Doppler echocardiography

Reference Values and Repeatability of Pulsed Wave Doppler Echocardiography Parameters in Normal Donkeys

Simple Summary

Cardiovascular disease is underreported in donkeys, possibly related to their limited athletic posture and frequent poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular disease are anecdotal in donkey. Normal echocardiographic parameters have been reported in healthy donkeys. The aim of the present study was to establish the reference values and repeatability for Pulsed Wave Doppler echocardiographic variables of the mitral valve, aortic valve and myocardial performance. Two-dimensional Color flow mapping and spectral Doppler modes were performed. For the mitral valve, the mean velocity, pressure gradient and duration of E-wave were 57.7 ± 12.5 cm/s, 1.4 ± 0.7 mmHg and 0.4 ± 0.13 s, respectively. The results of the present study provide the reference values of PW echocardiographic parameters measurements in normal adult donkeys. Such reference values are helpful, especially when confronted with clinical cases with cardiovascular disorders.

Abstract

In the present study, thirty clinically healthy donkeys were used to establish the reference values and repeatability for Pulsed Wave Doppler echocardiographic variables of the mitral valve, aortic valve and myocardial performance. 2-dimensional Color flow mapping and spectral Doppler modes were performed. For the mitral valve, the mean velocity, pressure gradient and duration of E-wave were 57.7 ± 12.5 cm/s, 1.4 ± 0.7 mmHg and 0.4 ± 0.13 s, respectively. The velocity, pressure gradient and duration of the A-wave were 32.3 ± 9.1 cm/s, 0.3 ± 0.04 mmHg and 0.3 ± 0.1 s, respectively. The mitral valve area, pressure half time, pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and velocity time integral (VTI) were 1.8 ± 0.5 cm², 66 ± 17 ms, 2.8 ± 1.4, 0.9 ± 0.03 and 19.1 ± 5.7 cm, respectively. For the aortic valve, the mean velocity was 64.9 ± 10.4 cm/s, pressure gradient was 1.8 ± 0.4 mmHg, pulsatility index was 1.4 ± 0.3, resistance index was 0.9 ± 0.02, VTI was 25.02 ± 6.2 cm, systolic/diastolic was 19 ± 4.7 and heart rate was 95.7 ± 28.9 per minute. For Myocardial Performance Index (LV)–Tei Index, the mean ejection, isovolumic relaxation, isovolumic contraction time and myocardial performance index were 0.24 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.01, 0.14 ± 0.02 and 1.2 ± 0.1 s, respectively. The results of the present study provide the reference values of PW echocardiographic parameter measurements in normal adult donkeys. Such reference values are helpful, especially when confronted with clinical cases with cardiovascular disorders.

Ecocardiografia Doppler em cães neonatos

Utilizaram-se 10 cães neonatos (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas), obtidos a partir de cinco ninhadas (um casal de cada) com o objetivo de estabelecer o perfil ecodopplercardiográfico normal durante a fase neonatal (de um até 30 dias). Por meio do Doppler pulsado foram mensurados os picos de velocidade dos fluxos sangüíneos através das valvas mitral, tricúspide, aórtica e pulmonar. Observou-se correlação positiva de todas as mensurações com o peso corporal e a idade dos neonatos de ambos os sexos. Não houve diferenças significativas no padrão de velocidade dos fluxos sangüíneos estudados entre machos e fêmeas durante a fase neonatal.

Doppler echocardiography. II. Color Doppler imaging

Color Doppler imaging (CDI) is a sophisticated form of ultrasound technology that overlays blood flow and velocity information onto a B-mode, two-dimensional, gray-scale image. This imaging technique--also called color Doppler echocardiography, color-coded Doppler, Doppler color-flow imaging, and color-flow imaging--is a type of pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Because the anatomical site of received Doppler-shift information can be readily determined, CDI is useful for documenting normal blood flow patterns and screening the heart and great vessels for areas of abnormal flow.

Doppler echocardiography. I. Pulsed-wave and continuous-wave examinations

Doppler echocardiography is a specialized processing of cardiac ultrasound that is characterized by a continuously updated display of blood velocity during the cardiac cycle. Doppler examinations, which include color-coded Doppler echocardiography, pulsed-wave examination, and continuous-wave studies, are readily applicable to veterinary patients.

Abdominal vascular sonography

This is an introductory article on abdominal vascular ultrasound in dogs. An overview of the hemodynamics of venous and arterial blood flow and Doppler principles, spectral analysis, and velocity waveforms is given. The anatomic and Doppler features of major abdominal vessels that can be examined routinely with ultrasonography are discussed. Select cases of vascular pathology affecting various abdominal vessels in the dog and cat are described.