syndrome and leukoencephalopathy. Although these puppies belonged to two different litters, they were closely related, tracing back two generations to the same sire. Histologically, a mild to moderate lymphohistiocytic meningitis, with focal lymphohistiocytic leukoencephalitis in two animals, and a mild to moderate vacuolation with myelin loss, mainly in the white matter of the cerebellum was detected. Vacuolation was also found in the corpus callosum, fimbria hippocampi, mesencephalon, capsula interna, basal ganglia, and hypothalamus. By immunohistology and in situ hybridization, either parvoviral antigen, DNA, mRNA, or replicative intermediate DNA were detected in the cerebellum, hippocampus, periventricular areas, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. Parvovirus antigen, DNA, and mRNA were present in cells of the outer granular layer of the cerebellum and in periventricular cells, most likely representing spongioblasts, glial cells, neurons, endothelial cells, occasional macrophages, and ependymal cells. Sequencing revealed canine parvovirus type 2 stretches. Thus, an association of parvovirus infection with the leukoencephalopathy seems likely, possibly facilitated by a genetic predisposition due to the mode of inbreeding in this particular dog breed.
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Rentmeister K, Schmidbauer S, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Tipold A. Periventricular and Subcortical Leukoencephalopathy in two Dachshund Puppies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:327-31. [PMID: 15533112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two wirehaired dachshund puppies were presented with generalized tremor and gait abnormalities characterized by mild ataxia, tetraparesis and slightly abnormal proprioception. Neurological examination led to the suspicion of a diffuse generalized white matter lesion. Computerized tomography and pathological examination revealed a remarkable unilateral dilatation of the lateral ventricles in each dog. Histopathological examination showed a severe reduction of stainable myelin, widespread mild perineuronal oedema with vacuolations and multifocal reactive astrocytosis affecting the subcortical and deep periventricular white, and to a lesser degree, grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres, most prominently at the level of the optic chiasm. Axons showed a moderately reduced packing density; some axons were irregularly shaped and slightly thickened. There was no evidence of myelin breakdown products and neurones appeared to be well preserved. Brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord were normal, as was the peripheral nervous system. This leukoencephalopathy in two dachshund puppies most closely resembles human periventricular leukomalacia caused by pre- or perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rentmeister
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany.
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10
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Hafner A, Dahme E, Obermaier G, Schmidt P, Dirksen G. Spinal dysmyelination in new-born brown Swiss x Braunvieh calves. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1993; 40:413-22. [PMID: 8284954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1993.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In four new-born Braunvieh calves suffering from connate recumbency and body tremor, a hitherto not described myelination disorder of the spinal cord was examined. Bilateral symmetric hypo- as well as demyelination in several spinal tracts were the most conspicuous findings, affecting the ascending gracile funiculus, the ascending dorsolateral spinocerebellar tract, and the mainly descending sulcomarginal tract. Deficient myelin production, loss of myelin, consecutive axonal degenerations, and prominent astrogliosis within these tracts were the histological hallmarks of the disease. This possibly inherited primary myelination disorder of the spinal cord differs markedly from known hereditary neurological diseases in Brown Swiss and Braunvieh cattle, respectively, i.e. the weaver-syndrome and the spinal muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hafner
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Tierärztlichen Fakultät, Universität München, Germany
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Braund KG, Mehta JR, Toivio-Kinnucan M, Amling KA, Shell LG, Matz ME. Congenital hypomyelinating polyneuropathy in two golden retriever littermates. Vet Pathol 1989; 26:202-8. [PMID: 2548315 DOI: 10.1177/030098588902600303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serial peripheral nerve biopsies from two golden retriever littermates with chronic neurologic disease were taken for morphologic and morphometric evaluation. Teased nerve preparations were difficult to interpret due to the lightness of myelin staining. Light and electron microscopic findings were characterized by the following: reduced number of myelinated axons, presence of myelinated sheaths inappropriately thin for the caliber of the fiber, poor myelin compaction, increased numbers of Schwann cell nuclei, increased concentration of neurofilaments in myelinated axons, many Schwann cells with voluminous cytoplasm, and increased perineurial collagen. Onion bulb formation was not seen. In contrast to control data, a poor correlation was seen between numbers of myelin lamellae (ML) and axonal circumference (AC). The frequency distribution of ML ranged from 5 to 55 lamellae in affected animals (mean, 28 lamellae) compared to 20 to 140 lamellae in controls (mean, 66 lamellae). The ML/AC ratio was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001) in nerves of affected dogs. Morphometric results indicated that fibers of all calibers were hypomyelinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Braund
- Neuromuscular Laboratory of the Scott-Ritchey Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
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Duncan ID. Abnormalities of myelination of the central nervous system associated with congenital tremor. J Vet Intern Med 1987; 1:10-23. [PMID: 3333520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1987.tb01981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I D Duncan
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Abstract
Dogs from two separate litters of Weimaraners developed tremors by 3 weeks of age. Light and electron microscopic findings in one dog from each of the litters were compared to those of two age-matched controls. Many axons in the brain and spinal cord were either thinly myelinated or nonmyelinated in the affected dogs relative to the controls, while the peripheral nervous system was normally myelinated. The degree of hypomyelination seemed particularly severe at the periphery of the lateral and ventral funiculi of the spinal cord. In all areas of white matter evaluated, astrocytes subjectively outnumbered oligodendrocytes in the Weimaraners, while the reverse was true in the controls. This discrepancy in oligodendrocyte and astrocyte numbers was confirmed quantitatively in the spinal cord. These findings suggested that abnormal glial differentiation was responsible for the hypomyelination. Clinical signs in two affected littermates of one of the dogs gradually resolved, suggesting that the underlying lesion was reversible.
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Cummings JF, Summers BA, de Lahunta A, Lawson C. Tremors in Samoyed pups with oligodendrocyte deficiencies and hypomyelination. Acta Neuropathol 1986; 71:267-77. [PMID: 3799139 DOI: 10.1007/bf00688049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over a 3-year period a breeder of Samoyed dogs observed six litters in which one or more pups at 3 weeks of age showed generalized tremors and an inability to stand. One affected pup, a 5-week-old male, was referred for clinical and pathological evaluation. Gross and microscopic studies including immunocytochemical demonstration of myelin basic protein, revealed a lack of myelin throughout the central nervous system. Ultrastructural studies revealed that a total absence of normal myelin was associated with oligodendroglial deficiencies. Oligodendrocytes were immature in appearance, greatly reduced in number, and incapable of forming compact myelin. Astrocytosis and an increase in the third type of neuroglial cells were observed. The changes differed from those reported in other canine forms of hypomyelinogenesis and were compared with hypomyelinating diseases in other species. The findings suggested that this hypomyelination was the result of retarded gliogenesis.
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